📚 Year 7 CIE English: Quick-Reference Handbook of Essential Rules & Terminology | Year 7 CIE 英语：必备规则与术语速查手册
This handbook is a clear, concise guide to the core grammar, punctuation, literary terms, and writing structures you must master in Year 7 CIE English. Use it to check rules quickly while reading, writing, or preparing for assessments. Each section pairs English and Chinese explanations so you can build both your language skills and academic confidence.
这本手册是一份清晰、简明的指南，涵盖 Year 7 CIE 英语中必须掌握的核心语法、标点、文学术语和写作结构。在阅读、写作或备考时，你可以用它快速查阅规则。每个部分都配有中英文解释，帮助你提升语言能力并建立学术自信。
1. Parts of Speech | 词性
Every word in English belongs to one of eight parts of speech. Knowing them helps you analyse sentences and write with precision. The eight parts are: noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection.
英语中每个词都属于八大词性之一。了解词性有助于分析句子并准确写作。这八大词性分别是：名词、代词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词和感叹词。
A noun names a person, place, thing, or idea (e.g. ‘teacher’, ‘London’, ‘happiness’). A verb shows action or state (e.g. ‘run’, ‘is’). An adjective describes a noun (e.g. ‘blue’, ‘tall’), while an adverb modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb, often ending in ‘-ly’ (e.g. ‘quickly’, ‘very’).
名词表示人、地点、事物或概念（如 ‘teacher’、’London’、’happiness’）。动词表示动作或状态（如 ‘run’、’is’）。形容词修饰名词（如 ‘blue’、’tall’），而副词修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，常以 ‘-ly’ 结尾（如 ‘quickly’、’very’）。
Prepositions show relationships of time, place, or direction (e.g. ‘in’, ‘on’, ‘after’). Conjunctions link words or clauses: coordinating ones like ‘and’, ‘but’, ‘or’ join equal elements; subordinating ones like ‘because’, ‘although’, ‘when’ introduce dependent clauses.
介词表示时间、地点或方向的关系（如 ‘in’、’on’、’after’）。连词连接词语或分句：并列连词如 ‘and’、’but’、’or’ 连接同等成分；从属连词如 ‘because’、’although’、’when’ 引导从句。
2. Subject–Verb Agreement | 主谓一致
The verb must agree in number with its subject. A singular subject takes a singular verb; a plural subject takes a plural verb. This rule sounds simple, but collective nouns and tricky constructions often cause mistakes.
动词必须在数上与主语保持一致。单数主语用单数动词；复数主语用复数动词。这条规则听起来简单，但集合名词和复杂的结构常导致错误。
Singular: ‘The dog barks loudly.’ Plural: ‘The dogs bark loudly.’ Be careful with phrases between subject and verb: ‘The box of chocolates is on the table’ – the subject is ‘box’, not ‘chocolates’. Indefinite pronouns like ‘everyone’, ‘someone’, ‘nobody’ are singular and take singular verbs: ‘Everyone is ready’.
单数：’The dog barks loudly.’ 复数：’The dogs bark loudly.’ 注意主语和动词之间的短语：’The box of chocolates is on the table’——主语是 ‘box’，不是 ‘chocolates’。不定代词如 ‘everyone’、’someone’、’nobody’ 是单数，接单数动词：’Everyone is ready’。
Collective nouns (e.g. ‘team’, ‘family’, ‘audience’) can be singular or plural depending on whether the group acts as one unit or as individuals. In CIE assessments, prefer singular when the group acts together: ‘The team wins the match’.
集合名词（如 ‘team’、’family’、’audience’）可以是单数或复数，取决于该群体是作为一个整体还是作为个体行动。在 CIE 评估中，当群体共同行动时，推荐使用单数：’The team wins the match’。
3. Tenses: Past, Present, Future | 时态：过去、现在、将来
Tense shows the time of an action. Year 7 students must confidently use the simple, progressive (continuous), and perfect forms in past, present, and future. Consistency of tense within a paragraph is crucial.
时态表示动作发生的时间。Year 7 学生必须熟练运用一般、进行和完成体在过去、现在和将来中的形式。段落内时态的一致性至关重要。
Simple present: ‘She walks to school.’ Simple past: ‘She walked to school.’ Simple future: ‘She will walk to school.’ Present progressive: ‘She is walking.’ Past perfect: ‘She had walked before it rained.’ Always match the time frame: if you start a narrative in the past, stay in the past unless indicating a shift.
一般现在时：’She walks to school.’ 一般过去时：’She walked to school.’ 一般将来时：’She will walk to school.’ 现在进行时：’She is walking.’ 过去完成时：’She had walked before it rained.’ 务必使时间框架匹配：如果你以过去时开始叙述，除非表示时间转换，否则应保持过去时。
Watch out for irregular verbs. Common ones: go → went → gone; see → saw → seen; take → took → taken. Use a chart to learn them. The present perfect links past to present: ‘I have finished my homework’ (now I am free).
注意不规则动词。常见的有：go → went → gone；see → saw → seen；take → took → taken。使用表格来学习它们。现在完成时连接过去和现在：’I have finished my homework’（现在我有空了）。
4. Punctuation Rules | 标点规则
Punctuation makes writing clear and organised. The key marks for Year 7 are full stops, commas, apostrophes, question marks, exclamation marks, and quotation marks. Misplacing a comma can change meaning entirely.
标点使写作清晰、有序。Year 7 的重点标点包括句号、逗号、撇号、问号、感叹号和引号。逗号错位可能完全改变句意。
Use a full stop (.) to end a statement. Commas (,) separate items in a list: ‘I bought apples, oranges, and bananas’ – the Oxford comma before ‘and’ is optional but helpful. Commas also set off introductory phrases: ‘After dinner, we played games.’
句号（.）用于结束陈述句。逗号（,）分隔列举项：’I bought apples, oranges, and bananas’——’and’ 前的牛津逗号是可选的，但很有帮助。逗号还用于分隔引导性短语：’After dinner, we played games.’
Apostrophes show possession: ‘the girl’s book’ (one girl), ‘the girls’ book’ (more than one girl). They also mark contractions: ‘don’t’ = do not. Never use an apostrophe for plural nouns (e.g. ‘banana’s’ is incorrect for plural). Quotation marks (‘ ‘ or ” “) enclose direct speech: She said, “I am ready.” CIE accepts both single and double but requires consistency.
撇号表示所有格：’the girl’s book’（一个女孩），’the girls’ book’（多个女孩）。也用于缩略：’don’t’ = do not。切勿在复数名词中使用撇号（如 ‘banana’s’ 表示复数是错误的）。引号（’ ‘ 或 ” “）括起直接引语：She said, “I am ready.” CIE 认可单引号和双引号，但要求一致。
5. Sentence Types: Simple, Compound, Complex | 句子类型：简单句、并列句、复合句
Varying sentence types makes writing more engaging. A simple sentence has one independent clause: ‘The sun set.’ A compound sentence joins two independent clauses with a coordinating conjunction: ‘The sun set, and the stars appeared.’
变换句子类型使写作更吸引人。简单句只有一个独立分句：’The sun set.’ 并列句用并列连词连接两个独立分句：’The sun set, and the stars appeared.’
A complex sentence contains an independent clause and at least one dependent clause: ‘Although the sun had set, the sky remained bright.’ The dependent clause ‘Although the sun had set’ cannot stand alone. Using subordinating conjunctions like ‘because’, ‘since’, ‘unless’, ‘while’ adds depth.
复合句包含一个独立分句和至少一个从句：’Although the sun had set, the sky remained bright.’ 从句 ‘Although the sun had set’ 不能独立成句。使用从属连词如 ‘because’、’since’、’unless’、’while’ 可增加深度。
In CIE writing tasks, demonstrate your range by using all three types. Start a paragraph with a short simple sentence for impact, then elaborate with compound and complex structures. Avoid run-ons and comma splices: two independent clauses need a conjunction or a semicolon, not just a comma.
在 CIE 写作任务中，通过使用这三种类型来展示你的能力。用简短的简单句开头以增强效果，然后用并列句和复合句展开。避免连写句和逗号拼接：两个独立分句需要连词或分号，而不仅仅是逗号。
6. Figurative Language: Simile, Metaphor, Personification | 修辞手法：明喻、暗喻、拟人
Writers use figurative language to create vivid images. A simile compares two things using ‘like’ or ‘as’: ‘as brave as a lion’. A metaphor states one thing is another: ‘The classroom was a zoo.’ Personification gives human qualities to non-human things: ‘The wind whispered through the trees.’
作家使用修辞手法来创造生动的形象。明喻用 ‘like’ 或 ‘as’ 比较两事物：’as brave as a lion’。暗喻则说一事物是另一事物：’The classroom was a zoo.’ 拟人赋予非人类事物以人的特质：’The wind whispered through the trees.’
In Year 7, you will encounter these in poetry and prose. You will also be asked to identify and explain their effect. A metaphor creates a stronger, more direct image than a simile. Personification can make a setting feel alive or menacing.
在 Year 7，你会在诗歌和散文中遇到这些手法。你还需要识别并解释其效果。暗喻比明喻创造更强烈、更直接的形象。拟人可以使环境显得生机勃勃或令人生畏。
Other terms to know: hyperbole (exaggeration for effect, e.g. ‘I’ve told you a million times’), onomatopoeia (words that imitate sounds, e.g. ‘buzz’, ‘crash’), and alliteration (repetition of initial consonant sounds, e.g. ‘slippery slope’). These devices make writing memorable.
其他需了解的术语：夸张（为效果而夸大，如 ‘I’ve told you a million times’）、拟声词（模仿声音的词，如 ‘buzz’、’crash’）和头韵（辅音开头的重复，如 ‘slippery slope’）。这些手法使写作令人难忘。
7. Narrative Structure: Orientation, Complication, Resolution | 叙事结构：开端、矛盾、结局
A strong story follows a clear arc. The orientation introduces characters, setting, and context. The complication (or rising action) presents a problem or conflict that builds tension. The resolution (falling action and ending) shows how the problem is solved and what the characters learn.
一个好的故事遵循清晰的情节弧线。开端介绍人物、背景和语境。矛盾（或上升情节）呈现问题或冲突，使紧张感逐步增强。结局（下降情节和结尾）展现问题如何解决以及人物学到了什么。
In CIE narrative writing tasks, plan your story around these stages. Orientation: ‘Lily stared out the rain-streaked window, bored.’ Complication: ‘Suddenly, a lightning strike plunged the house into darkness.’ Series of events raise stakes, then resolution: ‘Using her survival skills, she led her little brother to safety.’
在 CIE 叙事写作任务中，围绕这些阶段规划你的故事。开端：’Lily stared out the rain-streaked window, bored.’ 矛盾：’Suddenly, a lightning strike plunged the house into darkness.’ 一系列事件使利害关系升级，然后是结局：’Using her survival skills, she led her little brother to safety.’
Don’t forget the climax, the most exciting moment when the conflict peaks. A satisfying ending does not have to be happy, but it must feel complete. Also consider the theme – the central idea or message of your story.
不要忘记高潮，即冲突最激烈的时刻。一个令人满意的结局不必是快乐的，但必须感觉完整。还要考虑主题——你故事的核心理念或寓意。
8. Persuasive Writing: Rhetorical Appeals | 说服性写作：修辞策略
Persuasive texts aim to convince the reader. Year 7 students learn to use rhetorical appeals: ethos (credibility), pathos (emotion), and logos (logic). A balanced argument includes all three. Facts, statistics, expert opinions, and emotional anecdotes are common tools.
说服性文本旨在让读者信服。Year 7 学生学习使用修辞策略：ethos（信誉）、pathos（情感）和 logos（逻辑）。均衡的论点包含这三种。事实、统计数据、专家意见和情感轶事是常用工具。
Ethos: ‘As a student council representative, I have seen the need for healthier canteen options.’ Pathos: ‘Imagine feeling hungry during afternoon lessons because lunch was unappetising.’ Logos: ‘Studies show students perform better when they eat balanced meals.’
Ethos：’As a student council representative, I have seen the need for healthier canteen options.’ Pathos：’Imagine feeling hungry during afternoon lessons because lunch was unappetising.’ Logos：’Studies show students perform better when they eat balanced meals.’
Rhetorical questions (‘Don’t we all want a brighter future?’), repetition, and rule of three (‘safe, healthy, and happy’) are also effective. Always address counterarguments to show you understand other viewpoints. In a CIE response, structure your persuasive piece with a clear introduction, body paragraphs each with one reason and evidence, and a punchy conclusion.
反问句（’Don’t we all want a brighter future?’）、重复和三的法则（’safe, healthy, and happy’）也很有效。始终要回应反驳观点，表明你理解他方的观点。在 CIE 回答中，说服性文章的结构应包含清晰的引言、每个段落一个理由加证据的主体，以及有力的结论。
9. Reading Comprehension: Main Idea and Inference | 阅读理解：主旨与推断
When reading a passage, first identify the main idea – what the text is mostly about. Supporting details give evidence, examples, or explanations. Skimming for topic sentences in each paragraph often reveals the main point.
阅读文章时，首先确定主旨——文章主要是关于什么。支持性细节提供证据、例子或解释。略读每段的主题句通常能揭示要点。
Inference means reading between the lines. You draw a conclusion based on clues in the text and your own reasoning. CIE questions often ask, ‘What can you infer about the character’s feelings?’ Look for word choices, actions, and dialogue that suggest emotions or intentions not stated directly.
推断意味着领会言外之意。你根据文中的线索和自己的推理得出结论。CIE 题目常问：’你可以推断出人物的什么感受？’ 寻找词语选择、动作和对话，它们暗示了未直接说明的情感或意图。
Practice by asking yourself: What does the writer want me to think? Why did a character act that way? Use evidence: ‘From the line … I can infer that …’ Avoid guessing without textual support. Summarising the main idea in one sentence is a key skill.
通过自问来练习：作者想让我思考什么？为什么人物那样做？使用证据：’From the line … I can infer that …’ 避免没有文本依据的猜测。用一句话总结主旨是一项关键技能。
10. Spelling Patterns and Commonly Confused Words | 拼写规律与常见易混淆词
English spelling is tricky, but patterns help. Learn prefixes (un-, re-, dis-) and suffixes (-tion, -ly, -ous). The ‘i before e except after c’ rule works for many words like ‘believe’ (i before e) and ‘receive’ (after c). Exceptions like ‘weird’ must be memorised.
英语拼写很难，但规律有帮助。学习前缀（un-, re-, dis-）和后缀（-tion, -ly, -ous）。’i before e except after c’ 规则适用于很多词，如 ‘believe’（i 在 e 前）和 ‘receive’（c 之后）。像 ‘weird’ 这样的例外需要记忆。
Watch out for homophones: words that sound the same but have different meanings and spellings. Common pairs: there/their/they’re; your/you’re; its/it’s; to/too/two; where/wear. Always check meaning: ‘It’s a cat’ = it is; ‘Its tail’ = belonging to it.
注意同音异义词：发音相同但意义和拼写不同的词。常见的有：there/their/they’re；your/you’re；its/it’s；to/too/two；where/wear。始终核对意义：’It’s a cat’ = it is；’Its tail’ = 属于它的。
Other commonly confused words: affect (verb, to influence) vs. effect (noun, a result); accept (receive) vs. except (excluding). Keep a personal spelling log of words you frequently misspell. In CIE writing exams, spelling accuracy supports clarity and impression.
其他易混淆词：affect（动词，影响）与 effect（名词，结果）；accept（接受）与 except（除……外）。建立个人拼写错题本，记下你经常拼错的单词。在 CIE 写作考试中，拼写准确性支持清晰度和印象分。
11. Vocabulary Building: Roots and Word Families | 词汇积累：词根与词族
Learning Latin and Greek roots can unlock meanings of unfamiliar words. For example, ‘spect’ means ‘to look’: inspect, spectator, perspective. ‘Bio’ means ‘life’: biology, biography. Knowing roots helps you guess meaning and spell correctly.
学习拉丁语和希腊语词根可以解锁生词的含义。例如，’spect’ 意为 ‘看’：inspect, spectator, perspective。’Bio’ 意为 ‘生命’：biology, biography。了解词根有助于猜测词义和正确拼写。
Word families group words sharing a base. For ‘courage’, you have courageous, discourage, encouragement. Notice how prefixes and suffixes change the word class and meaning. Using varied word families in your writing shows lexical range, which CIE examiners reward.
词族将拥有共同基础的词分组。以 ‘courage’ 为例，有 courageous, discourage, encouragement。注意前缀和后缀如何改变词性和含义。在写作中使用多样的词族能展示词汇广度，这受到 CIE 考官的青睐。
Adopt a habit: when you learn a new adjective, look up its noun and adverb forms too. For instance, ‘curious’ (adj.) → curiosity (n.) → curiously (adv.). Create mind maps linking root words to their derivatives. This systematic approach builds a powerful vocabulary.
养成习惯：当你学习一个新形容词时，也查一下它的名词和副词形式。例如，’curious’ (adj.) → curiosity (n.) → curiously (adv.)。制作思维导图，将词根与派生词联系起来。这种系统方法能建立起强大的词汇库。
12. Editing and Proofreading Checklist | 编辑与校对清单
Before submitting any writing, use a checklist. First, read for sense: Does the writing flow logically? Is each paragraph focused on one idea? Next, check sentence boundaries: Are there any fragments or run-ons? Verify punctuation and capitalisation.
在提交任何写作之前，使用一份检查清单。首先，检查意思：文章是否逻辑流畅？每个段落是否聚焦一个观点？接着，检查句子边界：有无碎片句或连写句？核实标点和大写。
Circle every verb and check subject–verb agreement. Trace pronouns back to their nouns to avoid confusion. Look for repeated words; replace some with synonyms. Check spelling of homophones and tricky words. Finally, read aloud – your ear often catches errors your eyes miss.
圈出每个动词，检查主谓一致。追溯代词至其名词，避免指代不清。寻找重复用词，用同义词替换一些。检查同音异义词和棘手词汇的拼写。最后，大声朗读——耳朵常能捕捉到眼睛漏掉的错误。
A common CIE task is to edit a short piece of text. Practice by swapping with a partner or self-correcting old work. Common errors to spot: missing apostrophes, incorrect tense shifts, ‘of’ instead of ‘have’ (‘could of’ is wrong, it’s ‘could have’), and overuse of exclamation marks.
CIE 常见的任务是编辑一篇短文。通过与同伴交换修改或修改旧作业来练习。需注意的常见错误：遗漏撇号、时态转换错误、用 ‘of’ 代替 ‘have’（’could of’ 是错误的，应为 ‘could have’），以及过度使用感叹号。
Published by TutorHao | CIE English Revision Series | aleveler.com
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