📚 Year 7 SQA Business: Core Knowledge Review | 初中一年级SQA商务：核心知识点梳理
Business Studies at Year 7 (S1) introduces you to the dynamic world of commerce and enterprise. This course covers fundamental concepts such as needs and wants, goods and services, factors of production, and basic economic ideas like supply and demand. By exploring how businesses operate, you will gain essential knowledge about entrepreneurship, decision-making, and the role of business in everyday life.
初中一年级（S1）商务课程带你走进充满活力的商业世界。课程涵盖了需要与欲望、商品与服务、生产要素以及供需关系等基础经济概念。通过探究企业的运作方式，你将掌握有关企业家精神、决策制定以及商业在日常生活中的作用等重要知识。
1. Introduction to Business | 商务导论
Business is any activity that involves producing, buying, or selling goods and services to satisfy people’s needs and wants. The main purpose of a business is to earn a profit by offering something valuable to customers. Without businesses, we would have limited access to food, clothing, technology, and entertainment.
商务是指任何为满足人们的需要和欲望而生产、购买或销售商品与服务的活动。企业的主要目标是通过向顾客提供有价值的产品来获取利润。没有企业，我们将很难获得食物、衣服、科技产品和娱乐服务。
In SQA Year 7, you also learn that entrepreneurs are people who take risks to start new businesses. They use creativity, resources, and hard work to bring new ideas to life. A successful entrepreneur often spots a gap in the market and turns it into a profitable venture.
在SQA一年级课程中，你还将了解到企业家是敢于承担风险创办新企业的人。他们运用创造力、资源和辛勤工作将新想法变为现实。成功的企业家往往能发现市场空白，并将其转化为盈利的事业。
2. Needs vs Wants | 需要与欲望
A need is something you must have to survive, such as water, food, shelter, and clothing. These are essential for your physical wellbeing and safety. Without them, life would be impossible. A want, on the other hand, is something you desire to make life more enjoyable but could live without, like a smartphone, designer shoes, or video games.
需要是你为了生存必须拥有的东西，如水、食物、住所和衣物。这些对于你的身体健康和安全至关重要，没有它们生命无法维持。欲望则是你渴望拥有以使生活更舒适、更快乐的东西，没有它们你依然能够生存，比如智能手机、名牌鞋或电子游戏。
Businesses must understand the difference between needs and wants because it affects what they sell. A grocery store mainly sells products that satisfy needs, while a luxury brand focuses on wants. However, in modern society, some items once considered wants (e.g., internet access) are now seen as needs by many people.
企业必须理解需要和欲望之间的区别，因为这会影响他们销售什么。杂货店主要销售满足需要的产品，而奢侈品牌则侧重满足欲望。不过在现代社会，一些曾经被视为欲望的东西（如互联网接入）现在被许多人看作是需要。
3. Goods and Services | 商品与服务
Goods are physical items that you can see, touch, and keep. They are divided into durable goods (e.g., cars, furniture, laptops) that last a long time, and non-durable goods (e.g., food, paper, soap) that are used up quickly. Services are actions performed for you by others, such as haircuts, education, and transportation. You cannot touch or own a service, but you benefit from it.
商品是你可以看到、触摸并保存的实物。它们分为耐用品（如汽车、家具、笔记本电脑）和非耐用品（如食物、纸张、肥皂），耐用品可以使用很长时间，非耐用品消耗迅速。服务是他人为你执行的活动，例如理发、教育和交通运输。你无法触摸或拥有服务，但你会从中受益。
In business, the combination of goods and services is very common. A restaurant provides a good (the meal) and a service (preparing and serving it). Knowing this distinction helps businesses design marketing strategies and meet customer expectations more effectively.
在商务中，商品和服务的结合非常普遍。一家餐厅既提供商品（餐食）也提供服务（烹饪和上菜）。理解这一区别有助于企业制定营销策略，更有效地满足顾客期望。
4. Factors of Production | 生产要素
Factors of production are the resources needed to create goods and services. Economists group them into four categories: land, labour, capital, and enterprise.
生产要素是创造商品和服务所需的资源。经济学家将其分为四类：土地、劳动力、资本和企业家才能。
Land: Natural resources from the earth, such as soil, water, minerals, and forests. It also includes the site where a business operates and raw materials like oil or timber.
土地：来自地球的自然资源，如土壤、水、矿产和森林。它还包括企业经营所在地以及石油、木材等原材料。
Labour: The human effort used in production, both physical and mental. Employees in a factory, teachers in a school, and doctors in a hospital all provide labour.
劳动力：生产中使用的人力，包括体力和脑力劳动。工厂的工人、学校的教师和医院的医生都提供劳动力。
Capital: Man-made goods used to produce other goods and services, such as machinery, tools, buildings, and technology. Money used to start or expand a business is also considered capital.
资本：用于生产其他商品和服务的人造物品，如机器、工具、建筑和技术。用于开办或扩张企业的资金也属于资本。
Enterprise: The willingness and ability to take risks, organise the other three factors, and make business decisions. Entrepreneurs bring together land, labour, and capital to produce goods and services for profit.
企业家才能：承担风险、组织其他三种生产要素并做出商业决策的意愿和能力。企业家将土地、劳动力和资本结合起来，生产商品和服务以获取利润。
5. Types of Business Ownership | 企业所有权类型
Businesses can be set up in different legal structures, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. The main types in the UK include sole traders, partnerships, and limited companies. Choosing the right structure affects how much control owners have, how much tax they pay, and how much personal risk they take.
企业可以以不同的法律结构设立，每种结构都有其优缺点。英国主要的企业类型包括个体经营者、合伙企业和有限公司。选择合适的结构会影响所有者拥有的控制权大小、缴纳税款的多少以及承担的个人风险程度。
The table below summarises the key features of these common business ownership types.
下表总结了这些常见企业所有权类型的关键特征。
| Business Type | 中文名称 | Owners & Liability (English) | 所有者与责任 (中文) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sole Trader | 个体经营者 | One owner, unlimited liability | 单一所有者，无限责任 |
| Partnership | 合伙企业 | 2 to 20 partners, unlimited liability | 2至20名合伙人，无限责任 |
| Private Limited Company (Ltd) | 私人有限公司 | Shareholders, limited liability | 股东所有，有限责任 |
| Public Limited Company (Plc) | 公众有限公司 | Shares traded on stock exchange, limited liability | 股票在证券交易所交易，有限责任 |
Unlimited liability means the owner’s personal assets (e.g., house, savings) can be used to pay off business debts. Limited liability protects shareholders’ personal assets—they only lose the money they invested in the company.
无限责任意味着所有者的个人资产（如房屋、储蓄）可用于偿还企业债务。有限责任保护股东的个人资产——他们最多只会损失其投入公司的资金。
6. The Role of Profit | 利润的作用
Profit is the financial reward a business receives after paying all its costs. The basic formula is:
利润是企业在支付所有成本后获得的财务回报。基本公式为：
Profit = Total Revenue − Total Costs
利润 = 总收入 − 总成本
Revenue is the money a business earns from selling goods or services. Costs include expenses like rent, wages, raw materials, and electricity. A business is successful only if its revenue is higher than its costs over time.
收入是企业通过销售商品或服务获得的金钱。成本包括租金、工资、原材料、电费等开支。一个企业只有在一段时间内收入持续高于成本，才算成功。
Profit is important because it allows a business to survive, grow, and reward its owners. It can be reinvested to buy better equipment, hire more staff, or develop new products. Without profit, a business would struggle to stay open and might eventually close down.
利润之所以重要，是因为它能让企业生存、成长并回报所有者。利润可再投资用于购买更好的设备、雇用更多员工或开发新产品。没有利润，企业将难以维持运营，最终可能倒闭。
7. Supply and Demand | 供给与需求
Supply and demand are the two main forces that drive a market economy. Demand refers to how much of a product consumers are willing and able to buy at different prices. Supply refers to how much producers are willing and able to sell.
供给和需求是驱动市场经济的两个主要力量。需求指的是消费者在不同价格下愿意且能够购买的产品数量。供给指的是生产者在不同价格下愿意且能够出售的产品数量。
The law of demand states:
需求定律指出：
Price ↑ → Quantity demanded ↓
价格升高 → 需求量减少
Price ↓ → Quantity demanded ↑
价格降低 → 需求量增加
In other words, when the price of a product goes up, the quantity demanded usually falls because fewer people can afford it. When prices drop, demand tends to rise.
换句话说，当产品价格上升时，需求量通常会下降，因为能买得起的人变少了。当价格下跌时，需求往往会上升。
The law of supply says the opposite:
供给定律则相反：
Price ↑ → Quantity supplied ↑
价格升高 → 供给量增加
Price ↓ → Quantity supplied ↓
价格降低 → 供给量减少
Producers are more willing to supply products when they can sell them at higher prices and earn greater profits. Cheaper prices reduce the incentive to supply.
当生产者可以以更高的价格销售产品并获得更大利润时，他们更愿意提供产品。低价会降低供给的动机。
8. Price Determination | 价格决定
In a market, the price of a product is determined by the interaction of supply and demand. The point where the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied is called market equilibrium. At this point, the market-clearing price, often symbolised as P*, is established.
在市场中，产品价格由供给和需求的相互作用决定。需求量等于供给量的点称为市场均衡。在此点上，形成了市场出清价格，通常用P*表示。
If the price is set too high above equilibrium, a surplus occurs: producers make more than consumers are willing to buy. To sell the excess, businesses lower the price, moving it back towards equilibrium. If the price is too low, a shortage occurs: consumers want to buy more than what is available. Businesses then raise prices, which also moves the market toward equilibrium.
如果价格设定在均衡水平之上，就会出现过剩：生产者产出的数量超过消费者愿意购买的数量。为卖出多余的存货，企业会降低价格，使其回到均衡。如果价格过低，则会出现短缺：消费者想购买的数量超过可供数量。企业便会提高价格，市场同样会向均衡移动。
This self-correcting mechanism is often called the invisible hand. It helps explain why many products have relatively stable prices over time.
这种自我调节机制通常被称为“看不见的手”。它有助于解释为什么许多产品在一段时间内价格会相对稳定。
9. Market Competition | 市场竞争
Competition occurs when businesses try to win more customers and increase their market share. There are two main types: direct competition and indirect competition.
当企业试图赢得更多顾客并增加市场份额时，竞争就发生了。竞争主要有两种类型：直接竞争和间接竞争。
Direct competition is between businesses selling similar products, such as two bakeries on the same street targeting the same customers. Indirect competition happens when different products satisfy the same want, like a cinema competing against a video streaming service for entertainment spending.
直接竞争发生在销售类似产品的企业之间，比如同一条街上的两家面包店争夺相同的顾客。间接竞争则发生在不同产品满足同一欲望时，比如电影院与视频流媒体服务争夺人们的娱乐开支。
Competition pushes businesses to improve quality, lower prices, and innovate. It benefits consumers by giving them more choice and better value for money. However, too much competition can squeeze profits, so businesses must constantly find ways to stand out, such as branding, customer service, and unique product features.
竞争促使企业提高质量、降低价格并不断创新。它通过为消费者提供更多选择和更优性价比，使消费者受益。然而，过度竞争会压缩利润，因此企业必须不断寻找脱颖而出之道，比如通过品牌建设、客户服务和独特的产品特性。
10. Business Ethics and Sustainability | 商业道德与可持续发展
Ethics in business means making decisions that are morally right, not just profitable. This includes treating workers fairly, being honest with customers, and avoiding harm to the environment. An ethical business builds trust and a positive reputation, which can lead to long-term success.
商业道德意味着做出道德上正确的决策，而不仅仅是追求利润。这包括公平对待工人、诚实对待顾客，以及避免对环境造成破坏。讲道德的的企业能建立信任和良好声誉，从而带来长期成功。
Sustainability means meeting today’s needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Businesses can become more sustainable by reducing waste, using renewable energy, and sourcing materials responsibly. For example, a clothing brand that uses organic cotton and recycled packaging is practising sustainability.
可持续发展意味着既满足当代人的需要，又不损害后代满足其需要的能力。企业可以通过减少浪费、使用可再生能源和负责任地采购材料来实现更可持续的运营。例如，一家使用有机棉和可回收包装的服装品牌就在践行可持续发展。
Many customers now prefer to buy from companies that show social and environmental responsibility. Therefore, combining ethics and sustainability is not only good for the planet but also smart business strategy.
如今，许多消费者更愿意购买那些展现出社会与环境责任的企业产品。因此，将道德与可持续发展相结合不仅有益于地球，也是一种明智的商业策略。
Published by TutorHao | Business Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
屏轩国际教育cambridge primary/secondary checkpoint, cat4, ukiset,ukcat,igcse,alevel,PAT,STEP,MAT, ibdp,ap,ssat,sat,sat2课程辅导，国外大学本科硕士研究生博士课程论文辅导