📚 Year 7 Edexcel Chemistry: Quick Vocabulary Guide | 7年级Edexcel化学：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your go-to guide for mastering the key vocabulary in Year 7 Edexcel Chemistry. Understanding these terms will help you describe experiments, explain observations and tackle exam questions with confidence. Each entry is paired with a simple memory trick to make learning stick.
欢迎使用这份7年级Edexcel化学核心词汇速记指南。掌握这些术语能帮助你准确描述实验、解释现象，并从容应对考试题目。每个词条都配有简单的记忆窍门，让学习效果更持久。
1. Matter, Mass and Volume | 物质、质量与体积
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space (volume). All objects around you, from the air you breathe to the water you drink, are made of matter.
物质是任何具有质量且占据空间（体积）的东西。你周围的一切，从呼吸的空气到喝的水，都是由物质构成的。
Mass is the amount of matter in an object. It is measured in grams (g) or kilograms (kg) and stays the same no matter where you are in the universe.
质量是物体所含物质的量，以克 (g) 或千克 (kg) 为单位。无论你在宇宙的哪个位置，物体的质量都保持不变。
Volume is the amount of space an object occupies. Liquids are often measured in millilitres (ml) or litres (L), while solids may be measured in cubic centimetres (cm³).
体积是物体占据的空间大小。液体常用毫升 (ml) 或升 (L) 来量度，固体则可用立方厘米 (cm³) 表示。
Particles are the tiny building blocks of matter. They are far too small to see with the naked eye.
粒子是构成物质的微小单元，小到肉眼无法看见。
Memory tip: Think of ‘MMV’ – Matter has Mass and Volume. It’s like a packed suitcase: the suitcase itself is matter, its weight is the mass, and the space it fills is its volume.
记忆窍门：记住 ‘MMV’ —— 物质具有质量 (Mass) 和体积 (Volume)。可以把物质想象成一只装满了的行李箱：箱子本身是物质，它的重量是质量，它占据的空间就是体积。
2. Atoms and Particles | 原子与粒子
An atom is the smallest part of an element that can still be recognised as that element. Atoms are incredibly tiny – a single grain of sand contains billions of atoms.
原子是元素中能够保持其化学性质的最小部分。原子极其微小 —— 一粒沙子中就含有数十亿个原子。
A molecule is a group of two or more atoms chemically bonded together. For example, a water molecule (H₂O) consists of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
分子是由两个或两个以上原子通过化学键结合在一起的粒子。例如，一个水分子 (H₂O) 由两个氢原子和一个氧原子组成。
The particle model describes how particles are arranged and how they move in solids, liquids and gases. It helps explain melting, boiling and diffusion.
粒子模型描述了粒子在固态、液态和气态中的排列方式和运动状态，有助于解释熔化、沸腾和扩散等现象。
Memory tip: Picture an atom as a single Lego brick. When you click bricks together, you build a molecule. The whole structure represents the particle world.
记忆窍门：把原子想象成一块乐高积木。当你把几块积木拼在一起时，就组成了分子。整个搭建过程就像粒子世界。
3. Elements and Their Symbols | 元素及其符号
An element is a pure substance made of only one type of atom. The entire periodic table is a list of all known elements, such as oxygen (O), iron (Fe) and gold (Au).
元素是由同一种原子组成的纯净物。整个元素周期表列出了所有已知元素，如氧 (O)、铁 (Fe) 和金 (Au)。
Each element has a chemical symbol, often taken from its English or Latin name. The first letter is always a capital letter, and if there is a second letter, it is lowercase.
每种元素都有一个化学符号，通常取自其英文或拉丁名称。第一个字母总是大写，如果有第二个字母，则用小写。
| Element | Symbol | Memory Hook |
|---|---|---|
| Hydrogen | H | ‘H’ for the lightest gas that makes balloons float. |
| Carbon | C | ‘C’ is in Coal, Charcoal and Diamond – all forms of carbon. |
| Oxygen | O | ‘O’ is what we breathe in – think ‘O’ as in ‘Oh, fresh air!’ |
| Sodium | Na | From Latin ‘Natrium’. Think ‘Na’ is in salt – NaCl. |
| Iron | Fe | From Latin ‘Ferrum’. Remember ‘Fe’ as in ‘Ferrous metal’. |
Memory tip: Use mnemonics for tricky symbols. For example, ‘Naughty Ants’ for Sodium (Na); ‘Ferocious Elephant’ for Iron (Fe). The more vivid the image, the better you remember.
记忆窍门：对于难以记忆的符号，可以使用助记词。例如钠 (Na) 记作 ‘调皮蚂蚁’，铁 (Fe) 记作 ‘凶猛大象’。画面越生动，记忆越牢固。
4. Compounds and Chemical Bonds | 化合物与化学键
A compound is a substance made from two or more different elements that are chemically bonded together. Compounds have properties different from the elements they contain.
化合物是由两种或多种不同元素通过化学键结合而成的物质。化合物的性质与其组成元素的性质完全不同。
A chemical bond is the force that holds atoms together in a compound. Think of a bond as an invisible glue between atoms.
化学键是化合物中原子之间相互结合的吸引力。可以把化学键想象成原子之间的隐形胶水。
Common examples: Water (H₂O) is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is a compound of carbon and oxygen. Table salt (NaCl) is a compound of sodium and chlorine.
常见例子：水 (H₂O) 是氢和氧的化合物。二氧化碳 (CO₂) 是碳和氧的化合物。食盐 (NaCl) 是钠和氯的化合物。
Memory tip: Compounds are like a recipe – you need different ingredients combined in a fixed way. Unlike a mixture, you cannot easily separate them by physical means.
记忆窍门：化合物就像一份食谱 —— 你需要不同的配料按照固定方式组合。与混合物不同，你不能轻易通过物理手段将它们分开。
5. Mixtures: Solutions and More | 混合物：溶液与更多
A mixture contains two or more substances that are not chemically joined. The substances keep their original properties and can often be separated by physical methods like filtering or evaporation.
混合物含有两种或多种未通过化学方式结合的物质。各组分保持其原有性质，通常可以用过滤或蒸发等物理方法分离。
A solution is a type of mixture where a solute dissolves in a solvent. The solute is the substance that dissolves, and the solvent is the liquid that does the dissolving.
溶液是一种混合物，其中溶质溶解在溶剂中。溶质是被溶解的物质，溶剂是起溶解作用的液体。
Example: When salt dissolves in water, salt is the solute and water is the solvent. The result is a clear salt solution. Solutions are often transparent but can be coloured.
例子：当盐溶解在水中时，盐是溶质，水是溶剂，得到透明的盐水溶液。溶液通常是透明的，但可以有颜色。
Suspension is a mixture where solid particles are dispersed in a liquid but do not dissolve. They will eventually settle at the bottom if left standing.
悬浊液是固体颗粒分散在液体中但不溶解的混合物。如果静置，颗粒最终会沉淀到底部。
Memory tip: ‘Solvent solves the solute.’ Picture a solvent as a big hug that pulls solute particles apart. For suspension, think of muddy water – the mud is suspended but not dissolved.
记忆窍门：’溶剂 (Solvent) 解决了溶质 (Solute)。’ 把溶剂想象成一个巨大的拥抱，将溶质粒子拉开。对于悬浊液，想想泥水 —— 泥沙悬浮其中但不溶解。
6. States of Matter: Solid, Liquid, Gas | 物质的三种状态：固态、液态、气态
Solid: Particles are tightly packed in a regular pattern. They vibrate in fixed positions, giving solids a definite shape and volume. Ice is a solid form of water.
固态：粒子紧密排列，呈规则的图案。它们在固定位置上振动，因此固体具有确定的形状和体积。冰是水的固态形式。
Liquid: Particles are close together but can slide past each other. Liquids have a fixed volume but take the shape of their container. Water at room temperature is a liquid.
液态：粒子彼此靠近但可以相互滑动。液体有固定的体积，但会随容器改变形状。室温下的水是液态。
Gas: Particles are far apart and move quickly in all directions. Gases have no fixed shape or volume and will fill any container. Water vapour is water in the gas state.
气态：粒子相距很远，并向各个方向快速运动。气体没有固定的形状和体积，会充满整个容器。水蒸气是水的气态形式。
Memory tip: Act it out – stand still and vibrate for a solid, glide smoothly for a liquid, and run around freely for a gas. The movement helps you recall the particle behaviour.
记忆窍门：用动作来模仿 —— 站立振动像固体，平滑滑动像液体，自由奔跑像气体。用身体动作记忆粒子的行为非常有效。
7. Changing States: Melting, Boiling, Condensing, Freezing | 状态变化：熔化、沸腾、冷凝、凝固
Melting is the change from solid to liquid. It occurs at the melting point when particles gain enough energy to break free from their fixed positions. Ice melts at 0 °C.
熔化是从固态变为液态的过程。当粒子获得足够能量脱离固定位置时发生，发生在熔点。冰在 0 ℃ 时融化。
Boiling is the change from liquid to gas throughout the liquid. It happens at the boiling point (100 °C for water). Evaporation is a slower process that happens only at the surface.
沸腾是液体内部和表面同时变成气体的过程，发生在沸点（水的沸点是 100 ℃）。蒸发则是仅在液体表面发生的较慢过程。
Condensing (condensation) is the change from gas to liquid. When water vapour cools, it turns back into liquid water, forming droplets. This is the opposite of boiling.
冷凝（凝结）是从气态变成液态的过程。水蒸气冷却后变回液态水，形成小水滴。这是沸腾的逆过程。
Freezing is the change from liquid to solid. It occurs at the freezing point (0 °C for water) when particles lose energy and settle into fixed positions.
凝固是从液态变成固态的过程。当粒子失去能量并固定在位置上时发生，发生在凝固点（水的凝固点是 0 ℃）。
Memory tip: Remember ‘MBCF’ – Melting, Boiling, Condensing, Freezing. Draw a temperature-time graph with arrows up and down to visualise the energy changes.
记忆窍门：记住 ‘MBCF’ —— 熔化、沸腾、冷凝、凝固。画一张温度-时间图，用上下箭头展示能量变化，帮助形成视觉记忆。
8. Physical vs. Chemical Changes | 物理变化与化学变化的区别
A physical change is a change in which no new substance is made. The change is often reversible. Examples include melting ice, dissolving sugar in water, and cutting paper.
物理变化是没有新物质生成的变化，通常可逆。例子包括冰的融化、糖溶于水和剪纸。
A chemical change (chemical reaction) produces one or more new substances that have different properties from the starting materials. Examples include burning wood, rusting iron, and cooking an egg.
化学变化（化学反应）会生成一种或多种与原来物质性质不同的新物质。例子包括木材燃烧、铁生锈和煮鸡蛋。
Signs of a chemical change: colour change, a gas being given off (bubbles), a precipitate forming, an energy change (heat or light), or a smell being produced.
化学变化的迹象：颜色变化、有气体放出（气泡）、生成沉淀、有能量变化（放热或发光）或产生气味。
Memory tip: ‘Chemical = New Chemical.’ If you end up with a substance that wasn’t there before, it’s a chemical change. Physical changes are like folding a piece of paper – still paper.
记忆窍门：’化学变化 = 新化学物质’。如果你最终得到了原本没有的新物质，那就是化学变化。物理变化就像折纸 —— 纸还是纸。
9. Chemical Reactions: Reactants and Word Equations | 化学反应：反应物与文字方程式
In a chemical reaction, reactants are the substances you start with. Products are the new substances made by the reaction. The arrow (→) means ‘reacts to form’.
在化学反应中，反应物是你开始时使用的物质。生成物是反应产生的新物质。箭头 (→) 表示 ‘反应生成’。
A word equation describes a reaction using the names of the substances. For example: magnesium + oxygen → magnesium oxide. This shows what reacts and what is produced.
文字方程式用物质名称来描述反应。例如：镁 + 氧气 → 氧化镁。它表示什么参与了反应，生成了什么。
Law of conservation of mass: The total mass of the reactants equals the total mass of the products. Atoms are rearranged, not created or destroyed.
质量守恒定律：反应物的总质量等于生成物的总质量。原子只是重新排列，没有被创造或消灭。
Memory tip: Think of a word equation as a sentence: ‘Reactants go in, products come out.’ The plus sign (+) means ‘and’, and the arrow (→) is the ‘transforms into’ bridge.
记忆窍门：把文字方程式想象成一个句子：’反应物进去，生成物出来。’ 加号 (+) 表示 ‘和’，箭头 (→) 是 ‘转变为’ 的桥梁。
10. Acids, Alkalis and Indicators | 酸、碱与指示剂
An acid is a substance with a pH less than 7. Acids taste sour (never taste in a lab!) and turn blue litmus paper red. Examples include lemon juice and vinegar.
酸是 pH 值小于 7 的物质。酸尝起来有酸味（实验室绝对禁止品尝！），能使蓝色石蕊试纸变红。例子包括柠檬汁和食醋。
An alkali is a soluble base with a pH greater than 7. Alkalis feel soapy and turn red litmus paper blue. Common lab alkalis include sodium hydroxide solution.
碱是可溶性碱，pH 值大于 7。碱摸起来有滑腻感，能使红色石蕊试纸变蓝。常见的实验室碱包括氢氧化钠溶液。
The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. pH 7 is neutral (pure water). Values below 7 are acidic; values above 7 are alkaline. A universal indicator shows a range of colours depending on pH.
pH 值范围从 0 到 14。pH 7 为中性（纯水）。低于 7 为酸性，高于 7 为碱性。通用指示剂可以根据 pH 值显示一系列颜色。
Neutralisation is a reaction between an acid and an alkali that produces a salt and water. For example: hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide → sodium chloride + water.
中和反应是酸与碱反应生成盐和水的过程。例如：盐酸 + 氢氧化钠 → 氯化钠 + 水。
Memory tip: Remember ‘A for Acid, A for Astringent (sour)’ and ‘Alkali is Above 7’. For litmus colours: ‘Blue to Red – Acid ahead; Red to Blue – Alkali true.’
记忆窍门：记住 ‘A 代表酸 (Acid)，也代表酸味 (Astringent)’，’碱 (Alkali) 的 pH 在 7 以上 (Above 7)’。对于石蕊颜色：’蓝变红，酸先行；红变蓝，碱登场。’
11. Separation Techniques | 分离技术
Filtration is used to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid. The mixture is poured through filter paper; the solid stays behind as the residue, and the liquid passes through as the filtrate.
过滤用于分离不溶性固体与液体。混合物倒入滤纸，固体留在滤纸上称为滤渣，液体通过滤纸称为滤液。
Evaporation is used to separate a soluble solid from a solution. The solution is heated so the liquid evaporates, leaving the solid behind. It works well for salt from salt water.
蒸发用于从溶液中分离可溶性固体。加热溶液使液体蒸发，留下固体。适用于从盐水中获取食盐。
Distillation separates a liquid from a solution or separates liquids with different boiling points. The liquid is boiled, and its vapour is condensed back into a liquid in a separate container.
蒸馏用于从溶液中分离液体，或分离沸点不同的液体。将液体煮沸，蒸气冷凝后在另一个容器中回收液体。
Chromatography is used to separate mixtures of coloured substances, such as inks or food dyes. The different components travel different distances up a special paper.
色谱法用于分离有色物质的混合物，如墨水或食用色素。不同组分在特殊纸上爬升的距离不同。
Memory tip: ‘Filter catches the big bits; Evaporation leaves the dissolved behind; Distillation collects the pure liquid; Chromatography colours spread out.’ Draw a quick mind map with these four keywords.
记忆窍门：’过滤留住大颗粒；蒸发留下可溶物；蒸馏收集纯液体；色谱让颜色展开。’ 快速画一张包含这四个关键词的思维导图。
12. Common Lab Terms and Safety | 常见实验术语与安全
Bunsen burner: A gas burner used for heating. The safety flame (yellow) is visible and cooler; the roaring flame (blue) is hotter and used for strong heating. Always light with a splint.
本生灯：用于加热的煤气灯。安全火焰（黄色）可见且温度较低；咆哮火焰（蓝色）温度更高，用于强加热。务必用点火棒点燃。
Measuring cylinder: Used to measure the volume of liquids accurately. Always read the bottom of the meniscus at eye level.
量筒：用于准确量取液体体积。读数时视线要与凹液面最低处保持水平。
Test tube, beaker, conical flask: Common glassware for holding, mixing, and heating small amounts of substances. Conical flasks can be swirled without spilling.
试管、烧杯、锥形瓶：用于盛放、混合和加热少量物质的常用玻璃器皿。锥形瓶可以摇动而不易溅出。
Safety rules: Always wear safety goggles. Tie back long hair. Never eat or drink in the lab. Report spills immediately. Know the location of the fire extinguisher and first aid kit.
安全规则：始终佩戴护目镜。长头发要束起。禁止在实验室内进食或饮水。溢洒要立即报告。知道灭火器和急救箱的位置。
Memory tip: Use a ‘LAB’ acrostic – Listen to instructions, Always wear goggles, Be careful with chemicals. Visualise a scientist avatar who follows every rule.
记忆窍门：使用 ‘LAB’ 藏头诗 —— 听从指令 (Listen)，佩戴护目镜 (Always goggles)，小心化学品 (Be careful)。想象一个严格遵守规则的科学家形象。
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