📚 Year 7 Edexcel Science: Summer Bridging & Introductory Course | Year 7 Edexcel 科学：暑期预习与衔接课程
Welcome to your Year 7 Edexcel Science journey! This summer bridging course is designed to give you a head start on the key ideas you will explore in your first year of secondary science. From staying safe in the lab to understanding cells, forces, and the particle nature of matter, these pages will help you build confidence and curiosity before the term begins.
欢迎开启 Year 7 爱德思科学的学习之旅！这份暑期衔接课程旨在帮助你提前掌握中学第一年科学的关键概念。从实验室安全到理解细胞、力以及物质的粒子本质，以下内容将帮助你在开学前建立自信与好奇心。
1. What is Science? | 科学是什么？
Science is the systematic study of the natural world through observation, experimentation, and evidence. It helps us understand everything from the smallest atoms to the largest galaxies.
科学是通过观察、实验和证据系统化地研究自然世界的学科。它帮助我们理解从最微小的原子到最宏大的星系的一切。
There are three main branches of science you will study in Year 7: biology (the study of living things), chemistry (the study of substances and their reactions), and physics (the study of matter, energy, and forces).
你在七年级将学习科学的三大分支：生物学（研究生物）、化学（研究物质及其反应）和物理学（研究物质、能量和力）。
2. Lab Safety & Skills | 实验室安全与技能
Before conducting any experiment, you must know how to work safely in a laboratory. Always listen to your teacher’s instructions and never run or eat in the lab.
在进行任何实验之前，你必须知道如何在实验室安全操作。务必听老师指导，绝不在实验室内奔跑或进食。
Wear safety goggles when heating substances or using chemicals. Tie back long hair and tuck in loose clothing to prevent accidents.
加热物质或使用化学品时佩戴护目镜。把长发束起，塞好宽松衣物，以防意外。
Common lab equipment includes the Bunsen burner, test tube, beaker, conical flask, and measuring cylinder. You will learn to light a Bunsen burner with the safety flame (yellow) and then adjust it to the heating flame (blue).
常见实验器材包括本生灯、试管、烧杯、锥形瓶和量筒。你将学会用安全焰（黄色）点燃本生灯，然后将其调节至加热焰（蓝色）。
3. The Scientific Method | 科学探究方法
Scientists follow a logical process to investigate questions. This often starts with making an observation, asking a question, and proposing a hypothesis – a testable prediction.
科学家遵循一个逻辑过程来探究问题。这通常始于观察、提问并提出假设——一种可检验的预测。
A fair test is one where only one variable is changed at a time. The independent variable is what you change, the dependent variable is what you measure, and control variables are kept the same.
公平测试是指每次只改变一个变量的实验。自变量是你改变的变量，因变量是你测量的结果，控制变量则保持不变。
Results are recorded in a table and can be displayed in graphs. A line graph is used for continuous data, while a bar chart is for categories.
实验结果记录在表格中，并可用图表表示。连续数据使用折线图，分类数据使用条形图。
4. Cells: The Building Blocks of Life | 细胞：生命的基本单位
All living organisms are made of cells. Some are unicellular (like bacteria), while others like humans are multicellular, containing trillions of cells.
所有生物都由细胞构成。有些是单细胞生物（如细菌），而像人类这样的多细胞生物则含有数万亿个细胞。
An animal cell has a nucleus (controls activities), cytoplasm (where reactions occur), cell membrane (controls entry and exit), and mitochondria (release energy through respiration).
动物细胞包含细胞核（控制生命活动）、细胞质（化学反应发生的场所）、细胞膜（控制物质进出）和线粒体（通过呼吸作用释放能量）。
Plant cells have all the above plus a rigid cell wall (for support), a large permanent vacuole (stores sap), and chloroplasts (absorb light for photosynthesis).
植物细胞除了具备上述结构外，还有坚硬的细胞壁（起支撑作用）、一个大型中央液泡（储存细胞液）以及叶绿体（吸收光能进行光合作用）。
5. Organs and Systems | 器官与系统
Similar cells work together to form a tissue; different tissues combine to form an organ; organs work together in an organ system. The human body has several organ systems.
相似的细胞共同组成组织；不同的组织构成器官；器官协同工作形成器官系统。人体包含多个器官系统。
The digestive system breaks down food into small soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the blood. Key organs include the mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
消化系统将食物分解为可溶于水的小分子，以便被血液吸收。关键器官包括口腔、食道、胃、小肠和大肠。
The respiratory system brings oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide. Air travels through the trachea, bronchi, and into the alveoli in the lungs where gas exchange takes place.
呼吸系统将氧气带入体内并排出二氧化碳。空气通过气管、支气管进入肺内的肺泡，气体交换在此进行。
6. The Particle Model of Matter | 物质的粒子模型
All matter is made of tiny particles that are constantly moving. The particle model helps explain the properties of solids, liquids, and gases.
所有物质都由不断运动着的微小粒子构成。粒子模型有助于解释固体、液体和气体的性质。
In solids, particles are packed closely in a regular pattern and only vibrate in place. That is why solids have a fixed shape and cannot flow.
在固体中，粒子紧密排列成规则结构，只能在固定位置上振动。因此固体有固定的形状，不能流动。
In liquids, particles are close together but can slide past each other, so liquids can flow and take the shape of a container. Gas particles are far apart, move rapidly in all directions, and can be compressed.
在液体中，粒子彼此靠近但能相互滑动，因此液体可以流动并适应容器的形状。气体粒子间距离很大，快速向各个方向运动，且可以被压缩。
7. Changes of State | 物质状态的变化
When a substance changes state, the particles themselves do not change – only their arrangement and energy. State changes are physical changes.
物质状态发生变化时，粒子本身没有变化——改变的只是粒子的排列方式和能量。状态变化属于物理变化。
Melting is the change from solid to liquid, and boiling is from liquid to gas. The reverse processes are freezing and condensing. Evaporation occurs at the surface of a liquid at any temperature.
熔化是从固态变为液态，沸腾是从液态变为气态。相反的过程是凝固和冷凝。蒸发则是在任何温度下液体表面发生的气化现象。
The temperature at which a solid melts is called the melting point, and the temperature at which a liquid boils is the boiling point. For pure water, the melting point is 0°C and the boiling point is 100°C.
固体熔化时的温度称为熔点，液体沸腾时的温度称为沸点。对纯水而言，熔点是0°C，沸点是100°C。
8. Acids and Alkalis | 酸与碱
Acids are substances that have a sour taste and can be corrosive. Common lab acids include hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and nitric acid. Alkalis are soluble bases that feel soapy and can also be corrosive.
酸是有酸味、可能具有腐蚀性的物质。常见实验室酸有盐酸、硫酸和硝酸。碱是可溶性碱，触摸有滑腻感，也可能有腐蚀性。
We use indicators to test whether a solution is acidic or alkaline. Litmus paper turns red in acid and blue in alkali. Universal indicator gives a range of colours showing the pH value from 0 (strong acid) to 14 (strong alkali); 7 is neutral.
我们使用指示剂来检测溶液是酸性还是碱性。石蕊试纸遇酸变红，遇碱变蓝。通用指示剂呈现一系列颜色，显示从0（强酸）到14（强碱）的pH值；7为中性。
During neutralisation, an acid and an alkali react to form a salt and water. This reaction is useful in everyday life, such as using antacid tablets to relieve indigestion.
在中和反应中，酸和碱反应生成盐和水。这一反应在日常生活中很有用，例如用抗酸片缓解胃灼热。
9. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
A force is a push or a pull that can change the speed, direction, or shape of an object. Forces are measured in newtons (N) using a force meter.
力是能够改变物体速度、方向或形状的推或拉的作用。力用牛顿（N）作为单位，使用测力计测量。
There are many types of forces, including gravity, friction, air resistance, upthrust, and magnetic force. Forces often act in pairs on different objects, as described by Newton’s Third Law.
力有多种类型，包括重力、摩擦力、空气阻力、浮力和磁力。力通常成对作用于不同物体上，正如牛顿第三定律所述。
When forces on an object are balanced, it stays at rest or moves at a steady speed. Unbalanced forces cause acceleration or deceleration. Friction always opposes motion and can be reduced by lubrication.
当物体受平衡力作用时，它会保持静止或匀速运动。非平衡力则导致加速或减速。摩擦力总是阻碍运动，可以通过润滑来减小。
10. Introduction to Energy | 能量入门
Energy is needed to make things happen. It cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred from one store to another. This is the law of conservation of energy.
能量是发生一切变化所必需的。它不能被创造或消灭，只能从一个储存处转移到另一个储存处。这就是能量守恒定律。
There are several energy stores: kinetic (movement), thermal (heat), chemical (food and fuels), gravitational potential (height), elastic potential (stretched springs), and others.
能量有多种储存方式：动能（运动）、热能、化学能（食物与燃料）、重力势能（高度）、弹性势能（拉伸的弹簧）等。
Energy is transferred by forces doing work, by heating, or by waves (light and sound). When a ball falls, gravitational potential energy is transferred to kinetic energy.
能量通过力做功、加热或波（光和声）进行传递。球下落时，重力势能转化为动能。
11. Earth and Rocks | 地球与岩石
The Earth is made of layers: the solid inner core, liquid outer core, mantle, and thin rocky crust. Convection currents in the mantle drive the movement of tectonic plates.
地球由多层结构组成：固态的内核、液态的外核、地幔和薄薄的岩石地壳。地幔中的对流驱动着地壳板块的运动。
Rocks are classified into three main groups based on how they form. Igneous rocks (e.g. granite, basalt) form from cooled magma or lava. Sedimentary rocks (e.g. limestone, sandstone) are made from compressed layers of sediment. Metamorphic rocks (e.g. marble, slate) are formed by heat and pressure changing existing rocks.
岩石根据成因分为三大类。火成岩（如花岗岩、玄武岩）由冷却的岩浆或熔岩形成。沉积岩（如石灰岩、砂岩）由沉积物压积而成。变质岩（如大理石、板岩）由热和压力使原有岩石发生变化而形成。
Weathering and erosion break down rocks on the surface, and the rock cycle shows how rocks can change from one type to another over millions of years.
风化和侵蚀破坏地表的岩石，岩石循环则展示了岩石如何在数百万年间从一种类型转变为另一种类型。
12. Maths in Science | 科学中的数学
Mathematics is a vital tool in science for recording data, calculating averages, and spotting patterns. Being comfortable with basic operations will help you greatly.
数学是科学中记录数据、计算平均数和发现规律的重要工具。熟练掌握基本运算将对你有很大帮助。
You will need to use standard units: length in metres (m), mass in kilograms (kg), time in seconds (s), temperature in degrees Celsius (°C), and volume in litres (L) or cubic centimetres (cm³).
你将需要使用标准单位：长度以米（m）为单位，质量以千克（kg）为单位，时间以秒（s）为单位，温度以摄氏度（°C）为单位，体积以升（L）或立方厘米（cm³）为单位。
Simple equations include speed = distance ÷ time, density = mass ÷ volume, and the calculation of means. Always check your units when solving problems.
简单公式包括：速度 = 距离 ÷ 时间，密度 = 质量 ÷ 体积，以及平均值的计算。解题时务必检查单位。
Published by TutorHao | Science Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
屏轩国际教育cambridge primary/secondary checkpoint, cat4, ukiset,ukcat,igcse,alevel,PAT,STEP,MAT, ibdp,ap,ssat,sat,sat2课程辅导，国外大学本科硕士研究生博士课程论文辅导