📚 Year 7 Edexcel Philosophy: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memory Guide | Year 7 Edexcel 哲学：词汇术语速记指南
Starting philosophy in Year 7 can feel like learning a new language. This guide will help you quickly remember key philosophical words and ideas. Each term is explained simply, and we add memory tricks to make them stick. Use this alongside your class notes and revision to build a strong foundation for Edexcel Philosophy.
七年级刚开始学哲学，就像在学一门新语言。这份指南会帮你快速记住关键的哲学词汇和概念。每个术语都用简单的方式解释，而且我们加了记忆小窍门，让它们牢牢留在脑子里。配合课堂笔记和复习一起使用，为 Edexcel 哲学打下坚实基础。
1. What is Philosophy? | 什么是哲学？
Philosophy comes from two Greek words: ‘philo’ (love) and ‘sophia’ (wisdom). So philosophy literally means ‘the love of wisdom’. Philosophers ask big questions about existence, knowledge, values, reason and language. They do not just guess; they use careful thinking and reasoning to explore ideas.
哲学这个词来自两个希腊词：“philo”（爱）和 “sophia”（智慧）。所以哲学的字面意思就是“爱智慧”。哲学家会追问关于存在、知识、价值、理性和语言的大问题。他们不是随便猜测，而是通过仔细的思考和推理来探索各种想法。
Memory trick: Picture a heart (love) wearing a wise owl’s glasses. Love + Wisdom = Philosophy. Every time you hear ‘philosophy’, think of the heart-owl!
记忆技巧：想象一颗爱心（爱）戴着一只智慧猫头鹰的眼镜。爱 + 智慧 = 哲学。每次听到“哲学”，就想那只爱心猫头鹰！
2. Key Question Types in Philosophy | 哲学中的核心问题类型
Philosophical questions are often open-ended and cannot be answered by a simple yes or no. They include conceptual questions (What is justice?), ethical questions (What is the right thing to do?) and existential questions (Why is there something rather than nothing?). Learning to spot these types helps you think like a philosopher.
哲学问题通常都是开放式的，不能简单用是或否来回答。它们包括概念性问题（什么是正义？）、伦理问题（应该做什么才是对的？）和存在性问题（为什么有东西存在，而不是什么都没有？）。学会识别这些类型，有助于你像哲学家一样思考。
Memory trick: Use the three letters CEE – Conceptual, Ethical, Existential. Think ‘What is it?’, ‘Should I?’ and ‘Why anything?’
记忆技巧：用三个字母 CEE 来记——Conceptual（概念性）、Ethical（伦理性）、Existential（存在性）。想这三个问题：“它是什么？”、“我该不该？”、“为什么存在？”
3. Argument and Reasoning | 论证与推理
An argument in philosophy is not a shouting match. It is a set of sentences where some sentences (premises) are given as reasons to support another sentence (the conclusion). Good reasoning means the conclusion follows logically from the premises. The keyword ‘therefore’ often signals a conclusion.
在哲学中，论证不是吵架。它是一组句子，其中一些句子（前提）被用来作为理由，去支持另一个句子（结论）。好的推理意味着结论能从前提中符合逻辑地推出来。关键词“因此”往往就是在提示结论。
Premise example: All humans are mortal. Socrates is a human. Conclusion: Therefore, Socrates is mortal. Memory trick: Think of a bridge. Premises are the pillars, and the conclusion is the road that rests on them.
前提例子：所有人都会死。苏格拉底是人。结论：因此，苏格拉底会死。记忆技巧：想象一座桥。前提是桥墩，结论就是架在它们上面的桥面。
4. Evidence and Belief | 证据与信念
Evidence is information that supports a belief or shows whether it is true. A belief is something you hold to be true, even if you cannot prove it with 100% certainty. Philosophers ask: when is a belief justified? Justified means you have good reasons or evidence for it.
证据是用来支持某个信念或者显示它是否真实的信息。信念是你认为真实的东西，即使你不能百分之百地证明它。哲学家会问：一个信念在什么时候是有理由的？有理由就是你有充分的理由或证据来支撑它。
Memory trick: Visualise ‘E’ for Evidence as the eyes of a detective, and ‘B’ for Belief as a brain. The detective’s eyes feed information to the brain. No evidence? The brain is just guessing.
记忆技巧：把 Evidence 的 E 想象成侦探的眼睛，Belief 的 B 想象成大脑。侦探的眼睛把信息传给大脑。没有证据？大脑就只是在瞎猜。
5. Fact, Opinion and Truth | 事实、观点与真理
A fact is a statement that can be proven true or false by observation or measurement. An opinion is a personal judgment or preference, which may vary between people. Truth in philosophy is often about whether a statement matches reality. Some truths are objective (true for everyone), while others may be subjective.
事实是可以通过观察或测量来证明是对还是错的陈述。观点是个人的判断或偏好，可能因人而异。哲学中的真理常常是看一个陈述是否符合现实。有些真理是客观的（对所有人都成立），而另一些可能是主观的。
Memory trick: ‘Fact’ has a ‘t’ for testable. ‘Opinion’ has an ‘i’ for ‘I think’. Truth is like a mirror – it reflects what is really there.
记忆技巧：Fact 里面有个 “t” 代表可检验的（testable）。Opinion 里面有个 “i” 代表 “我认为”（I think）。真理就像一面镜子——它反映出真正存在的东西。
6. Fairness and Justice | 公平与正义
Fairness means treating people equally and without bias. Justice is the broader idea of what people deserve and how goods or punishments should be distributed. The philosopher John Rawls used a famous thought experiment: imagine you do not know your position in society – what rules would you choose? That is the veil of ignorance.
公平的意思是平等地对待他人，不存偏见。正义是一个更广的概念，关于人们应得什么，以及好处或惩罚应该如何分配。哲学家约翰·罗尔斯用过一个著名的思想实验：想象你不知道自己在社会中的地位——你会选择什么规则？这就是“无知之幕”。
Memory trick: ‘Fair’ sounds like ‘share’ – fair sharing. For justice, think of a judge’s balanced scales.
记忆技巧：“Fair” 的发音很像 “share”（分享）——公平分享。对于正义，想到法官手中天平的两端平衡。
7. Ethical Concepts: Right, Wrong and Dilemmas | 道德概念：对、错与两难
Ethics is the branch of philosophy that studies what is morally right and wrong. An ethical dilemma occurs when you must choose between two conflicting moral values, and neither choice is perfect. For example, should you tell a painful truth to protect someone’s long-term trust, or tell a kind lie to spare their feelings?
伦理学是哲学的一个分支，研究道德上的对与错。当你在两个相互冲突的道德价值之间必须做出选择，而且没有哪个选择是完美的时候，就出现了道德两难。例如，你应该说出令人痛苦的真相来保护对方的长期信任，还是说一个善意的谎言以免他们难过？
Memory trick: ‘Ethics’ sounds like ‘ethics are the things that make you say eek! when you face a tough choice.’ Dilemma: picture two horns of a bull – you are stuck between them.
记忆技巧：把 “Ethics” 想象成 “当你面对艰难抉择时，会让你惊呼（eek!）的事情”。两难（Dilemma）：想象公牛的的两只角——你被夹在中间动弹不得。
8. Identity and Perspective | 身份与视角
Identity is who you are, including your memories, personality, values and body. Philosophical questions about identity ask: what makes you the same person over time? Perspective is the particular way you see and interpret the world, shaped by your experiences, culture and beliefs. Different perspectives can lead to different truths for different people.
身份是你是谁，包括你的记忆、个性、价值观和身体。关于身份的哲学问题会问：是什么让你在不同的时间里一直是同一个人？视角是你看待和解读世界的特定方式，由你的经历、文化和信念塑造而成。不同的视角可能对不同的人带来不同的真相。
Memory trick: ‘Identity’ starts with ‘I’ – everything that makes you ‘I’. ‘Perspective’ starts with ‘per’ like ‘periscope’ – a way of looking at things from your own angle.
记忆技巧：“Identity” 以 “I” 开头——所有让你成为“我”的东西。“Perspective” 以 “per” 开头，就像潜望镜（periscope）——从你自己的角度观察事物的方式。
9. Common Fallacies to Avoid | 需要避免的常见谬误
A fallacy is a mistake in reasoning that makes an argument weak. The ad hominem fallacy attacks the person instead of the argument. The straw man fallacy misrepresents someone’s view to make it easier to attack. The false dilemma presents only two options when more exist. Spotting fallacies helps you reason clearly.
谬误是推理中的错误，会使论证变得薄弱。人身攻击谬误（ad hominem）是攻击对方这个人，而不是攻击论证本身。稻草人谬误（straw man）是歪曲别人的观点，让它变得更容易攻击。虚假两难（false dilemma）是只给出两个选项，实际上还有更多选择。识别出这些谬误，有助于你清晰推理。
Memory trick: Ad hominem – think ‘ad homie’ attacking your homie, not the argument. Straw man – picture a scarecrow that is easy to knock down. False dilemma – imagine a fork in the road with only two paths, but there is actually a hidden third path.
记忆技巧：人身攻击（ad hominem）——想象冲着你的朋友喊，而不是冲着论证。稻草人（straw man）——想象一个容易被推倒的稻草人。虚假两难（false dilemma）——想象岔路口只有两条路，但实际上还有一条隐藏的第三条路。
10. Memory Tricks and Revision Strategies | 记忆技巧与复习策略
Use acronyms: for example, take the first letter of each term you need to remember and make a silly sentence. Draw concept maps linking terms like ‘argument’ to ‘premise’, ‘conclusion’ and ‘fallacy’. Explain terms to a friend or a teddy bear – teaching is one of the best ways to learn. Keep a small notebook of philosophical words and review it for just five minutes a day.
使用缩写法：比如，取每个需要记住的术语的首字母，编一个滑稽的句子。画概念图，把“论证”和“前提”、“结论”、“谬误”等术语联系起来。向朋友或泰迪熊解释术语——教别人是最好的学习方式之一。准备一个小笔记本记录哲学词汇，每天只复习五分钟。
Quick-fire flashcards: write the term on one side and a picture plus definition on the other. Test yourself regularly, mixing up the order. With consistent practice, these terms will become second nature before your assessments.
快速闪卡：一面写术语，另一面画画加定义。经常自我测试，打乱顺序。通过持续练习，这些术语会在你考试前变得像呼吸一样自然。
Published by TutorHao | Philosophy Revision Series | aleveler.com
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