📚 Year 7 SQA Chemistry: Core Knowledge Checklist | Year 7 SQA 化学：核心知识点梳理
In Year 7 SQA Chemistry, students build the essential foundation for understanding matter, its properties, and how substances interact. This article brings together the most important topics you will cover: from particle theory and states of matter to simple chemical reactions and the periodic table. Each section is designed to help you check off key learning points in a clear, bilingual format.
在 Year 7 SQA 化学课程中，同学们将为理解物质、物质的性质以及物质如何相互作用打下必要的基础。本文汇总了你将学习的最重要主题：从粒子理论与物质状态到简单的化学反应和元素周期表。每个部分都采用清晰的双语形式，帮助你逐条核对关键知识点。
1. States of Matter and Particle Theory | 物质状态与粒子理论
Matter exists in three main states: solid, liquid, and gas. The particle theory explains that all substances are made of tiny particles that are constantly moving. The arrangement and movement of these particles determine the state of the substance.
物质主要以三种状态存在：固态、液态和气态。粒子理论解释说，所有物质都是由不断运动的微小粒子组成的。这些粒子的排列和运动方式决定了物质的状态。
In a solid, particles are packed closely together in a regular pattern and can only vibrate in fixed positions. This gives solids a definite shape and volume.
在固态中，粒子紧密地排列成有规律的结构，只能在固定位置上振动。因此固体有确定的形状和体积。
In a liquid, particles are still close together but can move past each other, allowing the liquid to flow and take the shape of its container. Liquids have a fixed volume but no fixed shape.
在液态中，粒子仍然紧密，但可以相互滑动，使液体能够流动并呈现容器的形状。液体有固定的体积，但没有固定的形状。
In a gas, particles are far apart and move rapidly in all directions. Gases have no fixed shape or volume and can be compressed easily.
在气态中，粒子相距很远，向各个方向快速运动。气体没有固定的形状或体积，并且容易被压缩。
2. Changes of State | 物态变化
Substances can change from one state to another by heating or cooling. These are physical changes because no new substance is formed, and the change can be reversed easily.
物质可以通过加热或冷却从一种状态转变为另一种状态。这些是物理变化，因为没有生成新物质，而且变化容易逆转。
Melting occurs when a solid is heated and turns into a liquid. The reverse process is freezing or solidification. Boiling (or evaporating) happens when a liquid becomes a gas; the reverse is condensation.
固体受热变为液体时发生熔化。相反的过程是凝固。液体变为气体时发生沸腾（或蒸发）；相反的过程是冷凝。
Sublimation is when a solid turns directly into a gas without passing through the liquid state, such as solid carbon dioxide (dry ice). The opposite, deposition, is when a gas becomes a solid directly.
升华是指固体不经过液态直接转变为气体，例如固态二氧化碳（干冰）。相反的过程是凝华，即气体直接变为固体。
Solid ⇌ Liquid ⇌ Gas
3. Elements, Compounds and Mixtures | 元素、化合物与混合物
An element is a pure substance made of only one type of atom. Examples include oxygen (O), iron (Fe), and gold (Au). Elements cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.
元素是由同一种原子组成的纯净物。例子包括氧（O）、铁（Fe）和金（Au）。元素不能通过化学方法分解成更简单的物质。
A compound is a substance formed when two or more different elements are chemically bonded together. Water (H₂O) is a compound made from hydrogen and oxygen. A compound has different properties from the elements it contains.
化合物是由两种或多种不同元素通过化学键结合而成的物质。水（H₂O）是由氢和氧组成的化合物。化合物的性质与其组成元素的性质不同。
A mixture contains two or more substances that are physically combined but not chemically bonded. Air, seawater, and soil are examples of mixtures. The components in a mixture can be separated by physical methods.
混合物包含两种或多种物质，它们只是物理混合，没有化学键结合。空气、海水和土壤都是混合物的例子。混合物中的成分可以用物理方法分离。
4. The Periodic Table Basics | 元素周期表基础
The periodic table lists all known elements in order of increasing atomic number. The vertical columns are called groups, and the horizontal rows are called periods. Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties because they have the same number of electrons in their outer shell.
元素周期表按原子序数递增的顺序列出了所有已知元素。垂直的列叫做族，水平的行叫做周期。同一族的元素具有相似的化学性质，因为它们最外层电子数相同。
Metals are found on the left and in the centre of the periodic table, while non-metals are on the right. A zigzag line separates them. Elements near this line are often called semi-metals or metalloids.
金属位于周期表的左侧和中部，非金属位于右侧。一条锯齿形线条将它们分开。靠近这条线的元素常被称为半金属或准金属。
Key groups to know include Group 1 (alkali metals, very reactive), Group 7 (halogens, reactive non-metals), and Group 0 or 8 (noble gases, unreactive).
需要了解的关键族包括第1族（碱金属，非常活泼）、第7族（卤素，活泼的非金属）和第0或8族（稀有气体，不活泼）。
| Property | Metals | Non-metals |
| Appearance | Shiny | Dull |
| Conduction of heat/electricity | Good | Poor (except graphite) |
| Malleable/Brittle | Malleable | Brittle |
5. Separation Techniques | 分离技术
Mixtures can be separated using physical techniques that take advantage of differences in physical properties. The choice of method depends on the type of mixture and the properties of its components.
可以利用物理性质的差异，用物理技术分离混合物。方法的选择取决于混合物的类型及其组分的性质。
Filtration is used to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid, for example sand from water. The mixture is poured through filter paper; the solid residue stays on the paper while the filtrate passes through.
过滤用于分离不溶性固体和液体，例如从水中分离沙子。混合物倒入滤纸，固体残渣留在纸上，滤液通过。
Evaporation can separate a soluble solid from a solution by heating the solution until the liquid evaporates, leaving the solid behind, such as obtaining salt from salt water.
蒸发可以通过加热溶液，使液体蒸发留下固体，从而从溶液中分离可溶性固体，例如从盐水中获取盐。
Distillation is used to separate a liquid from a solution or a mixture of liquids with different boiling points. The mixture is heated, the vapour is collected and condensed back into a liquid (the distillate).
蒸馏用于从溶液或沸点不同的液体混合物中分离液体。混合物被加热，蒸气被收集并冷凝回液体（馏出液）。
Chromatography separates dissolved substances, such as inks or food colourings, based on how far they travel across a piece of paper.
色谱法根据溶解的物质（如墨水或食用色素）在纸上移动的距离来分离它们。
6. Physical and Chemical Changes | 物理变化与化学变化
A physical change alters the form or appearance of a substance but does not create a new substance. Changes of state, dissolving, and cutting are physical changes. These are usually easy to reverse.
物理变化改变物质的形式或外观，但不生成新物质。状态变化、溶解和切割都是物理变化。这些变化通常容易逆转。
A chemical change (chemical reaction) involves the formation of one or more new substances with different properties. Signs of a chemical change include a colour change, a gas being given off (effervescence), a temperature change, or a precipitate forming.
化学变化（化学反应）涉及一种或多种具有不同性质的新物质的生成。化学变化的迹象包括颜色变化、放出气体（冒泡）、温度变化或生成沉淀。
Examples of chemical changes: burning magnesium to form magnesium oxide, adding vinegar to baking soda to produce carbon dioxide gas, or rusting of iron.
化学变化的例子：镁燃烧生成氧化镁、醋加小苏打产生二氧化碳气体，或者铁生锈。
In a chemical reaction, the total mass of reactants equals the total mass of products. This is the law of conservation of mass.
在化学反应中，反应物的总质量等于生成物的总质量。这就是质量守恒定律。
7. Acids and Alkalis | 酸与碱
Acids are substances with a sour taste (though we never taste chemicals in the lab). They turn blue litmus paper red and have a pH less than 7. Common lab acids include hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), and nitric acid (HNO₃).
酸是有酸味的物质（但我们在实验室里绝不品尝化学品）。它们使蓝色石蕊试纸变红，pH值小于7。常见的实验室酸包括盐酸（HCl）、硫酸（H₂SO₄）和硝酸（HNO₃）。
Alkalis are soluble bases. They feel soapy and turn red litmus paper blue. Their pH is greater than 7. Common alkalis include sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH).
碱是可溶的碱类物质。它们感觉滑腻，使红色石蕊试纸变蓝，pH值大于7。常见的碱包括氢氧化钠（NaOH）和氢氧化钾（KOH）。
Neutralisation occurs when an acid reacts with an alkali to form a salt and water. The pH moves towards 7. For example: hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide → sodium chloride + water.
酸与碱反应生成盐和水，这叫做中和。pH值向7靠拢。例如：盐酸 + 氢氧化钠 → 氯化钠 + 水。
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O
The pH scale ranges from 0 (strongly acidic) to 14 (strongly alkaline), with 7 being neutral, such as pure water. Universal indicator or pH paper can be used to measure pH.
pH 值范围从0（强酸性）到14（强碱性），7为中性，如纯水。万能指示剂或pH试纸可用于测量pH值。
8. Metals and Non-metals | 金属与非金属
Most elements are metals. Metals are typically shiny, good conductors of heat and electricity, malleable (can be hammered into shape), and ductile (can be drawn into wires). Most have high melting points.
大多数元素是金属。金属通常有光泽，是热和电的良导体，具有延展性（可锤打成形状）和延性（可拉成丝）。大多数金属熔点高。
Non-metals are dull, poor conductors, and brittle when solid. They have a wide range of melting points. Important non-metals include carbon, sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen, and the halogens.
非金属暗淡无光，是热和电的不良导体，固态时易碎。它们的熔点范围很广。重要的非金属包括碳、硫、氧、氮和卤素。
Metal reactions: many metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides, which are usually basic. For example, magnesium burns brightly to form magnesium oxide (MgO). Some metals react with acids to produce a salt and hydrogen gas.
金属的反应：许多金属与氧气反应生成金属氧化物，这些氧化物通常是碱性的。例如，镁剧烈燃烧生成氧化镁（MgO）。一些金属与酸反应生成盐和氢气。
The reactivity series lists metals in order of their reactivity. Potassium, sodium, and lithium are very reactive; copper, silver, and gold are much less reactive.
金属活动性顺序按反应性的高低排列金属。钾、钠和锂非常活泼；铜、银和金则不太活泼。
9. Simple Chemical Reactions | 简单化学反应
A chemical reaction can be shown using a word equation: reactants on the left, products on the right, with an arrow showing the direction. Example: methane + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water.
可以用文字方程式表示化学反应：左边是反应物，右边是生成物，箭头表示反应方向。例如：甲烷 + 氧气 → 二氧化碳 + 水。
Combustion is a reaction with oxygen that releases energy as heat and light. Burning fuels like natural gas (methane) is an example of complete combustion, producing CO₂ and H₂O.
燃烧是与氧气发生的释放出热和光的反应。天然气（甲烷）这类燃料燃烧就是完全燃烧的例子，生成二氧化碳和水。
Thermal decomposition is when a substance breaks down into simpler substances when heated. Copper carbonate (green powder) decomposes to black copper oxide and carbon dioxide gas.
热分解是指物质受热分解成更简单的物质。碳酸铜（绿色粉末）受热分解为黑色的氧化铜和二氧化碳气体。
CuCO₃ → CuO + CO₂
Displacement reactions occur when a more reactive element takes the place of a less reactive one in a compound. For example, iron displaces copper from copper sulfate solution: Fe + CuSO₄ → FeSO₄ + Cu.
置换反应是指较活泼的元素取代化合物中较不活泼的元素。例如，铁从硫酸铜溶液中置换出铜：Fe + CuSO₄ → FeSO₄ + Cu。
10. Earth Science: Rocks and the Atmosphere | 地球科学：岩石与大气层
The Earth is made up of three main layers: the crust (thin, solid outer layer), the mantle (thick layer of semi-solid rock), and the core (mainly iron and nickel, very hot). The crust is broken into tectonic plates that move slowly.
地球主要由三层构成：地壳（薄而坚硬的外层）、地幔（半固态岩石的厚层）和地核（主要由铁和镍构成，温度极高）。地壳分裂成缓慢移动的构造板块。
There are three main rock types. Igneous rocks (e.g. granite, basalt) form from cooled magma or lava. Sedimentary rocks (e.g. sandstone, limestone) form from layers of sediment compacted over time. Metamorphic rocks (e.g. marble, slate) form when existing rocks are changed by heat and pressure.
岩石主要分为三类。火成岩（如花岗岩、玄武岩）由冷却的岩浆或熔岩形成。沉积岩（如砂岩、石灰岩）由沉积物经长时间压实成层形成。变质岩（如大理石、板岩）由原有岩石在热和压力作用下变化形成。
The rock cycle describes how rocks can change from one type to another over geological time through processes such as melting, cooling, weathering, erosion, compaction, and metamorphism.
岩石循环描述了岩石如何通过熔化、冷却、风化、侵蚀、压实和变质等过程，在地质时间尺度上从一种类型转变为另一种类型。
The atmosphere is the layer of gases surrounding the Earth. It is mainly nitrogen (about 78%) and oxygen (about 21%), with small amounts of argon, carbon dioxide, and water vapour. The atmosphere has changed greatly over Earth’s history due to volcanic activity and the rise of photosynthetic organisms.
大气层是环绕地球的气体层。它主要由氮气（约78%）和氧气（约21%）组成，还有少量氩气、二氧化碳和水蒸气。由于火山活动和光合生物的出现，大气层在地球历史上发生了巨大变化。
11. Safe and Accurate Practical Work | 安全准确的实验操作
Learning to work safely in a laboratory is a key part of Year 7 Chemistry. You should know common safety symbols for flammable, corrosive, toxic, and irritant substances. Always wear safety goggles and follow your teacher’s instructions.
学会在实验室安全操作是 Year 7 化学的关键部分。你应该了解易燃、腐蚀性、有毒和刺激性物质的常见安全标志。始终佩戴护目镜并听从老师的指导。
When heating substances, use a Bunsen burner safely. A blue roaring flame is used for strong heating, while a yellow safety flame is visible and used when not heating. Never look directly down a test tube, and point it away from people.
加热物质时，要安全使用本生灯。蓝色轰鸣火焰用于强加热，而黄色安全火焰在不需要加热时可见且使用。切勿直接俯视试管，试管口要远离他人。
Measurements should be recorded accurately. Read the bottom of the meniscus when measuring a liquid in a measuring cylinder. Use a stopwatch for timing and a thermometer correctly, ensuring the bulb is fully submerged in the substance being measured but not touching the container walls.
测量应准确记录。用量筒测量液体时，要读取弯月面的底部。正确使用秒表计时和温度计，确保温度计的球泡完全浸没在被测物质中，但不接触容器壁。
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