📚 Year 7 OCR Computer Science Vocabulary Quick-Memory Guide | Year 7 OCR 计算机：词汇术语速记指南
Building a strong foundation in computer science starts with understanding the language of computing. This guide breaks down the essential terms you will meet in Year 7 OCR Computer Science, pairing each concept with a simple memory trick or context clue. Read through the definitions, practise using the words, and soon you will speak ‘tech’ with confidence.
在计算机科学中打下坚实基础，首先要理解计算世界的语言。本指南将分解你在 Year 7 OCR 计算机课程中会遇到的核心术语，为每个概念配上一个简单的记忆窍门或语境线索。通读定义，练习使用这些词语，你很快就能自信地说“科技语言”了。
1. Algorithm and Pseudocode | 算法与伪代码
An algorithm is a step-by-step set of instructions designed to perform a specific task. Think of it like a recipe: each step must be followed in order, and if you change the order, you might end up with a very different result.
算法是设计用来完成特定任务的一组逐步指令。把它想象成一份食谱：每一步都必须按顺序执行，如果改变了顺序，可能会得到完全不同的结果。
Pseudocode is a way of writing an algorithm in plain, informal language that looks a bit like real code but skips the strict syntax. You can jot down ‘SET score TO 0’ instead of writing actual Python or Java, making it easier to plan before coding. To remember pseudocode, think ‘pretend code’—it reads like a story but has the structure of a program.
伪代码是用平实、非正式语言书写算法的方式，看起来有点像真实代码，但跳过了严格的语法。你可以写下“将分数设为 0”，而不必写出真正的 Python 或 Java，这样在编程前更容易规划。要记住伪代码，就想到“假装代码”——它读起来像个故事，但具备程序的结构。
Flowcharts use symbols to represent algorithms visually. A rectangle means a process (like a calculation), a parallelogram means input/output, and a diamond means a decision. The rhyme ‘Diamonds decide’ helps recall that a diamond shape is for yes/no questions.
流程图用符号来直观表示算法。矩形表示处理过程（如计算），平行四边形表示输入/输出，菱形表示决策。押韵句“Diamonds decide（钻石来决策）”有助于记住菱形用于是/否问题。
2. Variables and Data Types | 变量与数据类型
A variable is like a labelled box in the computer’s memory that can hold a value. You give it a name, such as ‘playerName’ or ‘score’, so you can store and change the value later. Imagine a locker with a name tag — the content inside can be swapped, but the tag stays the same.
变量就像是计算机内存中带标签的盒子，可以存放一个值。你给它起个名字，比如“玩家姓名”或“分数”，这样你以后就可以存储和修改这个值。想象一个有姓名标签的储物柜——里面的东西可以更换，但标签保持不变。
Computers need to know what kind of data a variable holds. The most common data types are integer (whole numbers like 7 or -3), float (decimal numbers like 3.14), string (text, like “Hello”), and Boolean (true/false). A memory trick for Boolean: it only has two options, just like a light switch – on or off.
计算机需要知道变量存放的是哪种数据。最常见的数据类型有整数（如 7 或 -3）、浮点数（小数，如 3.14）、字符串（文本，如“Hello”）和布尔值（真/假）。记忆布尔值的小窍门：它只有两个选项，就像电灯开关——开或关。
When you assign a value to a variable, you use an assignment statement, often shown with an equals sign or an arrow. In pseudocode we write ‘age ← 12’. The left-facing arrow reminds you that the value goes into the variable, not the other way round.
当你给变量赋值时，会用到赋值语句，通常用等号或箭头表示。在伪代码中我们写“age ← 12”。向左的箭头提醒你，值是被放进变量里的，而不是反过来。
3. Sequence, Selection and Iteration | 顺序、选择与迭代
These three building blocks form the logic of any program. Sequence means instructions are executed one after another, in the order they appear — just like following a morning routine: wake up, brush teeth, get dressed.
这三个构建模块构成了任何程序的逻辑。顺序意味着指令一条接一条地按出现顺序执行——就像遵循晨间流程：起床、刷牙、穿衣。
Selection allows the program to make a choice. We use ‘if’, ‘else’, and ‘elif’ statements to test a condition and decide which path to take. Imagine a fork in the road: if it is sunny, go left to the park; else, go right to the library. The keyword ‘if’ is your decision maker.
选择使程序能够做出抉择。我们使用“if”、“else”和“elif”语句来测试条件，决定走哪条路。想象一个岔路口：如果天气晴朗，左转去公园；否则，右转去图书馆。关键字“if”就是你的决策者。
Iteration means repeating a block of code. There are two main types: count-controlled loops (like ‘FOR 5 times’) and condition-controlled loops (like ‘WHILE score < 10'). Think of a FOR loop as a music playlist with exactly 10 songs — you know how many repeats you have. A WHILE loop is more like waiting at a bus stop: you stay there WHILE the bus has not arrived.
迭代指的是重复执行一段代码。主要有两种类型：计数控制循环（如“重复 5 次”）和条件控制循环（如“当分数小于 10 时”）。把 FOR 循环想象成一张正好有 10 首歌的播放列表——你知道要重复多少次。WHILE 循环更像在公交车站等车：只要公交车还没来，你就一直等。
4. Input, Process, Output (IPO) Model | 输入、处理、输出模型
Every computer system follows a simple model: it takes in data (input), does something with it (process), and shows the result (output). This is the IPO model. When you type on a keyboard, that is input; the computer processes your keystrokes; and the monitor displays the letters — that is output.
每个计算机系统都遵循一个简单模型：接收数据（输入），对其进行处理（过程），然后显示结果（输出）。这就是输入-处理-输出模型。当你在键盘上打字时，那是输入；计算机处理你的击键；显示器显示字母——那就是输出。
Look for IPO everywhere: a scanner converts a picture into digital data (input), software enhances the image (process), and a printer produces a copy (output). Remember ‘I Play Outside’ to keep IPO in your head.
在任何地方都能找到 IPO 的例子：扫描仪将图片转换为数字数据（输入），软件增强图像（处理），打印机生成副本（输出）。记住“I Play Outside（我在外面玩）”就能牢记 IPO。
In code, input often uses commands like INPUT or raw_input, while output uses PRINT or display. When you write a program that asks the user’s name and then says ‘Hello’, you are building a full IPO cycle in just two lines.
在代码中，输入通常使用 INPUT 或 raw_input 等命令，而输出则用 PRINT 或 display。当你编写一个询问用户姓名然后说“你好”的程序时，你只用两行代码就构建了一个完整的 IPO 循环。
5. Binary Bits and Bytes | 二进制位与字节
Computers only understand two states: on and off, represented by 1 and 0. This is binary. A single binary digit is called a bit — the smallest unit of data. Think of a bit as a light bulb: it is either lit (1) or not (0).
计算机只懂两种状态：开和关，用 1 和 0 表示。这就是二进制。一个二进制数字称为一个位——数据的最小单位。把一个位想象成一只灯泡：要么亮着（1），要么熄灭（0）。
When you group 8 bits together, you get a byte. A byte can represent 256 different values (from 0 to 255), which is enough for a single character like ‘A’ or ‘?’. To remember: ‘8 bits a byte’ rhymes, and a byte is one character’s weight.
将 8 个位组合在一起，就得到一个字节。一个字节可以表示 256 种不同的值（从 0 到 255），这足以表示像“A”或“？”这样的单个字符。记忆口诀：’8 bits a byte’ 是押韵的，而且一个字节就是一个字符的“重量”。
Larger units follow: a kilobyte (KB) is about 1000 bytes, a megabyte (MB) is about 1 million bytes, and a gigabyte (GB) is about 1 billion bytes. Visualise: a short email might be 2 KB, a photo 3 MB, and a film 4 GB.
更大的单位随之而来：一千字节（KB）约 1000 字节，一兆字节（MB）约 100 万字节，一吉字节（GB）约 10 亿字节。形象化一下：一封简短的电子邮件大约 2 KB，一张照片 3 MB，一部电影 4 GB。
6. Hardware Inside a Computer | 计算机内部硬件
The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is often called the ‘brain’ of the computer. It carries out instructions and performs calculations. The CPU has a clock speed measured in gigahertz (GHz); a higher clock speed generally means it can process instructions faster — like a drummer beating a faster rhythm.
CPU（中央处理器）常被称为计算机的“大脑”。它执行指令并进行计算。CPU 有时钟速度，以吉赫兹（GHz）为单位；时钟速度越高通常意味着它处理指令的速度越快——就像鼓手打出更快的节奏。
RAM (Random Access Memory) is the computer’s short-term memory. It holds the data and programs you are currently using, but everything in RAM is lost when the power is turned off. A good analogy: RAM is like a desk top where you place the things you are working on right now; the desk is cleared when you leave.
RAM（随机存取存储器）是计算机的短期记忆。它保存你当前正在使用的数据和程序，但断电后 RAM 中的一切都会丢失。一个好的类比：RAM 就像你的桌面，你把手头工作的东西放在上面；离开时桌面会被清空。
ROM (Read Only Memory) stores the essential instructions to start the computer, called the BIOS. Unlike RAM, ROM keeps its data even when the power is off. You can remember this with ‘ROM retains data, RAM runs away’.
ROM（只读存储器）存储启动计算机的基本指令，称为 BIOS。与 RAM 不同，ROM 即使在断电时也能保留数据。你可以这样记：“ROM retains data（ROM 保留数据），RAM runs away（RAM 跑掉）”。
7. Input and Output Devices | 输入与输出设备
Input devices let you send data to the computer. Keyboards, mice, touchscreens, microphones, and sensors are all examples. To classify a device, ask: does it feed information into the computer? If yes, it is input. A phrase like ‘key in the data’ links keyboards to input.
输入设备让你能将数据发送到计算机。键盘、鼠标、触摸屏、麦克风和传感器都是例子。给设备分类时，问一个问题：它是否将信息输入计算机？如果是，那就是输入设备。像“键入数据”这样的短语把键盘和输入联系起来。
Output devices take information from the computer and present it to you. Speakers, monitors, printers, and headphones are typical outputs. Remember: you watch a monitor (output), you don’t poke information into it.
输出设备从计算机中获取信息并呈现给你。扬声器、显示器、打印机和耳机都是典型的输出设备。记住：你是看着显示器（输出），而不是把信息戳进去。
Some devices can do both: a touchscreen acts as an input when you tap, and an output when it displays the screen. These are often called I/O devices. Just think of a two-way street: data travels both directions.
有些设备可以同时做到两者：触摸屏在轻触时作为输入设备，在显示画面时作为输出设备。这些通常被称为 I/O 设备。把它想象成一条双向街道：数据可以双向通行。
8. Storage Devices and Capacity | 存储设备与容量
Storage devices keep your files safe for later, unlike RAM. Hard disk drives (HDDs) use spinning magnetic disks and are relatively cheap for lots of storage. Solid-state drives (SSDs) use flash memory with no moving parts, making them faster and more durable — think of an SSD as a huge USB stick inside your computer.
存储设备与 RAM 不同，它们会把文件安全地保存起来供以后使用。硬盘驱动器（HDD）使用旋转的磁性磁盘，在需要大量存储时相对便宜。固态硬盘（SSD）使用闪存，没有可移动部件，因此速度更快、更耐用——把 SSD 想象成计算机内部一个巨大的 U 盘。
Optical storage includes CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs. These are read by lasers. The data is stored as tiny pits on the surface; a laser reads the reflections. Remember ‘optical’ because a laser is a form of light.
光学存储包括 CD、DVD 和蓝光光盘。它们由激光读取。数据以微小的凹坑形式存储在表面；激光读取反射回来的光。记住“光学”，因为激光是一种光。
Cloud storage means your files are saved on servers accessed over the Internet. It is handy because you can reach your files from any device. Picture a cloud in the sky that follows you everywhere — that is your data available on demand.
云存储意味着你的文件保存在通过互联网访问的服务器上。这很方便，因为你可以从任何设备访问文件。想象一朵跟着你到处走的云——那就是你随时随地可用的数据。
9. Software: System and Application | 软件：系统软件与应用软件
System software manages the computer’s hardware and provides a platform for other programs. The operating system (OS), like Windows, macOS, or Linux, is the most important system software. Without an OS, a computer is just a box of metal and plastic — the OS wakes everything up.
系统软件管理计算机的硬件，并为其它程序提供平台。操作系统（OS），如 Windows、macOS 或 Linux，是最重要的系统软件。没有操作系统，计算机就只是一堆金属和塑料——操作系统把一切唤醒。
Utility software performs maintenance tasks: antivirus, disk cleanup, backup tools. Think of utilities like the cleaners and repair team that keep your digital house in order.
实用软件执行维护任务：杀毒软件、磁盘清理、备份工具。把实用程序想象成清洁和维修团队，让你的数字家庭井井有条。
Application software lets you do specific tasks. Word processors, games, web browsers, and photo editors are all applications. A memory hook: you ‘apply’ yourself to a task using an application.
应用软件让你完成特定任务。文字处理软件、游戏、网页浏览器和照片编辑器都是应用程序。一个记忆挂钩：你用应用程序（application）来完成一项任务，也就是“apply yourself”。
10. Networks and the Internet | 网络与互联网
A network is two or more computers connected together to share resources, such as files or printers. A LAN (Local Area Network) covers a small area like a school or home, while a WAN (Wide Area Network) connects computers across cities or countries — the Internet is the world’s largest WAN.
网络是两台或更多计算机连接在一起，以共享资源（如文件或打印机）。LAN（局域网）覆盖学校或家庭等小范围区域，而 WAN（广域网）连接跨城市或国家的计算机——互联网就是世界上最大的广域网。
A router is a device that directs data between networks, like a traffic officer at a busy intersection. Your home router sends requests from your tablet to the Internet and brings the replies back. The word ‘route’ sits inside ‘router’.
路由器是一种在网络之间引导数据的设备，就像繁忙十字路口的交通警察。你的家用路由器将平板电脑的请求发送到互联网，再将回复带回来。“route”（路线）这个词就藏在“router”里面。
The World Wide Web (WWW) is not the same as the Internet; the Internet is the hardware and cables, the Web is the collection of web pages accessed via a browser. A simple analogy: the Internet is like the road system, and the Web is the trucks carrying goods (web pages) on those roads.
万维网（WWW）并不等同于互联网；互联网是硬件和电缆，而 Web 是通过浏览器访问的网页集合。一个简单的类比：互联网好比道路系统，Web 则是在道路上运载货物（网页）的卡车。
11. Cybersecurity and Safe Practice | 网络安全与安全实践
Malware is malicious software designed to harm or exploit a device. Viruses, worms, and trojans are all types of malware. A virus attaches itself to a clean file and spreads, much like a biological virus spreads through contact.
恶意软件是为损害或利用设备而设计的恶意代码。病毒、蠕虫和木马都是恶意软件的类型。病毒会依附于干净的文件并传播，就像生物病毒通过接触传播一样。
Phishing is when attackers send fake emails or messages that look real to trick you into giving away passwords or personal details. The spelling ‘ph’ reminds you it is a tricky type of fishing — they bait you with a message and hope you bite.
网络钓鱼是指攻击者发送看似真实的虚假邮件或信息，诱骗你泄露密码或个人资料。“ph”这个拼写提醒你，这是一种狡猾的钓鱼（fishing）方式——他们用信息做诱饵，等你上钩。
Strong passwords mix upper and lower case letters, numbers, and symbols. Using a phrase like ‘My dog eats 3 carrots!’ makes a password both strong and memorable. Never share your password — treat it like a toothbrush: change it regularly and keep it to yourself.
强密码混合使用大小写字母、数字和符号。使用像“My dog eats 3 carrots!”这样的短语，既强大又好记。永远不要分享你的密码——对待它就像对待牙刷：定期更换，仅供自用。
12. Programming Basics and Debugging | 编程基础与调试
Syntax is the set of rules for writing code in a particular language, just like grammar in English. If you miss a colon or a bracket, your program will throw a syntax error. The computer is very literal — it will not guess what you meant.
语法是用特定语言编写代码的一套规则，就像英语的语法一样。如果你漏掉一个冒号或括号，程序就会抛出语法错误。计算机非常死板——它不会猜测你的意图。
A bug is an error or flaw in a program that causes it to behave unexpectedly. Debugging is the process of finding and fixing those errors. The term ‘bug’ dates back to when a real moth caused a problem in an early computer; now any error is a bug you need to squash.
漏洞（bug）是程序中的错误或缺陷，会导致程序出现意外行为。调试（debugging）就是查找并修复这些错误的过程。“bug”一词源于早期计算机中一只真正的飞蛾引发故障；现在，任何错误都是你需要消灭的虫子。
Comments are notes you write in your code for humans to read; they are ignored by the computer. Use the # symbol in Python to start a comment. Think of comments as sticky notes that help you and others understand what your code does later.
注释是你在代码中写给人类看的笔记，计算机会忽略它们。在 Python 中用 # 符号开始注释。把注释想象成一张张便利贴，帮助你和他人以后理解代码的功能。
Testing your program with different inputs helps you discover bugs. Run your code with normal, extreme, and wrong data to check if it handles everything gracefully. A programmer who tests thoroughly catches mistakes early — like proofreading an essay before handing it in.
用不同的输入测试程序，有助于发现漏洞。使用正常数据、极端数据和错误数据运行代码，检查它是否能从容应对一切情况。彻底测试的程序员能及早发现错误——就像在交作文前仔细校对一样。
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