📚 Year 7 Edexcel Music: Quick Reference Handbook | Year 7 Edexcel 音乐：公式定理速查手册
Music has its own ‘formulas’ and ‘theorems’ – patterns of notes, rhythms and symbols that make up the language of sound. This quick reference handbook brings together every essential rule you need to know for Year 7 Edexcel Music, explained clearly with both English and Chinese versions so you can learn the terminology and concepts side by side.
音乐也有自己的“公式”和“定理”——由音符、节奏和符号构成的规律，形成了声音的语言。这份速查手册汇集了 Year 7 Edexcel 音乐课程中你必须掌握的每一项基本法则，并用中英双语清晰解释，让你可以同步学习术语和概念。
1. The Musical Alphabet and Staff Notation | 音名与五线谱
The musical alphabet consists of only seven letters: A, B, C, D, E, F, G. After G, the pattern repeats from A again. The staff (or stave) is made up of five lines and four spaces, each representing a different pitch.
音乐字母表仅包含七个字母：A、B、C、D、E、F、G。G 之后，模式又从 A 重复。五线谱由五条线和四个间组成，每一个位置代表不同的音高。
Treble clef (𝄞) curls around the second line to show that this line is G. Bass clef (𝄢) places its two dots either side of the fourth line, indicating that this line is F.
高音谱号（𝄞）环绕第二线，表示该线为 G。低音谱号（𝄢）的两个点分列第四线两侧，表示该线为 F。
Ledger lines are short horizontal lines used to extend the staff beyond its five lines, for notes that are too high or too low.
加线是用于扩展五线谱的短横线，用来记录过高或过低的音符。
2. Note Values and Rests | 音符时值与休止符
In a 4/4 time signature, a semibreve (whole note) lasts for four beats. A minim (half note) lasts for two beats. A crotchet (quarter note) lasts for one beat. A quaver (eighth note) lasts for half a beat, and two quavers joined together equal one beat. A semiquaver (sixteenth note) lasts for a quarter of a beat.
在 4/4 拍中，全音符持续四拍。二分音符持续两拍。四分音符持续一拍。八分音符持续半拍，两个八分音符相连等于一拍。十六分音符持续四分之一拍。
Rests are silent beats. A semibreve rest hangs from the fourth line. A minim rest sits on the third line. A crotchet rest is a squiggly symbol. Quaver and semiquaver rests have a single and double hook respectively.
休止符表示静止的拍子。全休止符挂在第四线下。二分休止符贴在第三线上。四分休止符是波浪状的符号。八分休止符和十六分休止符分别带有一个和两个弯钩。
A dotted note increases its duration by half of the original value. For example, a dotted minim lasts for 3 beats (2 + 1).
附点音符将时值延长为原来的一半。例如，附点二分音符持续 3 拍（2 + 1）。
3. Time Signatures | 拍号
The time signature appears at the beginning of a piece, after the clef. The top number tells how many beats are in each bar; the bottom number tells which note value counts as one beat.
拍号出现在乐曲开头，位于谱号之后。上方数字表示每小节有几拍；下方数字表示以哪种音符为一拍。
Common time signatures in Year 7 are: 2/4 (two crotchet beats per bar), 3/4 (three crotchet beats per bar), 4/4 (four crotchet beats per bar). The symbol C stands for 4/4.
Year 7 常见的拍号有：2/4（每小节两个四分音符拍）、3/4（每小节三个四分音符拍）、4/4（每小节四个四分音符拍）。符号 C 代表 4/4 拍。
Compound time signatures, such as 6/8, mean the beat splits into groups of three quavers. In 6/8, there are six quavers in a bar, but they are felt as two dotted-crotchet beats.
复拍子，如 6/8，表示每拍分成三份八分音符。在 6/8 中，小节内有六个八分音符，但通常感受为两个附点四分音符拍。
4. Key Signatures | 调号
The key signature is a set of sharps (♯) or flats (♭) placed right after the clef. It tells you which notes are consistently raised or lowered throughout the piece unless cancelled by an accidental.
调号是位于谱号之后的一系列升号（♯）或降号（♭）。它表示在整个乐曲中哪些音被持续升高或降低，除非遇到临时记号取消。
Year 7 students typically encounter keys up to one sharp (G major) or one flat (F major). The order of sharps is F♯, C♯, G♯, D♯, A♯, E♯, B♯. The order of flats is the reverse: B♭, E♭, A♭, D♭, G♭, C♭, F♭.
Year 7 学生通常会遇到一个升号（G 大调）或一个降号（F 大调）的调性。升号出现的顺序是：F♯、C♯、G♯、D♯、A♯、E♯、B♯。降号顺序相反：B♭、E♭、A♭、D♭、G♭、C♭、F♭。
To find the major key from sharps, go one semitone up from the last sharp. For flats, the second-last flat names the key.
由升号找大调口诀：最后一个升号上升半音。由降号找大调：倒数第二个降号即为调名。
5. Major Scale Formula | 大调音阶的构成公式
A major scale follows a fixed pattern of tones (T) and semitones (S): T, T, S, T, T, T, S. Starting on any note and applying this formula will produce that major scale.
大调音阶遵循固定的全音（T）和半音（S）模式：全、全、半、全、全、全、半。从任意音开始，运用这个公式即可构成相应的大调音阶。
For example, C major (no sharps or flats): C–D (T), D–E (T), E–F (S), F–G (T), G–A (T), A–B (T), B–C (S). G major uses F♯ to maintain the pattern between E–F♯ and F♯–G.
例如，C 大调（无升降号）：C–D（全音），D–E（全音），E–F（半音），F–G（全音），G–A（全音），A–B（全音），B–C（半音）。G 大调使用了 F♯ 来保持 E–F♯ 和 F♯–G 之间的模式。
6. Intervals | 音程
An interval is the distance between two notes, measured by the number of letter names they span. Within one octave, intervals are named: unison (same note), second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh and octave.
音程是两个音之间的距离，计算时所跨越的音名字母个数。在一个八度内，音程名称包括：同度（同一音）、二度、三度、四度、五度、六度、七度和八度。
Intervals can be perfect, major, minor, augmented or diminished. In Year 7, we focus on recognising perfect intervals: perfect unison, perfect fourth (e.g., C–F), perfect fifth (e.g., C–G) and perfect octave.
音程可以分为纯、大、小、增、减。Year 7 主要认识纯音程：纯一度、纯四度（如 C–F）、纯五度（如 C–G）和纯八度。
A semitone is the smallest interval in Western music. On a keyboard, it is the distance from one key to the very next key, either white to black or between E–F and B–C. A whole tone equals two semitones.
半音是西方音乐中最小的音程。在键盘上，它是从一个键到相邻一个键的距离，无论是白键到黑键，还是 E–F 或 B–C 之间。一个全音等于两个半音。
7. Dynamics | 力度记号
Dynamics indicate how loud or soft the music should be played. Italian terms are standard: pp (pianissimo – very soft), p (piano – soft), mp (mezzo-piano – moderately soft), mf (mezzo-forte – moderately loud), f (forte – loud), ff (fortissimo – very loud).
力度记号指示音乐应该演奏得多响或多轻。标准意大利术语有：pp（pianissimo – 非常弱）、p（piano – 弱）、mp（mezzo-piano – 中弱）、mf（mezzo-forte – 中强）、f（forte – 强）、ff（fortissimo – 非常强）。
Gradual changes include crescendo (gradually getting louder) and diminuendo or decrescendo (gradually getting softer). These can be written as words or as hairpin symbols.
渐变力度包括 crescendo（渐强）和 diminuendo 或 decrescendo（渐弱）。这些可以用文字书写，也可以用楔形的渐强渐弱记号表示。
8. Tempo Markings | 速度术语
Tempo tells the speed of the music. Italian terms are also used here: Largo (very slow), Adagio (slow), Andante (walking pace), Moderato (moderately), Allegro (fast, lively), Vivace (very fast, lively), Presto (extremely fast).
速度术语指示音乐的快慢。同样使用意大利术语：Largo（很慢的广板）、Adagio（慢的柔板）、Andante（行板，步行速度）、Moderato（中板）、Allegro（快板，活泼）、Vivace（很快的活板）、Presto（极快的急板）。
Changes in tempo are indicated by accelerando (gradually getting faster) and rallentando or ritardando (gradually getting slower). A tempo means to return to the original speed.
速度变化由 accelerando（渐快）和 rallentando 或 ritardando（渐慢）表示。A tempo 表示回到原速。
9. Articulation | 演奏法
Articulation refers to how a note is played or sung. Staccato (indicated by a dot above or below the note) means the note is played short and detached. Legato (often shown with a slur) means the notes are played smoothly and connected.
演奏法指演奏或演唱音符的方式。Staccato（用音符上方或下方的小圆点表示）表示奏得短促而分离。Legato（常用连线表示）表示音符要奏得圆滑连贯。
Accents (> or ^) tell the performer to play a note with extra attack or emphasis. Tenuto (–) means holding the note for its full value, often with slight weight.
重音记号（> 或 ^）表示奏出格外有力的起音或强调。Tenuto（–）意味着充分保持音值时值，常常略带重量。
10. Chords and Triads | 和弦与三和弦
A triad is a three-note chord built from the 1st (root), 3rd and 5th degrees of a scale. In a major triad, the interval from root to 3rd is a major 3rd (4 semitones) and from 3rd to 5th is a minor 3rd (3 semitones). In a minor triad, the pattern is swapped: root to 3rd is a minor 3rd, and 3rd to 5th is a major 3rd.
三和弦是一个由根音、三音和五音构成的三个音和弦。大调三和弦中，根音到三音为大三度（4 个半音），三音到五音为小三度（3 个半音）。小调三和弦则相反：根音到三音为小三度，三音到五音为大三度。
Primary triads in a major key are built on the I (tonic), IV (subdominant) and V (dominant) degrees. In C major, these are C–E–G, F–A–C and G–B–D.
大调中的主要三和弦分别建立在 I 级（主）、IV 级（下属）和 V 级（属）上。在 C 大调中，这些和弦是 C–E–G、F–A–C 和 G–B–D。
An arpeggio is when the notes of a chord are played one after another, rather than all at once.
琶音是将和弦的各音依次奏出，而不是同时奏响。
11. Musical Structure (Form) | 曲式结构
Musical form describes the overall layout of a piece. Binary form (AB) has two distinct sections, often repeated. Ternary form (ABA) has a first section, a contrasting middle section, and a return of the first section.
曲式描述一首乐曲的整体布局。二部曲式（AB）有两个不同的段落，常重复。三部曲式（ABA）先有第一段，中间有对比性段落，然后回归第一段。
Rondo form (ABACA) uses a recurring main theme (A) alternating with contrasting episodes. Verse-chorus form is common in pop songs, where verses tell the story and the chorus is the memorable, repeating section.
回旋曲式（ABACA）采用反复出现的主部主题（A）与对比插部交替。主歌-副歌形式在流行歌曲中常见，主歌叙述故事，副歌则是记忆点强、重复出现的段落。
12. Texture | 织体
Texture refers to how many layers of sound are heard at once, and how they interact. Monophonic texture has a single melodic line alone, with no accompaniment.
织体是指同时听到多少个声音层次，以及它们如何交互。单声织体仅有一条单一的旋律线，没有伴奏。
Homophonic texture has a melody supported by chords or accompaniment moving in the same rhythm. Most pop songs and hymn tunes are homophonic.
主调织体有一条旋律由和弦或伴奏支撑，节奏大体一致。大部分流行歌曲和赞美诗都是主调织体。
Polyphonic (contrapuntal) texture has two or more independent melodies woven together. A round (e.g., ‘Frère Jacques’) is a simple example of polyphony.
复调织体有两条或更多独立的旋律交织在一起。轮唱（如《两只老虎》）是复调的一个简单例子。
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