📚 Year 7 OCR Psychology: Key Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Guide | Year 7 OCR 心理学：核心词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your go-to revision guide for Year 7 OCR Psychology. Mastering subject-specific vocabulary is the very first step towards thinking and writing like a psychologist. This resource breaks down the essential terms you will encounter, giving you a clear English definition followed by its Chinese equivalent. Each section focuses on a different topic, helping you build knowledge systematically and remember concepts more easily.
欢迎使用这本 Year 7 OCR 心理学快捷术语速记指南。掌握学科专有词汇是像心理学家一样思考和写作的第一步。这份资料将你将会遇到的核心术语逐一拆解，先给出清晰的英文定义，再配以中文解释。每个部分聚焦一个不同的主题，帮助你系统化地构建知识，更轻松地记住概念。
1. What Is Psychology? | 什么是心理学？
Psychology is the scientific study of behaviour and mental processes. It seeks to describe, explain, predict and sometimes change how people think, feel and act.
心理学是对行为和心理过程的科学研究。它试图描述、解释、预测并有时改变人们思考、感受和行动的方式。
Behaviour refers to any observable action or reaction of a person or animal. Examples include walking, speaking, laughing or shivering.
行为指个人或动物任何可观察的动作或反应。例如走路、说话、大笑或发抖。
Mental processes are internal experiences that cannot be seen directly, such as thinking, remembering, dreaming and feeling emotions.
心理过程是无法直接观察到的内在体验，例如思考、记忆、做梦和感受情绪。
Science in psychology means using systematic methods, careful observation and evidence to test ideas rather than relying on intuition or guesswork.
科学在心理学中意味着使用系统化方法、仔细观察和证据来检验观点，而不是依赖直觉或猜想。
Empirical evidence is information gathered through direct observation or experiment. Knowledge in psychology must be supported by empirical evidence.
实证证据是通过直接观察或实验收集的信息。心理学知识必须有实证证据支持。
2. Research Methods Basics | 研究方法基础
Hypothesis is a testable prediction about the relationship between two or more variables. It is often written as a clear, directional statement.
假设是关于两个或多个变量之间关系的可检验预测。它通常写成一个清晰的、有指向性的陈述。
Independent Variable (IV) is the factor the researcher deliberately manipulates or changes in an experiment to see its effect.
自变量 (IV) 是研究者在实验中故意操纵或改变以观察其效果的因素。
Dependent Variable (DV) is the factor measured by the researcher. It should change as a result of manipulations applied to the IV.
因变量 (DV) 是研究者测量的因素。它应当会随着自变量的变化而变化。
Control condition provides a baseline for comparison. The control group does not receive the experimental treatment, helping to rule out alternative explanations.
控制条件提供一个比较的基准。控制组不接受实验处理，帮助排除其他可能的解释。
Experiment is a research method where the researcher controls conditions and manipulates an IV to measure the effect on a DV, allowing cause-and-effect conclusions.
实验是一种研究方法，研究者控制条件并操纵自变量以测量其对因变量的影响，从而得出因果结论。
Naturalistic observation involves watching and recording behaviour in a natural setting without interference. It provides high ecological validity but cannot establish cause and effect.
自然观察法是在自然环境中观察和记录行为而不加干预的方法。它能提供较高的生态效度，但无法确定因果关系。
3. Experimental Design | 实验设计
Independent measures design uses different participants in each condition of the experiment. This avoids order effects, but participant variables may affect results.
独立测量设计在实验的每个条件下使用不同的参与者。这避免了顺序效应，但参与者个体差异可能影响结果。
Repeated measures design uses the same participants in all conditions. This eliminates participant variables, but it can lead to order effects and demand characteristics.
重复测量设计在所有条件下使用相同的参与者。这消除了参与者变量，但可能导致顺序效应和需求特征。
Order effects occur when participants’ performance in later conditions is influenced by being tested earlier, such as practice making them better or fatigue making them worse.
顺序效应发生在后面条件下的表现受到之前测试的影响时，例如练习使表现变好或疲劳使表现变差。
Random allocation is a technique used to assign participants to different conditions purely by chance, ensuring each person has an equal opportunity of being in any group.
随机分配是一种完全随机地将参与者分入不同条件的技巧，确保每个人都有平等的机会进入任何一组。
Counterbalancing is used in repeated measures to control order effects. Half the participants experience conditions in one order and the other half in the reverse order.
平衡法用于重复测量设计以控制顺序效应。一半参与者按一种顺序体验条件，另一半则按相反顺序体验。
4. Ethical Guidelines | 伦理准则
Informed consent means participants should be told the aims and nature of the research before agreeing to take part. In studies involving children, parental consent is required.
知情同意意味着在同意参与前，必须告知参与者研究的目的和性质。涉及儿童的研究需要父母同意。
Right to withdraw allows participants to leave the study at any time, without giving a reason, and have their data removed if they wish.
退出权利允许参与者在任何时候退出研究，无需给出理由，并且如果他们希望，可以要求删除其数据。
Confidentiality protects personal information. Data should be anonymised so that individual participants cannot be identified from published results.
保密原则保护个人信息。数据应作匿名处理，使得从发布的结果中无法识别出单个参与者。
Protection from harm ensures participants should not experience physical or psychological distress greater than they would encounter in everyday life.
免受伤害保证参与者不应经历超出日常生活中可能遇到的身体或心理上的痛苦。
Deception should be avoided where possible. If it is necessary for the research, participants must be thoroughly debriefed afterwards to explain the true purpose.
欺骗应尽可能避免。如果研究确实需要，之后必须对参与者进行充分的事后解释以说明真实目的。
Debriefing happens after the study. Participants are told the full aim and given the chance to ask questions or withdraw their data.
事后解释在研究结束后进行。参与者被告知完整目的，并有机会提问或撤回自己的数据。
5. Memory Processes | 记忆过程
Encoding is the process of transforming sensory input into a form that can be stored in memory. It can be visual, acoustic or semantic.
编码是将感官输入转化为可存储在记忆中的形式的过程。编码可以是视觉的、声音的或语义的。
Storage means retaining encoded information over time. Our memory system holds vast amounts of material for different durations.
存储指将已编码的信息随时间保存下来。我们的记忆系统能在不同时长内保存大量材料。
Retrieval involves locating and recovering stored information when it is needed. Retrieval failure is one common reason for forgetting.
提取涉及在需要时定位和恢复已存储的信息。提取失败是遗忘的一个常见原因。
Short-term memory (STM) has a limited capacity of around 7±2 chunks of information and a limited duration of up to about 30 seconds without rehearsal.
短时记忆 (STM) 容量有限，约为7±2个组块的信息，时程有限，若不加复述只能保持大约30秒。
Long-term memory (LTM) can hold an unlimited amount of information for a potentially permanent duration. It stores facts, experiences and skills.
长时记忆 (LTM) 能够无限量地存储信息，并且保持时间可能永久。它储存事实、经历和技能。
Chunking is a memorisation technique where individual pieces of information are grouped into larger, meaningful units, making them easier to recall.
组块化是一种记忆技巧，将单个信息项目组合成更大的、有意义的单元，使其更容易回忆。
6. Brain and Behaviour | 大脑与行为
Neuron is a nerve cell that is the basic building block of the nervous system. Neurons communicate via electrical and chemical signals.
神经元是神经细胞，是神经系统的基本构成单位。神经元通过电信号和化学信号进行通讯。
Synapse is the tiny gap between one neuron and the next. Chemicals called neurotransmitters cross this gap to pass on the message.
突触是一个神经元与下一个神经元之间的微小间隙。被称为神经递质的化学物质穿过这一间隙来传递信号。
Neurotransmitter is a chemical messenger released into the synapse. Examples include dopamine (involved in pleasure and motivation) and serotonin (linked to mood).
神经递质是释放到突触中的化学信使。例如多巴胺（参与快感和动机）和血清素（与情绪相关）。
Central Nervous System (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord. It processes information and coordinates responses throughout the body.
中枢神经系统 (CNS)由大脑和脊髓组成。它处理信息并协调身体各处的反应。
Frontal lobe located at the front of the brain, is responsible for higher-level functions such as decision-making, planning, reasoning and personality expression.
额叶位于大脑前部，负责高级功能，如决策、计划制定、推理和个性表达。
Cerebellum is at the back of the brain and plays a key role in balance, coordination and smooth muscle movement.
小脑位于大脑后方，在平衡、协调和精细肌肉运动中起关键作用。
7. Social Influence | 社会影响
Conformity is a change in behaviour or belief as a result of real or imagined group pressure. Individuals may conform to fit in or because they believe the group is right.
从众是由于真实或想象的群体压力而导致的行为或信念的改变。个体可能为了融入集体或因为他们相信群体是对的而从众。
Obedience occurs when a person follows a direct order from someone perceived to have authority, often without questioning it.
服从指一个人遵从来自他们认为有权威的人的直接命令，且常常不加质疑。
Social norms are the unwritten rules about how to behave in a particular social group or culture. They guide what is considered acceptable.
社会规范是关于在特定社会群体或文化中如何行为的未成文规则。它们指导人们认为什么是可接受的。
Bystander effect describes the finding that people are less likely to offer help in an emergency when other people are present. Diffusion of responsibility is a key explanation.
旁观者效应描述了发现：当有他人在场时，人们在紧急情况下提供帮助的可能性反而更低。责任分散是一个关键解释。
Deindividuation refers to a loss of self-awareness and personal identity when in a crowd, which can lead to disinhibited, often anti-social behaviour.
去个性化指在人群中丧失自我意识和个人身份感，可能导致行为失控，常表现为反社会行为。
8. Developmental Psychology | 发展心理学
Attachment is a strong, long-lasting emotional bond between an infant and their primary caregiver. It has a major influence on later social and emotional development.
依恋是婴儿与其主要照护者之间一种强烈、持久的情感纽带。它对后来的社会和情感发展有重大影响。
Secure attachment is characterised by an infant who feels safe exploring when the caregiver is near, shows distress when separated and is easily comforted on reunion.
安全型依恋的特征是婴儿在照护者旁边时感到安全并愿意探索，分开时会表现难过，重聚时容易获得安抚。
Insecure attachment may manifest as avoidance (ignoring the caregiver) or resistance (clingy yet rejecting). It often reflects less consistent caregiving.
不安全型依恋可能表现为回避（忽视照护者）或反抗（既粘人又排斥）。这通常反映了照顾的不一致性。
Object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen. Piaget found this ability develops around 8 months of age.
客体永久性是对物体即使看不见却依然存在的理解。皮亚杰发现这种能力大约在8个月大时发展起来。
Conservation is the principle that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape or arrangement. According to Piaget, this logical thinking develops during the concrete operational stage.
守恒是指尽管形状或排列发生变化，但数量保持不变的原则。根据皮亚杰，这种逻辑思维在具体运算阶段发展起来。
Critical period is a specific time window in development during which an organism is particularly sensitive to certain environmental stimuli. Attachment is said to have a critical period in early life.
关键期是发展中的一个特定时间窗口，在此期间生物体对某些环境刺激特别敏感。依恋据说在生命早期有关键期。
9. Individual Differences | 个体差异
Personality refers to the characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviours that make a person unique. Trait theories attempt to describe how people differ.
人格指使一个人独特的思维、情感和行为方面的特有模式。特质理论试图描述人们之间的差异。
Trait is a relatively stable characteristic or disposition. The Big Five model includes Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness and Neuroticism.
特质是一种相对稳定的特征或性情。大五人格模型包括开放性、尽责性、外向性、宜人性和神经质。
Intelligence can be defined as the ability to learn from experience, solve problems and adapt to new situations. IQ tests measure certain aspects of intelligence.
智力可被定义为从经验中学习、解决问题和适应新情境的能力。智商测验测量智力的某些方面。
Nature vs nurture debate concerns the extent to which our behaviour is determined by inherited, genetic factors (nature) or by our environment and experiences (nurture).
先天与后天之辩关注我们的行为在多大程度上是由遗传的基因因素（先天）决定的，或是由环境和经历（后天）决定的。
Mental health is a state of psychological well-being. Understanding what is “normal” or “typical” helps psychologists define disorders, though norms vary across cultures.
心理健康是一种心理上的幸福状态。理解什么是“正常”或“典型”有助于心理学家定义障碍，但规范因文化而异。
10. Basic Data Analysis | 基本数据分析
Qualitative data is non-numerical, descriptive information, such as open-ended answers, observations or interviews. It provides in-depth insight but is harder to analyse objectively.
质性数据是非数值的、描述性的信息，如开放式回答、观察或访谈。它能提供深层见解，但更难进行客观分析。
Quantitative data is numerical information, such as test scores, reaction times or frequency counts. It is easy to summarise using statistics and graphs.
量化数据是数值信息，如测试分数、反应时或频次计数。它易于用统计和图表进行总结。
Mean is the arithmetic average, calculated by adding all scores together and dividing by the number of scores. It is the most commonly used measure of central tendency.
平均数是算术平均值，通过将所有分数相加再除以分数的个数来计算。它是最常用的集中趋势量度。
Median is the middle value when scores are arranged in order. It is not affected by extreme scores, making it useful for skewed data.
中位数是将分数按顺序排列后处于中间位置的数值。它不受极端分数影响，对于偏态数据很有用。
Mode is the most frequently occurring value in a data set. There can be more than one mode if multiple values appear equally often.
众数是数据集中出现频率最高的数值。如果多个数值出现频率相同，则可以有多个众数。
Range is a simple measure of dispersion. It is calculated by subtracting the smallest score from the largest score, giving an idea of spread.
全距是一种简单的离散趋势量度。用最大值减去最小值来计算，可反映数据的分散程度。
Bar chart is used to display and compare frequencies of categorical data. The height of each bar represents the frequency of that category.
条形图用于显示和比较类别数据的频次。每个条形的高度代表该类别的频次。
Scattergram is a graph showing the relationship between two co-variables. Each dot represents a pair of scores, and the pattern reveals a positive, negative or zero correlation.
散点图是展示两个协变量之间关系的图表。每个点代表一对分数，其分布模式可揭示正相关、负相关或零相关。
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