📚 Year 7 OCR Chinese: Quick Reference Handbook of Formulas & Theorems | 7年级OCR中文：公式定理速查手册
Learning Chinese can feel like solving a puzzle at first, but once you spot the patterns, everything clicks. This handbook turns key grammar rules and sentence structures into easy-to-remember ‘formulas’ and ‘theorems’, just like in your maths or science classes. Refer to these pages whenever you need a quick reminder of how Chinese works, and you will find your confidence growing with every lesson.
刚开始学中文可能感觉像在破解谜题，但一旦你发现了其中的规律，一切都会豁然开朗。这本手册把最重要的语法规则和句型结构变成了容易记住的“公式”和“定理”，就像数学课或科学课上那样。每当你需要快速回顾中文的运作方式时，翻阅这几页，你会发现自己每一节课都更有信心。
1. Pinyin Initial-Final Formula | 拼音声韵母拼合公式
Every Chinese syllable is built from two main blocks: an initial consonant and a final, which carries the vowel sound. Think of it as a mathematical combination: Initial + Final = Syllable. Not all initials can combine with all finals, but mastering the possible pairs is your first step towards accurate pronunciation.
每个汉语音节都由两个主要部分构成：一个声母（辅音）和一个韵母（承载元音）。可以把它想象成一个数学组合：声母 + 韵母 = 音节。并非所有声母都能跟所有韵母拼合，但掌握可能的组合是你迈向准确发音的第一步。
Syllable = Initial + Final
The common initials to memorise are: b, p, m, f, d, t, n, l, g, k, h, j, q, x, zh, ch, sh, r, z, c, s. Finals like a, o, e, i, u, u: (written as u with two dots) join with them to create words like ba, po, ma, de. Pay special attention to the ü final, which only appears after j, q, x and n, l.
需要记住的常见声母有：b, p, m, f, d, t, n, l, g, k, h, j, q, x, zh, ch, sh, r, z, c, s。韵母如 a, o, e, i, u, u: (写作带两点的 ü) 与它们结合，构成像 ba, po, ma, de 这样的词。要特别留意韵母 ü，它只出现在 j, q, x 以及 n, l 之后。
2. Tone Mark Positioning Theorem | 声调标注定理
Chinese syllables are not complete without a tone. The tone mark always sits over a vowel, and there is a strict order of preference. Follow this vowel hierarchy: if the final contains an ‘a’ or an ‘e’, the mark goes there first. If there is no ‘a’ or ‘e’, look for ‘ou’; the mark goes on the ‘o’. Otherwise, the tone mark appears on the last vowel.
汉语音节如果没有声调就不算完整。声调符号总是标在元音上方，并且有着严格的优先顺序。请遵循以下元音等级：如果韵母里有 ‘a’ 或者 ‘e’，声调就标在上面。如果没有 ‘a’ 或 ‘e’，看是否有 ‘ou’；声调标在 ‘o’ 上。否则，声调符号标在最后一个元音上。
Tone Mark Rule: a > e > o (in ou) > last vowel
For example, in māo (cat), the ‘a’ gets the mark. In kǒu (mouth), the ‘o’ is chosen. When you have iu or ui, the mark is always placed on the last vowel, so niú (cow) and duì (correct) follow that final-vowel rule. Practice by saying the four tones while marking them correctly.
例如，在 māo (猫) 中，’a’ 获得声调。在 kǒu (口) 中，则选择了 ‘o’。当遇到 iu 或 ui 时，声调总是标在最后一个元音上，因此 niú (牛) 和 duì (对) 就遵循这条末尾元音规则。你可以一边念四声，一边练习正确地标记它们。
3. Basic Statement Sentence Formula (SVO) | 基本陈述句公式（主谓宾）
The backbone of Chinese word order is Subject – Verb – Object, just like English. However, the Chinese formula expands easily by placing time expressions and location phrases before the verb. This ‘T before V’ rule is a classic theorem for Year 7 learners.
中文语序的支柱是“主语—谓语—宾语”，跟英语一样。不过，这个中文公式很容易扩展，因为时间词和地点短语要放在动词前面。这条“时间地点在动词前”的定理，对七年级学生来说是个经典法则。
Subject + Time + Place + Verb + Object
Start with a simple example: ‘Wǒ chī miàn.’ (I eat noodles.) Then add time: ‘Wǒ míngtiān chī miàn.’ (I tomorrow eat noodles.) Notice how the time word míngtiān (tomorrow) slots in right after the subject. For place, you would say ‘Wǒ zài jiā chī miàn.’ (I at home eat noodles.) Keep the verb-object bond tight.
先从简单例子入手：“我吃面。”然后加入时间：“我明天吃面。”注意时间词“明天”是怎么紧跟在主语后面的。对于地点，你会说：“我在家吃面。”要保持动词和宾语紧密结合。
4. The ‘bǎ’ (把) Structure Theorem | “把”字句定理
The bǎ construction lets you move the object before the verb to emphasise what happens to it. This structure follows a strict formula: Subject + bǎ + Object + Verb + Complement. It is often used when the verb result is definite or the object is being disposed of in some way.
“把”字结构能够让你把宾语移到动词前面，以强调宾语发生了什么变化。这个结构遵循一个严格的公式：主语 + 把 + 宾语 + 动词 + 补语。当动词的结果是确定的，或者宾语以某种方式被处置时，常常会用到它。
S + bǎ + O + V + Complement/Result
Compare: ‘Wǒ chī wán le píngguǒ.’ (I ate the apple.) with the bǎ version: ‘Wǒ bǎ píngguǒ chī wán le.’ (I disposed of the apple by eating it up.) The object píngguǒ shifts forward, and the result wán (finished) follows the verb. Remember, bǎ cannot be used with verbs that don’t affect the object, like ài (love) or zhīdào (know).
比较：“我吃完了苹果。”和“把”字句版本：“我把苹果吃完了。”宾语“苹果”前移了，结果“完”跟在动词后面。记住，“把”不能跟不影响宾语的动词连用，比如“爱”或“知道”。
5. The ‘bèi’ (被) Passive Voice Theorem | “被”字被动句定理
When the subject receives the action rather than doing it, you call upon the bèi marker. The formula is almost a mirror image of active voice: Receiver + bèi + Doer + Verb + Complement. Even if the doer is omitted, bèi must remain to signal the passive nature.
当主语承受动作而不是执行动作时，就要用到“被”这个标记。其公式几乎就是主动语态的镜像：承受者 + 被 + 施动者 + 动词 + 补语。即便施动者被省略，“被”也必须保留，以表明被动性质。
Receiver + bèi (+ Doer) + Verb + Complement
For instance: ‘Māma chī le dàngāo.’ (Mum ate the cake.) in passive becomes ‘Dàngāo bèi māma chī le.’ (The cake was eaten by mum.) If the doer is unknown, you can say ‘Wǒ de shū bèi tōu le.’ (My book was stolen.) Notice how bèi always comes right before the verb phrase.
例如：“妈妈吃了蛋糕。”变为被动句就是“蛋糕被妈妈吃了。”如果施动者未知，你可以说“我的书被偷了。”注意“被”总是紧挨着动词短语出现。
6. Time-Word Placement Rule of Thumb | 时间词位置经验法则
Unlike English, where ‘I ate noodles yesterday’ pushes the time word to the end, Chinese time expressions usually sit after the subject or at the very beginning of the sentence for emphasis. Two important formulas emerge from this rule: Subject + Time + VP, and Time + Subject + VP.
英语里“I ate noodles yesterday”把时间词放到了句尾，但中文不同，时间词通常位于主语之后，或者为了强调而放到句子最开头。这条规则产生了两个重要公式：主语 + 时间 + 动词短语，以及时间 + 主语 + 动词短语。
Placement A: S + Time + VP
Placement B: Time, S + VP
Placement A is the default: ‘Wǒ xiàwǔ zuò zuòyè.’ (I in the afternoon do homework.) Placement B sets the scene: ‘Míngtiān wǒ qù lúndūn.’ (Tomorrow I go to London.) Never wedge a time word between the verb and its object, as in ‘Wǒ xué míngtiān hànyǔ’ – that would break the formula.
模式A是默认情况：“我下午做作业。”模式B则用于设定场景：“明天我去伦敦。”千万不要把时间词塞到动词和宾语之间，比如“我学明天汉语”，这会破坏公式。
7. Yes/No and Question-Word Formulas | 是非问句与疑问词公式
Chinese forms questions without changing word order. Instead, you either add the particle ma to the end of a statement, or you insert an A-not-A pattern. For open questions, a question word simply replaces the unknown element while the structure stays intact.
中文构成问句时并不改变语序。要么你在陈述句末尾加上语气词“吗”，要么插入“A-not-A”的正反结构。对于特指问句，疑问词直接替代未知部分，句式结构保持不变。
Yes/No: Statement + ma ?
A-not-A: V + bù + V (+ O) ?
QW: Sentence with question word
From ‘Nǐ chī ròu.’ (You eat meat.) create ‘Nǐ chī ròu ma?’ (Do you eat meat?) by appending ma. The A-not-A version asks ‘Nǐ chī bu chī ròu?’ (Do you eat or not eat meat?) For question words, keep the frame: ‘Nǐ chī shénme?’ (What do you eat?). Never double-mark a question; if you have shénme, drop the ma.
从“你吃肉。”可以加上“吗”变成“你吃肉吗？”。A-not-A版本则问“你吃不吃肉？”。对于疑问词，保持框架不变：“你吃什么？”。千万不要重复标记；如果用了“什么”，就要去掉“吗”。
8. Measure Word (量词) Selection Rule | 量词选择规则
When a number or a demonstrative like zhè (this) or nà (that) appears before a noun, a measure word must stand between them. Each noun has a default or typical measure word, and the formula is: Number/Demonstrative + Measure Word + Noun.
当数字或指示词如“这”、“那”出现在名词前时，两者之间必须插入一个量词。每个名词都有其默认或常用的量词，其公式为：数字/指示词 + 量词 + 名词。
Num/Dem + MW + Noun
The general-purpose measure word gè (个) can cover many objects, but specific ones are more natural. For flat things like paper or tickets, use zhāng (张); for long things like rivers or trousers, use tiáo (条); for books and magazines, běn (本); for animals, zhī (只). So you say ‘yī zhāng zhǐ’ (one sheet of paper) and ‘sān zhī māo’ (three cats).
通用量词“个”可以覆盖很多物体，但具体量词更地道。对于纸、票等扁平的东西，用“张”；对于河流、裤子等长条状的东西，用“条”；书籍和杂志用“本”；动物用“只”。于是你说“一张纸”和“三只猫”。
9. Adjective Predicate Sentence Formula | 形容词谓语句公式
In Chinese, adjectives can act as the main predicate without the verb ‘to be’. This is surprising for English speakers, but the rule is simple: the adjective is often preceded by an adverb like hěn (very) unless you are making a contrast. The adverb is not just for emphasis; it helps the sentence sound complete.
在中文里，形容词可以直接作谓语，不需要动词“是”。这对英语母语者来说很意外，但规则很简单：除非你是在进行对比，否则形容词前面常常要加一个像“很”这样的副词。这个副词不只是为了强调，它能让句子听起来完整。
Subject + Adverb (hěn, tǐng, fēicháng) + Adjective
So ‘The book is interesting’ becomes ‘Shū hěn yǒuqù.’ – literally ‘Book very interesting.’ Saying ‘Shū yǒuqù.’ without hěn sounds unnatural unless you are specifically contrasting: ‘Shū yǒuqù, diànyǐng méi yǒuqù.’ (Book interesting, film not interesting.) Use the adverb as a default bridge.
因此，“The book is interesting”就变成了“书很有趣。”如果没有“很”只说“书有趣。”会不自然，除非你明确在做对比：“书有趣，电影没趣。”把副词当作默认的桥梁来用。
10. Modifier-Head with 的 (de) Formula | 定语助词“的”公式
To describe a noun with adjectives, pronouns, or even whole phrases, you often need the particle 的 (de). This connector works like an apostrophe-s or the word ‘of’ in English, building a clear formula: Modifier + 的 + Noun. Learning when 的 is optional is a bonus theorem.
要用形容词、代词甚至整个短语来描述一个名词时，常常需要用到助词“的”。这个连接词的作用有点像英语里的所有格或“of”，构成了一条清晰的公式：修饰语 + 的 + 名词。什么时候“的”可以省略，则是一条进阶定理。
Modifier + 的 + Noun
For possession: ‘wǒ de shū’ (my book). For adjective phrases of more than one syllable: ‘piàoliang de huā’ (beautiful flower). With single-syllable adjectives before a single-syllable noun, 的 often drops naturally: ‘hǎo péngyou’ (good friend). But when in doubt, include 的; it is almost never wrong with multi-syllable modifiers.
表达所属关系：“我的书”。对于多音节形容词短语：“漂亮的花”。当单音节形容词修饰单音节名词时，“的”常常自然省略：“好朋友”。但如果有疑问，就加上“的”；用于多音节修饰语时几乎不会出错。
11. Comparison Structures Theorem | 比较结构定理
Chinese uses bǐ (比) to say ‘more than’ and méiyǒu (没有) for ‘not as… as’. The pattern is logical but the verb or adjective comes after the quality being compared, not before. The equality pattern yīyàng (一样) sits between two items to show they are identical.
中文用“比”来表示“比……更”，用“没有”表示“不如……”。这个句式很有逻辑性，但动词或形容词位于所比较的性质之后，而不是之前。等同句式“一样”放在两个比较项之间，表示两者相同。
A + bǐ + B + Adjective
A + méiyǒu + B + Adjective
A + gēn/he + B + yīyàng + Adjective
Apply the theorem: ‘Wǒ bǐ nǐ gāo.’ (I am taller than you.) Literally ‘I compare you tall.’ To negate, switch to méiyǒu: ‘Wǒ méiyǒu nǐ gāo.’ For equality, say ‘Wǒ gēn nǐ yīyàng gāo.’ (You and I are equally tall.) The adjective, gāo, always stays at the end of the chain.
应用这一定理：“我比你高。”要表达否定，改用“没有”：“我没有你高。”表示同等程度，可说“我跟你一样高。”形容词“高”始终位于整个链条的末尾。
12. Verb Aspect Markers (了, 着, 过) – Time-DNA Rules | 动态助词“了, 着, 过”时间基因规则
Chinese does not conjugate verbs for tense, but it uses aspect markers to show the status of an action. The three key particles, le (了) for completion, zhe (着) for continuous state, and guo (过) for experience, act like suffixes attached right after the verb. Each creates its own distinct formula.
中文并不通过动词变位来表达时态，而是用动态助词来表示动作的状态。三个关键的助词“了”表示完成，“着”表示持续状态，“过”表示经历，它们就像后缀一样直接附着在动词后面。每一个都构成了自己独特的公式。
V + le (+ O) – completed action
V + zhe (+ O) – ongoing state
V + guo (+ O) – past experience
Examples bring the formulas to life: ‘Wǒ chī le wǎnfàn.’ (I have eaten dinner.) ‘Mén kāi zhe.’ (The door is open, remaining in that state.) ‘Wǒ kàn guo zhè bù diànyǐng.’ (I have seen this film before.) For habits or future actions, do not use these markers; only apply them when the action’s status matters.
例句让公式鲜活起来：“我吃了晚饭。” “门开着。” “我看过这部电影。” 对于习惯性或将来的动作，不要使用这些助词；只有在动作的状态至关重要时，才去应用它们。
Published by TutorHao | Chinese Revision Series | aleveler.com
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