Year 7 CCEA Computer Science: Key Vocabulary Quick Study Guide | Year 7 CCEA 计算机：词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 7 CCEA Computer Science: Key Vocabulary Quick Study Guide | Year 7 CCEA 计算机：词汇术语速记指南

Welcome to your essential quick study guide for Year 7 Computer Science under the CCEA curriculum. This article breaks down the most important terms you need to know, from hardware basics to programming concepts and internet safety. Each term is explained clearly in English and Chinese to help you build a strong bilingual foundation. Let’s make learning Computer Science vocabulary both effective and fun.

欢迎来到 Year 7 CCEA 计算机科学核心词汇速记指南。本文梳理了你必须掌握的最重要的术语，从硬件基础到编程概念再到网络安全。每个术语都用清晰的中英文解释，帮助你建立扎实的双语知识基础。让我们让计算机科学词汇的学习既高效又有趣。

1. Computer Systems: Hardware and Software | 计算机系统：硬件与软件

A computer system is made up of hardware and software working together. Hardware is any physical part of the computer that you can see and touch. Examples include the system unit, monitor, keyboard, mouse and internal components such as the motherboard.

计算机系统由硬件和软件共同组成。硬件是你能看到并触摸到的任何物理部件。例子包括系统单元、显示器、键盘、鼠标以及主板等内部组件。

Software is the set of instructions, or programs, that tell the hardware what to do. Without software, hardware is just lifeless electronics. There are two main types: system software (like the operating system) and application software (like word processors and games).

软件是指示硬件工作的指令集或程序。没有软件，硬件只是没有生命的电子器件。软件主要有两类：系统软件（如操作系统）和应用软件（如文字处理器和游戏）。

The operating system (OS) is the most important system software. It manages all the hardware, runs applications and provides the user interface. Common operating systems include Windows, macOS and Linux.

操作系统是最重要的系统软件。它管理所有硬件、运行应用程序并提供用户界面。常见的操作系统有 Windows、macOS 和 Linux。

2. Input, Output and Storage Devices | 输入、输出和存储设备

An input device allows you to send data or commands into the computer. Typical input devices include the keyboard, mouse, touchscreen, microphone, scanner and webcam. They convert human actions into digital signals.

输入设备允许你将数据或命令送入计算机。常见的输入设备有键盘、鼠标、触摸屏、麦克风、扫描仪和网络摄像头。它们将人的操作转换为数字信号。

An output device presents the results of processing to the user. Monitors, speakers, printers and headphones are all output devices. They take the computer’s digital information and turn it back into a form we can understand.

输出设备将处理结果显示给用户。显示器、扬声器、打印机和耳机都是输出设备。它们将计算机的数字信息转换成我们能理解的形式。

Storage devices hold data and programs permanently or temporarily. Primary storage, called RAM (Random Access Memory), is fast but loses data when the power is off. Secondary storage, like hard disk drives (HDD), solid-state drives (SSD) and USB flash drives, keeps data even when the computer is switched off.

存储设备用于永久或临时地保存数据和程序。主存储器即 RAM（随机存取存储器）速度快，但断电后数据丢失。辅助存储器如机械硬盘（HDD）、固态硬盘（SSD）和 U 盘，即使计算机关机也能保留数据。

3. CPU and Memory | 中央处理器与内存

The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is often called the brain of the computer. It carries out instructions from programs by performing basic arithmetic, logic, control and input/output operations. The speed of a CPU is measured in gigahertz (GHz).

中央处理器（CPU）常被称为计算机的大脑。它通过执行基本的算术、逻辑、控制和输入输出操作来运行程序指令。CPU 的速度以吉赫兹（GHz）为单位。

Inside the CPU, the control unit (CU) directs the flow of data and tells other components what to do. The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs calculations and logical comparisons. Modern CPUs have multiple cores, allowing them to process several instructions at once.

在 CPU 内部，控制单元（CU）指挥数据流并告诉其他部件该做什么。算术逻辑单元（ALU）执行计算和逻辑比较。现代 CPU 拥有多个核心，可以同时处理多条指令。

RAM is the computer’s short-term memory. It temporarily stores the programs and data currently in use so the CPU can access them quickly. More RAM generally means the computer can run more applications smoothly at the same time.

RAM 是计算机的短期内存。它临时存储当前正在使用的程序和数据，以便 CPU 快速访问。更多的 RAM 通常意味着计算机可以同时流畅运行更多的应用程序。

4. Algorithms and Flowchart Symbols | 算法与流程图符号

An algorithm is a step-by-step sequence of instructions to solve a problem or complete a task. It must be clear, precise and finite. Algorithms are used in everyday life, like a recipe for baking a cake or directions to a friend’s house.

算法是解决某个问题或完成某项任务的一系列分步指令。它必须清晰、精确且有限。算法在生活中随处可见，比如烘焙蛋糕的食谱或去朋友家的路线。

Flowcharts are diagrams that represent algorithms using standard symbols. The oval shape marks the start or end. A rectangle shows a process or action. A diamond indicates a decision, usually with a ‘yes’ or ‘no’ branch. Arrows show the direction of flow.

流程图是使用标准符号来表示算法的图形。椭圆形标记起点或终点。矩形表示过程或动作。菱形表示判断，通常有“是”或“否”的分支。箭头指示流程方向。

We also use pseudocode, a simplified way of writing algorithms that looks like a mix of English and code. It helps programmers plan logic without worrying about exact programming language rules.

我们还使用伪代码，它是一种类似于英语和代码混合的简化算法书写方式。它帮助程序员规划逻辑，而无需涉及具体编程语言的严格规则。

5. Programming Constructs: Sequence, Selection, Iteration | 编程结构：顺序、选择、循环

Every computer program is built from three basic constructs: sequence, selection and iteration. Sequence means instructions are executed one after another, from top to bottom. It is the simplest form of program flow.

每个计算机程序都建立在三种基本结构之上：顺序、选择和迭代。顺序意味着指令按照从上到下的顺序一条接一条地执行。这是最简单的程序流程形式。

Selection allows the program to make decisions. It tests whether a condition is true or false and then chooses a path accordingly. In programming, this is achieved with ‘if’, ‘if-else’ and ‘switch’ statements. For example: if the temperature is below 0 °C, display ‘Freezing’.

选择结构让程序能够做出决策。它检测某个条件为真还是假，然后选择相应的路径。在编程中，这通过“if”、“if-else”和“switch”语句实现。例如：如果温度低于 0°C，显示“严寒”。

Iteration (also called looping) repeats a block of code multiple times. There are two common types: count-controlled loops (like ‘for’ loops that run a set number of times) and condition-controlled loops (like ‘while’ loops that repeat until a condition changes). Loops save effort and keep code concise.

迭代（也称为循环）让一段代码重复执行多次。常见的有两类：计数控制循环（如“for”循环，运行指定次数）和条件控制循环（如“while”循环，持续到条件改变）。循环节省精力并使代码简洁。

6. Variables, Constants and Data Types | 变量、常量与数据类型

A variable is a named storage location in a program whose value can change while the program runs. You can think of it as a box with a label; the label stays the same, but what you put inside can be updated.

变量是程序中一个命名的存储位置，其值在运行期间可以改变。你可以把它想象成一个贴有标签的盒子；标签保持不变，但里面装的内容可以更新。

A constant is similar to a variable, except its value is fixed once set and cannot be changed during execution. Constants are useful for values like pi (π) or the number of days in a week.

常量与变量类似，只不过它一旦设定，在执行过程中就不可更改。常量适用于诸如 π 或一周天数这样的固定数值。

Data types define what kind of information a variable or constant can hold. The most fundamental types are: integer (whole numbers, e.g. 7, -3), real or float (decimal numbers, e.g. 3.14), character (a single letter, digit or symbol, e.g. ‘A’), string (a sequence of characters, e.g. ‘Hello’) and Boolean (only TRUE or FALSE).

数据类型定义了变量或常量可以保存何种信息。最基本的数据类型有：整型（整数，例如 7、-3）、实型或浮点型（小数，例如 3.14）、字符型（单个字母、数字或符号，例如 ‘A’）、字符串（一串字符，例如 ‘Hello’）以及布尔型（只有 TRUE 或 FALSE）。

7. Operators and Expressions | 运算符与表达式

Operators are symbols that tell the computer to perform specific mathematical, relational or logical operations. Expressions are combinations of variables, constants and operators that evaluate to a single value.

运算符是告诉计算机执行特定数学、关系或逻辑操作的符号。表达式是由变量、常量和运算符组合而成、能求得一个结果的式子。

Arithmetic operators include: + (addition), – (subtraction), * (multiplication), / (division) and MOD (modulus, which gives the remainder). For instance, 10 MOD 3 evaluates to 1 because 10 divided by 3 leaves a remainder of 1.

算术运算符包括：+（加）、-（减）、*（乘）、/（除）以及 MOD（取模，求余数）。例如，10 MOD 3 的结果为 1，因为 10 除以 3 余数为 1。

Relational operators compare two values and return a Boolean result. They are: == (equal to), != (not equal to), > (greater than), < (less than), >= (greater than or equal to) and <= (less than or equal to). Logical operators such as AND, OR and NOT combine multiple conditions.

关系运算符比较两个值并返回布尔结果。它们有：==（等于）、!=（不等于）、>（大于）、<（小于）、>=（大于或等于）以及 <=（小于或等于）。逻辑运算符如 AND、OR 和 NOT 用于组合多个条件。

A simple expression example: (age >= 12) AND (age <= 18). This will be TRUE only if the age is between 12 and 18 inclusive, making it perfect for checking membership of a group.

一个简单的表达式示例：(age >= 12) AND (age <= 18)。仅当年龄在 12 到 18 之间（含两端）时，结果才为 TRUE，这非常适合用来检查是否属于某个群体。

8. Debugging and Testing | 调试与测试

Debugging is the process of finding and fixing errors, called bugs, in a program. Bugs can be syntax errors (typos or incorrect grammar in the code), runtime errors (crashes that happen during execution) or logic errors (the program runs but produces wrong results).

调试是查找并修复程序中的错误（即bug）的过程。Bug 可能是语法错误（代码中的拼写或语法错误）、运行时错误（执行期间发生的崩溃）或逻辑错误（程序运行但产生错误的结果）。

Testing involves running a program with different sets of data to make sure it works correctly under all conditions. Good testing checks normal data, boundary values (extremes like an empty list or the maximum number allowed) and invalid data.

测试是指使用不同的数据集来运行程序，以确保它在所有条件下都能正常工作。良好的测试会检查正常数据、边界值（如空列表或允许的最大数字等极端值）以及无效数据。

A trace table is a tool used during debugging to track the values of variables step by step. It helps programmers understand how data changes as the program runs and identify where logic might go wrong.

追踪表是调试过程中使用的一种工具，用于一步步跟踪变量的值。它帮助程序员理解数据在程序运行时是如何变化的，并识别逻辑可能出错的地方。

9. Networks: LAN and WAN | 网络：局域网与广域网

A computer network is a group of interconnected computers that can share resources, data and communication. Networks allow people to share files, printers and internet connections.

计算机网络是一组互连的计算机，它们可以共享资源、数据和通信。网络允许人们共享文件、打印机和互联网连接。

A LAN (Local Area Network) covers a small geographical area, such as a home, school or office building. Devices on a LAN are usually connected by Ethernet cables or Wi-Fi, and the network offers high speed and low cost.

LAN（局域网）覆盖较小的地理区域，例如家庭、学校或办公楼。LAN 上的设备通常通过以太网电缆或 Wi-Fi 连接，网络提供高速且成本低廉。

A WAN (Wide Area Network) spans a large area, like a country or the entire world. The internet is the largest WAN. WANs connect multiple LANs together using routers and long-distance communication lines such as fibre optics.

WAN（广域网）跨越广大区域，比如一个国家乃至整个世界。互联网就是最大的广域网。WAN 使用路由器和光纤等远距离通信线路将多个局域网连接在一起。

A router is a network device that directs data packets between different networks. A switch connects devices within the same LAN, while a modem connects a local network to the internet via an ISP (Internet Service Provider).

路由器是一种在不同网络之间引导数据包的设备。交换机在同一个局域网内连接设备，而调制解调器通过 ISP（互联网服务提供商）将本地网络连接到互联网。

10. Internet Safety and Cybersecurity | 网络安全与信息安全

Staying safe online means protecting your personal information and reputation. Never share your full name, address, phone number, passwords or school details with strangers. Think carefully before posting photos or comments, as they can remain online forever.

安全上网意味着保护你的个人信息和声誉。切勿与陌生人分享你的全名、地址、电话号码、密码或学校详情。发布照片或评论前要三思，因为它们可能会永久留在网上。

Passwords should be strong and unique. A strong password mixes uppercase and lowercase letters, numbers and symbols, and is at least 8 characters long. Avoid using the same password across multiple sites and never share your password with friends.

密码应当既强壮又独特。一个强密码混合大小写字母、数字和符号，长度至少为 8 个字符。避免在多个网站使用相同的密码，并且永远不要和朋友共享密码。

Cyberbullying is the use of technology to harass, threaten or embarrass someone. If you experience or witness cyberbullying, tell a trusted adult and save the evidence. Always treat others online with the same respect you expect.

网络欺凌是利用技术骚扰、威胁或羞辱他人的行为。如果你遭遇或目睹网络欺凌，要告诉可信赖的成年人并保留证据。在网上始终以你希望得到的尊重对待他人。

Malware is malicious software designed to damage or gain unauthorised access to a computer system. Common types include viruses, worms, trojans and spyware. Antivirus programs and regular updates help defend against these threats.

恶意软件是旨在破坏或非法访问计算机系统的恶意程序。常见类型包括病毒、蠕虫、木马和间谍软件。防病毒程序和定期更新有助于防御这些威胁。

11. Data Representation: Bits and Binary | 数据表示：位与二进制

Computers store all data as numbers, specifically using the binary number system. Binary uses only two digits: 0 and 1. Each 0 or 1 is called a bit (binary digit). A group of 8 bits is called a byte.

计算机将所有数据以数字的形式存储，具体使用的是二进制数制。二进制只使用两个数字：0 和 1。每一个 0 或 1 称为一个位（比特）。8 个位组成一个字节。

Each position in a binary number represents a power of 2, from right to left. For example, the binary number 1011 is calculated as (1 × 2³) + (0 × 2²) + (1 × 2¹) + (1 × 2⁰) = 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 11 in decimal.

二进制数中从右到左的每一位代表 2 的幂。例如，二进制数 1011 可以计算为 (1 × 2³) + (0 × 2²) + (1 × 2¹) + (1 × 2⁰) = 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 11（十进制）。

Decimal 11 = Binary 1011

十进制 11 = 二进制 1011

Understanding binary helps explain why storage devices use sizes like kilobytes (KB) and megabytes (MB). 1 KB ≈ 1000 bytes, and 1 MB ≈ 1 million bytes. Text, images and sound are all encoded as long sequences of bits.

理解二进制有助于解释为什么存储设备使用千字节（KB）和兆字节（MB）等单位。1 KB 约等于 1000 字节，1 MB 约等于 100 万字节。文字、图像和声音都被编码成长长的位序列。

12. File Management and Cloud Storage | 文件管理与云存储

File management is the process of organising, storing and naming digital files so they can be found easily. A logical folder structure with meaningful file names helps you stay productive. Common file extensions include .docx for Word documents, .jpg for images and .mp3 for audio.

文件管理是组织、存储和命名数字文件以便于查找的过程。使用合理的文件夹结构和有意义的文件名能帮助你保持高效。常见的文件扩展名有 .docx（Word文档）、.jpg（图像）和 .mp3（音频）。

Backing up your work is crucial. A backup is a copy of your files kept in a separate location, such as an external hard drive or cloud storage. If your computer crashes or a file becomes corrupted, you can restore the data from the backup.

备份你的工作至关重要。备份是保存在另一位置（如外接硬盘或云存储）的文件副本。如果你的电脑崩溃或文件损坏，你可以从备份中恢复数据。

Cloud storage allows you to save files on remote servers accessed through the internet, rather than just on your local device. Popular cloud services include Google Drive, OneDrive and Dropbox. Advantages include anywhere access, easy sharing and automatic syncing across devices.

云存储让你能够将文件保存在可通过互联网访问的远程服务器上，而不仅仅是本地设备上。常见的云服务有 Google Drive、OneDrive 和 Dropbox。其优点包括随处可访问、轻松共享以及跨设备自动同步。

File compression reduces the size of a file or folder to save space and speed up transfers. A compressed file might have the extension .zip. The unzip process restores the original content. This is often used when emailing large attachments.

文件压缩会缩小文件或文件夹的大小，以节省空间并加快传输速度。压缩文件的扩展名可能为 .zip。解压缩过程会恢复原始内容。这在通过电子邮件发送大附件时常常使用。

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