📚 Year 7 CCEA Art: Formula and Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | Year 7 CCEA 艺术：公式定理速查手册
Welcome to your essential quick reference guide for Year 7 CCEA Art. This handbook transforms the core principles, visual rules, and creative techniques of art into a set of clear, memorable ‘formulas’ and ‘theorems’. Use these to deepen your understanding of colour, tone, perspective, composition, and more, helping you analyse artworks and improve your own practical skills.
欢迎使用你的 Year 7 CCEA 艺术必备速查手册。本手册将艺术的核心原理、视觉法则和创作技巧转化为一系列清晰、易记的“公式”和“定理”。利用这些知识，加深你对色彩、色调、透视、构图等方面的理解，帮助你分析艺术作品并提升自己的实践技能。
1. The Colour Wheel Formulas | 色轮公式
The colour wheel is the artist’s roadmap for hue relationships. Understanding how colours mix and relate is fundamental to all painting, drawing, and design work.
色轮是艺术家的色调关系路线图。理解色彩的混合与相互关联，是所有绘画、素描和设计工作的基础。
The Primary Colour Theorem: There are three colours that cannot be created by mixing other colours. They are the pure source hues.
原色定理：有三种颜色无法通过混合其他颜色获得。它们是纯粹的源色调。
Primary Triad: Red, Yellow, Blue
原色三原色：红、黄、蓝
Secondary colours are created by mixing two primary colours in equal amounts. The following table shows the precise mixing formulas.
二次色由两种原色等量混合而成。下表展示了精确的混合公式。
| Mix (English) | 混合 (中文) | Result (English) | 结果 (中文) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Red + Yellow | 红色 + 黄色 | Orange | 橙色 |
| Yellow + Blue | 黄色 + 蓝色 | Green | 绿色 |
| Blue + Red | 蓝色 + 红色 | Violet | 紫色 |
Tertiary colours are formed by mixing a primary colour with a neighbouring secondary colour. These hues have two-word names.
三次色由一种原色与相邻的二次色混合而成。这些色调通常有两个字的名称。
Yellow + Green → Yellow-Green
黄色 + 绿色 → 黄绿
Blue + Violet → Blue-Violet
蓝色 + 紫色 → 蓝紫
Remember the complementary colour theorem: colours opposite each other on the wheel create maximum contrast and vibrate when placed side by side.
请记住互补色定理：色轮上位置相对的颜色能产生最强的对比，并排放置时会显得生动跳跃。
2. Tonal Value Gradient Theorem | 色调明暗渐变定理
Tonal value refers to how light or dark a colour or area appears. Manipulating value is key to creating the illusion of three-dimensional form and depth on a flat surface.
色调明暗指的是某种颜色或区域呈现的深浅程度。处理明暗关系是在二维平面上创造立体感和深度错觉的关键。
The Tonal Gradient Theorem describes the transition of light across a form: from the brightest highlight to the darkest core shadow and the reflected light that bounces back from surrounding surfaces.
色调渐变定理描述了光线在形体上的过渡：从最亮的高光到最暗的核心阴影，再到从周围环境反射回来的反光。
Tonal Sequence: Highlight → Mid-tone → Core Shadow → Reflected Light → Cast Shadow
色调序列：高光 → 中间调 → 明暗交界线 → 反光 → 投影
A full value scale typically runs from pure white to pure black. Artists often simplify the scale into a ten-step formula for practical shading.
完整的明度标尺通常从纯白到纯黑。艺术家常将其简化为十级公式，便于实际排线绘制。
Value Scale Steps: 1 (White) → 10 (Black)
明度标尺级别：1（白）→ 10（黑）
Applying this gradient consistently across your drawing creates the tonal range theorem in action, giving objects solidity and weight.
在绘画中一致地应用这种渐变，就是将色调范围定理付诸实践，赋予物体实实在在的立体感和分量。
3. Perspective Rules | 透视法则
Perspective is a mathematical system for representing three-dimensional space on a two-dimensional surface. The fundamental rule is that parallel lines appear to converge as they recede into the distance, meeting at vanishing points on the horizon line.
透视是在二维平面上表现三维空间的数学系统。其基本规则是：平行线条在向远处延伸时似乎会聚拢起来，最终交汇于地平线上的消失点。
One-Point Perspective: All receding parallel lines meet at a single vanishing point on the horizon.
一点透视：所有后退的平行线汇聚于地平线上的一个消失点。
In two-point perspective, vertical lines remain vertical, but horizontal edges recede towards two separate vanishing points placed on the horizon line. This is used when viewing a corner of an object.
在两点透视中，垂直线保持垂直，但水平边缘向地平线上两个不同的消失点后退。这适用于观察物体的转角。
Two-Point Perspective: Left receding planes → VP₁ | Right receding planes → VP₂
两点透视：左侧后退面 → 消失点₁ | 右侧后退面 → 消失点₂
The size-distance formula is a crucial perspective corollary: objects farther from the viewer appear smaller. This apparent reduction follows a proportional relationship.
大小-距离公式是透视的一个重要推论：离观者越远的物体看起来越小。这种表观缩小遵循一种比例关系。
Apparent Size ∝ 1 / Distance from viewer
表观大小 ∝ 1 / 与观者的距离
4. Proportion of the Human Figure | 人体比例法则
Artists use proportional canons to draw the human body with believable accuracy. The most common system uses the head as a unit of measurement, creating a formula that guides overall height and the placement of key features.
艺术家运用比例准则来准确地描绘人体。最常见的系统以头部为测量单位，形成一个指导整体身高和关键部位位置的公式。
Ideal Adult Proportion: Total Body Height = 7.5 × Head Height
理想成人比例：总身高 = 7.5 × 头长
In this formula, the midpoint of the body falls around the hip area, and the legs measure roughly four head lengths. Children have different proportions; a younger child’s head is larger in relation to the body.
在这个公式中，身高的中点大约在臀部位置，腿部大约占四个头长。儿童的比例有所不同；年龄越小的孩子，头部相对于身体越大。
Young Child Proportion: Body Height ≈ 5 × Head Height
幼儿比例：身高 ≈ 5 × 头长
Shoulder width and facial features also follow proportional rules. For instance, the eyes are typically positioned on the horizontal midline of the head.
肩宽和面部特征也遵循比例规则。例如，眼睛通常位于头部水平中线上。
Eye Line Formula: Eyes at ½ of Head Height
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