📚 Year 7 CIE Physics: Vocabulary & Terminology Memorisation Guide | Year 7 CIE 物理：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the key vocabulary is the first step towards excelling in Year 7 CIE Physics. This guide gathers the must-know terms from forces and motion, energy, waves, electricity, magnetism, states of matter, and beyond. Each term is explained clearly in English, followed by its Chinese equivalent and definition, so you can build a bilingual scientific foundation. Use this as your quick memory handbook – read, repeat, and recall with confidence.
掌握关键术语是学好 Year 7 CIE 物理的第一步。本指南汇集了力与运动、能量、波、电学、磁学、物质状态等板块的必背词汇。每个术语先给出英文定义，再配上对应的中文解释，帮助你建立中英双语科学基础。把这份资料当作你的速记手册使用——反复阅读、复述，自信地应对每次测验。
1. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
Force – A push or a pull that can change an object’s shape, speed, or direction. The unit of force is the newton (N).
力 – 能改变物体形状、速度或方向的推或拉。力的单位是牛顿 (N)。
Friction – A force that opposes motion when two surfaces rub against each other. It often produces heat.
摩擦力 – 两个表面相互摩擦时阻碍运动的力。摩擦通常会产生热量。
Air resistance – A type of friction that acts on objects moving through the air. It slows things down.
空气阻力 – 物体在空气中运动时受到的一种摩擦力，会使物体减速。
Gravity – The force of attraction between any objects with mass. On Earth, it pulls everything towards the centre of the planet.
重力（引力） – 任何有质量的物体之间相互吸引的力。在地球上，它把所有物体拉向地心。
Weight – The force of gravity acting on an object’s mass. Weight (N) = mass (kg) × gravitational field strength (N/kg).
重量 – 作用在物体质量上的重力。重量 (N) = 质量 (kg) × 引力场强度 (N/kg)。
Mass – The amount of matter in an object, measured in kilograms (kg). Mass does not change with location.
质量 – 物体所含物质的多少，单位是千克 (kg)。质量不随地点改变。
Speed – How fast an object is moving. Average speed = total distance ÷ total time.
速度 – 物体运动的快慢。平均速度 = 总距离 ÷ 总时间。
average speed = total distance ÷ total time
2. Energy | 能量
Energy – The ability to do work. It is measured in joules (J) and can be stored or transferred.
能量 – 做功的能力。单位是焦耳 (J)，可以被储存或转移。
Kinetic energy – The energy an object possesses due to its motion. Faster, heavier objects have more kinetic energy.
动能 – 物体由于运动而具有的能量。运动越快、质量越大的物体动能越大。
Gravitational potential energy – Energy stored in an object because of its height above the ground. It increases when you lift something up.
重力势能 – 物体因离地高度而储存的能量。将物体举高时会增加重力势能。
Thermal energy – The energy a substance has due to the movement of its particles. Hotter objects have more thermal energy.
热能（内能） – 物质因粒子运动而具有的能量。温度越高，热能越大。
Chemical energy – Energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds, such as food, fuel, and batteries.
化学能 – 储存在化合物化学键中的能量，例如食物、燃料和电池里。
Energy transfer – The movement of energy from one store to another or from one object to another. Examples include heating, doing work, and radiation.
能量转移 – 能量从一个储存体转移到另一个储存体，或从一个物体传递到另一个物体。例如加热、做功和辐射。
Conservation of energy – A fundamental principle stating that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed from one form to another.
能量守恒 – 一条基本原理：能量无法被创造或消灭，只能从一种形式转化为另一种形式。
3. Light and Sound | 光与声音
Light – A form of energy that travels in straight lines and allows us to see. It can be reflected, refracted, and dispersed.
光 – 一种沿直线传播并让我们看见物体的能量。光可以被反射、折射和色散。
Reflection – The bouncing back of light when it hits a surface. The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.
反射 – 光遇到表面时弹回的现象。入射角等于反射角。
Refraction – The bending of light as it passes from one transparent material to another, due to a change in speed.
折射 – 光从一种透明介质进入另一种透明介质时，因速度变化而发生偏折。
Dispersion – The splitting of white light into the colours of the spectrum (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet) using a prism.
色散 – 利用棱镜将白光分解成光谱颜色（红、橙、黄、绿、蓝、靛、紫）的现象。
Sound – A form of energy produced by vibrations. Sound travels as a longitudinal wave and needs a medium (solid, liquid, or gas) to travel through.
声音 – 由振动产生的一种能量。声音以纵波形式传播，需要介质（固体、液体或气体）才能传递。
Pitch – How high or low a sound is. Pitch depends on the frequency of the vibration – a higher frequency gives a higher pitch.
音调（音高） – 声音的高低。音调取决于振动频率——频率越高，音调越高。
Loudness – The volume of a sound. Loudness depends on the amplitude of the vibration – larger amplitude makes a louder sound.
响度 – 声音的大小。响度取决于振动幅度——振幅越大，声音越响。
Vacuum – A space with no particles. Sound cannot travel through a vacuum, but light can.
真空 – 没有粒子的空间。声音无法在真空中传播，但光可以。
4. Electricity and Circuits | 电与电路
Current – The flow of electric charge around a circuit. It is measured in amperes (A) using an ammeter.
电流 – 电荷在电路中的流动。用安培 (A) 计量，由电流表测量。
Voltage (potential difference) – The ‘push’ that drives current around a circuit. It is measured in volts (V) with a voltmeter.
电压（电势差） – 驱使电流在电路中流动的”推力”。单位是伏特 (V)，用电压表测量。
Resistance – How difficult it is for current to flow. Resistance is measured in ohms (Ω). Longer wires and thinner wires tend to have more resistance.
电阻 – 电流流动的难易程度。电阻的单位是欧姆 (Ω)。导线越长、越细，电阻通常越大。
Series circuit – A circuit where components are connected one after another, forming a single loop. If one component breaks, the whole circuit stops working.
串联电路 – 元件一个接一个连接成单一回路的电路。如果某个元件断开，整个电路都会停止工作。
Parallel circuit – A circuit where components are connected on separate branches. If one branch breaks, the other branches continue to work.
并联电路 – 元件分别连接在不同支路上的电路。如果一条支路断开，其他支路仍可工作。
Conductor – A material that allows electric current to flow through it easily, such as copper and aluminium.
导体 – 容易让电流通过的材料，例如铜和铝。
Insulator – A material that does not allow current to flow through it easily, such as rubber and plastic.
绝缘体 – 不容易让电流通过的材料，例如橡胶和塑料。
5. Magnetism and Electromagnetism | 磁与电磁
Magnet – An object that produces a magnetic field and can attract iron, nickel, and cobalt.
磁体（磁铁） – 能产生磁场并吸引铁、镍、钴的物体。
Magnetic field – The region around a magnet where magnetic forces can be detected. Field lines go from the north pole to the south pole outside the magnet.
磁场 – 磁体周围能够感受到磁力的区域。磁感线在磁体外从北极指向南极。
Pole – The ends of a magnet where the magnetic force is strongest. Every magnet has a north pole and a south pole.
磁极 – 磁体上磁力最强的两端。每个磁体都有一个北极和一个南极。
Attract – Unlike poles (north and south) pull towards each other.
相吸 – 不同磁极（北极与南极）会相互吸引。
Repel – Like poles (north and north, or south and south) push away from each other.
相斥 – 相同磁极（北极与北极，或南极与南极）会相互推开。
Electromagnet – A temporary magnet made by wrapping a coil of wire around an iron core and passing a current through the wire. Its strength can be increased by increasing the current or number of coils.
电磁铁 – 将线圈绕在铁芯上并通电而成的临时磁体。增大电流或增加线圈匝数可以增强其磁性。
6. States of Matter and Particle Theory | 物质状态与粒子理论
Solid – A state of matter where particles are tightly packed in a fixed arrangement, vibrating in fixed positions. Solids have a definite shape and volume.
固体 – 粒子紧密排列、在固定位置振动的物质状态。固体有确定的形状和体积。
Liquid – A state of matter where particles are close together but can move past one another. Liquids have a definite volume but take the shape of their container.
液体 – 粒子彼此靠近但可以相互滑过的物质状态。液体有确定的体积但会随容器的形状而改变外形。
Gas – A state of matter where particles are far apart and move rapidly in all directions. Gases have no fixed shape or volume.
气体 – 粒子相距很远并朝各个方向快速运动的物质状态。气体没有固定的形状和体积。
Melting – The change of state from solid to liquid when a substance is heated to its melting point.
熔化 – 物质加热到熔点时从固态变为液态的过程。
Freezing – The change of state from liquid to solid when a substance is cooled to its freezing point.
凝固 – 物质冷却到凝固点时从液态变为固态的过程。
Boiling – The change of state from liquid to gas that occurs throughout the liquid at the boiling point.
沸腾 – 物质在沸点时整个液体内部都发生的由液态到气态的变化。
Evaporation – The change of state from liquid to gas that occurs only at the surface, at temperatures below the boiling point.
蒸发 – 在低于沸点的温度下，仅在液体表面发生的由液态变为气态的过程。
Condensation – The change of state from gas to liquid when a gas is cooled.
凝结（液化） – 气体冷却时从气态变为液态的过程。
Diffusion – The movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. It occurs in liquids and gases.
扩散 – 粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的运动。发生在液体和气体中。
Pressure in gases – Caused by particles colliding with the walls of their container. Increasing the temperature or decreasing the volume can raise the pressure.
气体压强 – 由粒子撞击容器壁引起。升高温度或减小体积可增大压强。
7. Forces in Fluids | 流体中的力
Upthrust (buoyancy) – The upward force exerted by a fluid (liquid or gas) on an object placed in it. If the upthrust equals the object’s weight, the object floats.
浮力 – 流体（液体或气体）对浸在其中的物体施加的向上的力。当浮力等于物体重量时，物体漂浮。
Pressure in liquids – Increases with depth. The deeper you go in a liquid, the greater the pressure because of the weight of the liquid above.
液体压强 – 随深度增加而增大。在液体中越深的地方，压强越大，因为上方液体的重量更大。
Water resistance – A type of friction that acts on objects moving through water. It makes it harder to move quickly underwater.
水的阻力 – 物体在水中运动时受到的摩擦力。它使水下快速移动变得更困难。
Terminal velocity – The constant speed reached by a falling object when the air resistance (or water resistance) equals the object’s weight. There is no further acceleration.
终极速度（终端速度） – 当空气阻力（或水阻力）等于物体重量时，降落物体达到的恒定速度。此后不再加速。
8. Measurement and Units | 测量与单位
Metre (m) – The SI unit of length or distance. Used to measure height, length, and displacement.
米 (m) – 国际单位制的长度或距离单位，用于测量高度、长度和位移。
Kilogram (kg) – The SI unit of mass. One kilogram is roughly the mass of one litre of water.
千克 (kg) – 国际单位制的质量单位。1 千克大约相当于 1 升水的质量。
Second (s) – The SI unit of time. All time measurements in physics are based on the second.
秒 (s) – 国际单位制的时间单位。物理学中所有时间测量都以秒为基础。
Newton (N) – The SI unit of force. 1 N is the force needed to accelerate 1 kg by 1 m/s².
牛顿 (N) – 国际单位制的力的单位。1 N 是使 1 kg 物体产生 1 m/s² 加速度所需的力。
Joule (J) – The SI unit of energy and work. 1 J of work is done when a force of 1 N moves an object 1 m.
焦耳 (J) – 国际单位制的能量和功的单位。1 N 的力使物体移动 1 m 时做功 1 J。
Watt (W) – The SI unit of power, equal to 1 joule per second (1 J/s). It measures how quickly energy is transferred.
瓦特 (W) – 国际单位制的功率单位，等于 1 焦耳/秒 (1 J/s)。用来衡量能量转移的快慢。
Pascal (Pa) – The SI unit of pressure. 1 Pa = 1 N/m².
帕斯卡 (Pa) – 国际单位制的压强单位。1 Pa = 1 N/m²。
Ampere (A) – The SI unit of electric current. Commonly called ‘amp’.
安培 (A) – 国际单位制的电流单位，常简称为”安”。
Volt (V) – The SI unit of voltage (potential difference).
伏特 (V) – 国际单位制的电压（电势差）单位。
9. Key Scientific Skills | 关键科学技能
Independent variable – The variable that you change deliberately in an experiment.
自变量 – 在实验中你故意改变的那个变量。
Dependent variable – The variable that you measure or observe; it depends on the independent variable.
因变量 – 你测量或观察的变量；它的值依赖于自变量。
Control variable – A variable that must be kept the same to ensure a fair test.
控制变量 – 必须保持相同的变量，以确保实验的公平性。
Hypothesis – A testable prediction that proposes a possible explanation or outcome.
假设 – 一个可检验的预测，提出可能的解释或结果。
Conclusion – A summary of what the results show, linked back to the hypothesis.
结论 – 对实验结果所反映情况的总结，需与假设相联系。
Fair test – An experiment in which only the independent variable affects the results, while all control variables are kept constant.
公平测试 – 只有自变量影响结果，而所有控制变量保持不变的实验。
Accuracy – How close a measured value is to the true or accepted value.
准确度 – 测量值与真实值或公认值的接近程度。
Precision – How close repeated measurements are to each other. It depends on the smallest division on the measuring instrument.
精密度 – 重复测量值彼此之间的接近程度。它取决于测量仪器的最小分度值。
10. Space and the Solar System | 太空与太阳系
Gravity – The force that holds planets in orbit around the Sun and keeps the Moon orbiting Earth.
引力 – 使行星绕太阳运行、并使月球绕地球运行的力。
Orbit – The curved path of a celestial object around a star, planet, or moon due to gravity.
轨道 – 天体在引力作用下围绕恒星、行星或卫星运行的弯曲路径。
Solar System – Consists of the Sun, the eight planets and their moons, dwarf planets, asteroids, and comets.
太阳系 – 由太阳、八大行星及其卫星、矮行星、小行星和彗星组成。
Planet – A large object that orbits a star and has cleared its orbit of other debris. Earth is the third planet from the Sun.
行星 – 绕恒星运行并已清除其轨道上其他碎片的大型天体。地球是太阳的第三颗行星。
Moon (natural satellite) – A body that orbits a planet. Earth has one moon.
卫星（天然卫星） – 绕行星运行的天体。地球有一颗卫星（月球）。
Weightless – The condition experienced during free fall or in orbit when only gravity acts, causing objects to appear to float. Mass is always present.
失重 – 在自由落体或轨道运动中仅受重力作用时所处的状态，物体看起来漂浮。质量始终存在。
Day and night – Caused by Earth rotating on its axis once every 24 hours. The side facing the Sun experiences daylight.
昼夜 – 由地球每 24 小时绕地轴自转一圈引起。面向太阳的一面为白昼。
Seasons – Caused by the tilt of Earth’s axis as it orbits the Sun. Different hemispheres receive varying amounts of sunlight during the year.
四季 – 由地球绕太阳公转时地轴的倾斜引起。一年中不同半球接收到的阳光量不同。
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