📚 Year 7 Edexcel Politics: Key Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Study Guide | Year 7 爱德思政治：关键词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your quick-memorisation guide for Year 7 Edexcel Politics. This article focuses on the essential vocabulary and terminology you need to understand how the UK is governed. Each key term is explained clearly, with memory tips and real-life examples, helping you to recall the meaning easily in class discussions, homework and assessments.
欢迎来到 Year 7 爱德思政治词汇速记指南。本文聚焦于理解英国治理方式所需的核心词汇和术语。每个关键术语都配有清晰的解释、记忆提示和实例，帮助你在课堂讨论、作业和测评中轻松回忆其含义。
1. Democracy | 民主
A democracy is a system of government where the people hold the power. Citizens exercise this power either directly or by electing representatives to make decisions on their behalf. Key features include free and fair elections, the protection of rights, and the rule of law.
民主是一种人民掌握权力的政府体制。公民通过直接行使或选举代表代为决策来运用这一权力。其主要特征包括自由公正的选举、权利保护以及法治。
Memory tip: The word comes from Greek ‘demos’ (people) and ‘kratos’ (rule). Picture a demonstration (‘demo’) where people lift signs to rule (‘cracy’). This reminds you that democracy means “people rule”.
记忆技巧：这个词源于希腊语的 “demos”（人民）和 “kratos”（统治）。想象一场示威活动（”demo”），人们举起牌子进行统治（”cracy”）。这会提醒你民主就是 “人民统治”。
Example: In the UK, a general election is held at least every five years. All British citizens aged 18 and over can vote to choose their MP. This makes the UK a representative democracy.
实例：在英国，大选至少每五年举行一次。所有年满 18 岁的英国公民都可以投票选择他们的国会议员。这使得英国成为代议制民主国家。
2. Government | 政府
The government is the group of people who have the authority to run the country. In the UK, the government is led by the Prime Minister and consists of ministers chosen from the largest party in the House of Commons. The government makes policy decisions and runs public services.
政府是有权管理国家的一群人。在英国，政府由首相领导，并由从下议院最大政党中选出的部长们组成。政府负责制定政策决策并运行公共服务。
Memory tip: Break it into “govern” (to rule) and “ment” (a group or result). Think of a steering wheel that “governs” a car, with a team sitting on it to steer the nation.
记忆技巧：拆分为 “govern”（统治）和 “ment”（群体或结果）。想象一个方向盘在 “统治” 汽车，一支团队坐在上面为全国掌舵。
Example: The current UK government makes decisions about the National Health Service, education and defence. Ministers are accountable to Parliament.
实例：现任英国政府就国民医疗服务、教育和国防做出决策。部长们对议会负责。
3. Parliament | 议会
Parliament is the UK’s supreme legislative body. It is made up of three parts: the House of Commons (elected MPs), the House of Lords (appointed and hereditary peers) and the Monarch. Its main jobs are to make laws, scrutinise the government and debate important issues.
议会是英国的最高立法机构。它由三部分组成：下议院（民选议员）、上议院（任命和世袭贵族）以及君主。其主要职责是制定法律、监督政府并辩论重要议题。
Memory tip: The word “parliament” sounds like “parley-ment” — a place where people parley (discuss). Imagine a big talking shop where MPs gather to “parle” and decide laws.
记忆技巧：”Parliament” 听起来像 “parley-ment”，一个人们进行 “parley”（讨论）的地方。想象一个大型谈话场所，议员们聚在一起”讨论”并决定法律。
Example: The House of Commons debates and votes on bills. A bill must be approved by both Houses and receive Royal Assent to become an Act of Parliament.
实例：下议院就法案进行辩论和投票。一项法案必须在两院均获通过并获得御准，才能成为议会法案。
4. Monarchy | 君主制
A monarchy is a form of government where a king or queen is the head of state. In a constitutional monarchy like the UK, the monarch’s powers are limited by law or a constitution, and they mainly perform ceremonial duties, while elected bodies make political decisions.
君主制是一种由国王或女王担任国家元首的政府形式。在像英国这样的君主立宪制中，君主的权力受到法律或宪法的限制，他们主要履行礼仪性职责，而由民选机构做出政治决策。
Memory tip: “Monarchy” combines “mono” (one) and “archy” (rule) — rule by one person. Picture a crown on a single throne to remember “one ruler”.
记忆技巧：”Monarchy” 结合了 “mono”（单一）和 “archy”（统治）—— 一人统治。想象一顶王冠戴在一张单独的宝座上，以记住 “单一统治者”。
Example: King Charles III is the current monarch. He opens Parliament, gives Royal Assent to laws, and represents the UK abroad, but he does not choose the Prime Minister or make laws.
实例：查尔斯三世国王是现任君主。他主持议会开幕、御准法律并代表英国出席海外活动，但不选择首相，也不制定法律。
5. Voting | 投票
Voting is the method by which citizens express their choice in elections or referendums. In a democracy, voting is usually secret and free from pressure, allowing people to have a say in who represents them and how the country is run. Each person’s vote carries equal weight.
投票是公民在选举或公投中表达选择的方式。在民主制度中，投票通常是秘密且无压力的，让人们有权决定由谁代表自己以及国家如何运作。每个人的投票都具有同等的分量。
Memory tip: Think of “voting” as “voice in a box” — you put your voice (opinion) into a ballot box. The “V” also stands for “voice”.
记忆技巧：把 “voting” 想象成 “把声音放进票箱” —— 你把自己的声音（意见）投入票箱。”V” 也代表 “声音”（Voice）。
Example: During a general election, voters go to polling stations, mark a ballot paper in private, and place it in a sealed box. The candidate with the most votes becomes the MP for that constituency.
实例：大选期间，选民前往投票站，私下在选票上做标记，并将其投入密封票箱。得票最多的候选人成为该选区的国会议员。
6. Rights | 权利
Rights are the legal, social or ethical entitlements that every person should have simply because they are human. In the UK, rights include freedom of speech, the right to a fair trial, and the right to privacy. Many are protected by the Human Rights Act 1998.
权利是每个人仅仅作为人就应该享有的法律、社会或道德权益。在英国，权利包括言论自由、获得公正审判的权利以及隐私权。许多权利受《1998 年人权法案》保护。
Memory tip: “Rights” sounds like “right” — things that are “right” for you to have. Picture a check mark next to a list of freedoms that are “right” for everyone.
记忆技巧：”Rights” 听起来像 “对”（right）—— 你”理所应当”拥有的事物。想象一份自由清单旁边打上勾号，表明这些对每个人来说都是”对的”。
Example: The right to education means every child must be offered a school place. The right to free speech allows citizens to express opinions without fear of punishment, as long as they stay within the law.
实例：受教育权意味着每个孩子都必须获得学位。言论自由权允许公民表达意见而无需担心受惩罚，只要不逾越法律即可。
7. Responsibilities | 责任
Responsibilities are the duties or obligations that citizens are expected to fulfil. While rights are things we are entitled to, responsibilities are what we must do to keep society fair and safe. Examples include obeying the law, paying taxes, and serving on a jury if called.
责任是公民应当履行的义务。权利是我们应享有的东西，而责任是我们为维持社会公平安全所必须做的事。例子包括遵守法律、纳税以及在需要时担任陪审员。
Memory tip: Break “responsibilities” into “response” and “ability” — your ability to respond to the needs of your community. Visualise a seesaw: rights on one side balanced by responsibilities on the other.
记忆技巧：将 “responsibilities” 拆分为 “response”（回应）和 “ability”（能力）—— 你对社区需求做出回应的能力。想象一个跷跷板：一边是权利，另一边是责任维持平衡。
Example: A person has the right to use public roads, but they have the responsibility to drive safely and follow traffic laws. Paying taxes is a responsibility that funds schools, hospitals and defence.
实例：一个人有使用公共道路的权利，但也有安全驾驶并遵守交通法规的责任。纳税是一项责任，为学校、医院和国防提供资金。
8. Law | 法律
Law refers to the set of rules made by a country’s parliament and enforced by courts and the police. Laws tell us what we must or must not do, and breaking them can result in penalties. The rule of law means everyone, including the government, is subject to the law.
法律是指由国家议会制定、由法院和警察执行的一套规则。法律告诉我们什么必须做、什么不能做，违反法律会受到处罚。法治意味着包括政府在内的每个人都受法律约束。
Memory tip: Imagine a loud, firm “LAW” spoken like a command. Think of a line drawn in the sand that no one can cross. The word is short, just like a clear rule.
记忆技巧：想象一声响亮而坚定的 “LAW” 像命令一样说出。想成在沙地上画出一条谁也不能越过的界限。这个词简短，正如一条明确的规则。
Example: The Theft Act makes stealing a crime. If someone is caught stealing, the police can arrest them and the courts can impose a fine or prison sentence. This law protects property rights.
实例：《盗窃法》将偷窃定为犯罪。如果有人偷窃被抓住，警察可以逮捕他们，法院可处以罚款或监禁。该法律保护财产权。
9. Constitution | 宪法
A constitution is the set of fundamental principles and established precedents according to which a state is governed. The UK has an uncodified constitution, meaning it is not written in a single document but drawn from statutes, conventions, common law and authoritative works.
宪法是指一个国家赖以治理的一套基本原则和既定先例。英国拥有一部不成文宪法，这意味着它并非写在一个单一文件中，而是来源于成文法、惯例、普通法以及权威著作。
Memory tip: “Constitution” contains “constitute” — what constitutes the country. Think of a recipe book of rules that “constitutes” how the state is run, with pages added over centuries.
记忆技巧：”Constitution” 包含 “constitute”—— 构成国家的东西。想象一本规则的食谱书，记载了国家的 “构成” 方式，书页在数百年间不断添加。
Example: The principle that Parliament is supreme is a key part of the UK constitution. Even though there is no written constitution, documents like the Magna Carta and the Bill of Rights shape constitutional rules.
实例：议会至上的原则是英国宪法的关键部分。尽管没有成文宪法，但《大宪章》和《权利法案》等文件塑造了宪法规则。
10. Political Party | 政党
A political party is an organised group of people with similar political views and goals. Parties aim to win elections, form a government or influence policy by putting forward candidates and publishing manifestos. In the UK, the main parties include the Conservative Party, the Labour Party and the Liberal Democrats.
政党是一群具有相似政治观点和目标的有组织人群。政党旨在通过推举候选人和发布宣言来赢得选举、组建政府或影响政策。在英国，主要政党包括保守党、工党和自由民主党。
Memory tip: Think of a “party” as a team wearing the same jersey. Each team has a game plan (manifesto) to win the match (election). Their colour code helps voters recognise them.
记忆技巧：把 “party” 想象成穿着同色球衣的团队。每支队伍都有一个赢得比赛（选举）的战术（宣言）。他们的颜色代码帮助选民识别他们。
Example: At a general election, the Labour Party might promise to increase spending on the NHS, while the Conservative Party might promise to cut taxes. Voters choose the party closest to their own views.
实例：在大选中，工党可能承诺增加 NHS 开支，而保守党可能承诺减税。选民选择与自己观点最接近的政党。
11. Pressure Group | 压力团体
A pressure group is an organised group that tries to influence government policy without seeking to be elected. They campaign on specific issues, such as the environment, human rights or animal welfare. Tactics include petitions, demonstrations, lobbying MPs and media campaigns.
压力团体是一个有组织的团体，试图在不寻求当选的情况下影响政府政策。他们就特定议题开展活动，例如环境、人权或动物福利。策略包括请愿、示威、游说议员和媒体宣传。
Memory tip: Visualise a “pressure” cooker blowing steam to push a lid open. The group applies “pressure” on the government to force change. They are the voice outside the government rooms.
记忆技巧：想象一个”压力”锅喷出蒸汽把锅盖顶开。团体向政府施加”压力”以推动变革。他们是政府会议室外的声音。
Example: Greenpeace campaigns to protect the environment and has pressured governments to ban certain plastics. Trade unions are pressure groups that fight for workers’ rights.
实例：绿色和平组织开展保护环境的活动，并向政府施压禁用了某些塑料制品。工会是为工人权利而斗争的压力团体。
12. Local Council | 地方议会
A local council is the governing body of a local area, such as a county, district or parish. Councils are elected by residents and are responsible for providing local services, including waste collection, street lighting, libraries, parks and social care. They are funded partly by council tax.
地方议会是一个地方区域（如郡、区或教区）的管理机构。议会由居民选举产生，负责提供地方服务，包括垃圾收集、路灯、图书馆、公园和社会保障。其资金部分来源于市政税。
Memory tip: “Local” means nearby, and “council” sounds like “counsel” (advice). Picture a group of local advisors sitting around a map of your town, deciding where to put new bins or fix roads.
记忆技巧：”Local” 意思是本地，”council” 听起来像 “counsel”（建议）。想象一群本地顾问围着一张你所在城镇的地图，决定新垃圾箱的摆放位置或道路维修。
Example: Your
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