📚 Year 7 SQA Chemistry: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 7 SQA 化学：词汇术语速记指南
Building a strong foundation in Chemistry starts with mastering the key words. This guide introduces the most important terms you will meet in your Year 7 SQA Chemistry course, with clear explanations and simple memory hooks to help you remember them. Use it to revise, test yourself, and speak like a young scientist.
打下坚实的化学基础，始于掌握关键词汇。 本指南介绍了你在 Year 7 SQA 化学课程中会遇到的最重要术语，并附有清晰的解释和简单的记忆钩子助你牢记。 用它来复习、自我测验，并像年轻科学家一样交流吧。
1. Matter, Particles and States | 物质、粒子与状态
Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Everything around you, from your book to the air you breathe, is made of matter.
物质 是任何具有质量并占据空间的东西。 你周围的一切，从你的书本到你呼吸的空气，都是由物质构成的。
Particle A tiny piece of matter. In the particle model, all substances are made of particles that are too small to see. The way these particles are arranged and move determines the state of matter.
粒子 物质的极微小片段。 在粒子模型中，所有物质由肉眼看不见的粒子组成。 这些粒子的排列和运动方式决定了物质的状态。
Solid The state with a fixed shape and fixed volume. Particles in a solid are tightly packed in a regular pattern and can only vibrate in place. Think of a crowded school assembly where everyone is shoulder to shoulder.
固体 具有固定形状和固定体积的状态。 固体中的粒子紧密排列成规则图案，只能在原地振动。 想象一个拥挤的学校集会，大家肩并肩站着。
Liquid The state with a fixed volume but no fixed shape; it takes the shape of its container. Particles are still close but can slide past one another, like a class moving between lessons in a corridor.
液体 拥有固定体积但无固定形状的状态；它的形状取决于容器。 粒子仍然靠近，但可以彼此滑动，就像课间在走廊里移动的班级。
Gas The state with no fixed shape or volume; it spreads out to fill its container. Particles are far apart and zoom around at high speed in all directions, like students running around a playground.
气体 没有固定形状或体积的状态；它会扩散充满整个容器。 粒子相距很远，并以高速向各个方向运动，就像孩子们在操场上奔跑一样。
Melting The change from solid to liquid when a substance is heated. Particles gain energy, vibrate faster and eventually break free from their fixed positions. The temperature at which this happens is the melting point.
熔化 物质受热从固体变为液体的过程。 粒子获得能量，振动加快，最终挣脱固定位置。 发生该变化的温度是熔点。
Boiling The change from liquid to gas that happens throughout the liquid at a specific temperature called the boiling point. Particles gain enough energy to overcome the attractions holding them together.
沸腾 液体在特定温度（沸点）下全部转化为气体的变化。 粒子获得了足以克服相互吸引力的能量。
Evaporation The change from liquid to gas at the surface of a liquid, occurring at temperatures below the boiling point. Only the fastest-moving particles escape, which is why puddles dry up even on a cool day.
蒸发 液体表面在低于沸点的温度下转化为气体的过程。 只有运动最快的粒子逸出，这就是为什么水坑在凉爽的日子里也会变干。
Condensation The change from gas to liquid when a substance is cooled. Particles lose energy, slow down and move closer together, forming liquid droplets on a cold surface.
冷凝 物质冷却时由气体变为液体的变化。 粒子失去能量，减速并相互靠近，在冷表面上形成液滴。
2. Atoms, Elements and Compounds | 原子、元素与化合物
Atom The smallest unit of an element that still has the properties of that element. Everything is built from atoms, like the tiniest building block in a LEGO set.
原子 元素的最小单位，仍保持该元素的所有性质。 万物都是由原子构成的，就像乐高套装中最小的积木块。
Element A pure substance made from one type of atom only. For example, oxygen gas is an element because it contains only oxygen atoms. There are over 100 known elements listed on the periodic table.
元素 仅由一种原子组成的纯净物质。 例如，氧气是一种元素，因为它只含有氧原子。 元素周期表上列出了 100 多种已知元素。
Compound A substance formed when two or more different elements are chemically bonded together. Water (H₂O) is a compound made of hydrogen and oxygen atoms joined together.
化合物 由两种或多种不同元素通过化学键结合形成的物质。 水 (H₂O) 是由氢原子和氧原子结合而成的化合物。
Molecule A group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds. A molecule can be made of the same element (like O₂) or different elements (like CO₂).
分子 由两个或多个原子通过化学键结合在一起的基团。 分子可由同种元素（如 O₂）或不同元素（如 CO₂）构成。
Chemical symbol A shorthand way of writing the name of an element, using one or two letters. For example, ‘C’ for carbon and ‘Na’ for sodium. Symbols are used in formulas and equations.
化学符号 用一至两个字母书写元素名称的速记方式。 例如，“C”表示碳，“Na”表示钠。 符号用于化学式和方程式中。
Periodic table A chart where all known elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, grouped by similar properties. It is the chemist’s map of the building blocks of matter.
元素周期表 将所有已知元素按照原子序数递增排列并依据相似性质分组的图表。 它是化学家眼中物质构建块的地图。
3. Pure Substances and Mixtures | 纯净物与混合物
Pure substance A material that contains only one type of element or compound. Pure water (H₂O) is a substance, not a mixture, because all its particles are identical water molecules.
纯净物 只含有一种元素或一种化合物的材料。 纯水 (H₂O) 是一种物质而非混合物，因为它的所有粒子都是相同的水分子。
Mixture Two or more substances physically combined but not chemically bonded together. Air is a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen and other gases; each part keeps its own properties.
混合物 两种或多种物质物理组合在一起，但未发生化学结合。 空气是氮气、氧气和其他气体的混合物；各部分保持自身性质。
Solution A special type of mixture made when a solute dissolves completely in a solvent, forming a clear, single-phase liquid. Salt water is a solution of sodium chloride dissolved in water.
溶液 当溶质完全溶解在溶剂中形成透明单一相液体时产生的一种特殊混合物。 盐水是氯化钠溶于水形成的溶液。
Solute The substance that is dissolved in a solution. In a cup of sweet tea, sugar is the solute that dissolves in the water.
溶质 在溶液中溶解的物质。 在一杯甜茶中，糖是溶解在水中的溶质。
Solvent The liquid that does the dissolving in a solution. Water is the most common solvent and is often called the ‘universal solvent’ because it can dissolve so many substances.
溶剂 溶液中负责溶解其他物质的液体。 水是最常见的溶剂，常被称为“万能溶剂”，因为能溶解极多物质。
Solubility The maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a fixed amount of solvent at a given temperature. Usually measured in grams per 100 g of solvent. Different substances have different solubilities.
溶解度 在一定温度下，一定量溶剂中最多能溶解的溶质的量。 常以每 100 克溶剂中的克数衡量。 不同物质的溶解度不同。
4. Separating Mixtures | 分离混合物
Filtration A technique to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid. The mixture is poured through filter paper; the solid stays on the paper (residue) while the liquid passes through (filtrate). Think of a tea strainer catching tea leaves.
过滤 将不溶性固体从液体中分离的技术。 混合物倒入滤纸；固体留在滤纸上（残渣），液体通过（滤液）。 想象茶滤网截留茶叶。
Distillation A method used to separate a solvent from a solution by heating. The solvent evaporates and then condenses to be collected as a pure liquid, leaving the solute behind. Simple distillation can obtain pure water from salt water.
蒸馏 通过加热将溶剂从溶液中分离的方法。 溶剂蒸发，然后冷凝成纯液体被收集，留下溶质。 简单蒸馏可从盐水中得到纯水。
Chromatography A technique for separating mixtures of coloured compounds, such as inks or food colourings. A spot of the mixture is placed on paper and a solvent travels up, carrying the different dyes at different speeds.
色谱法 分离混合物中着色化合物（如墨水或食用色素）的技术。 将混合物点样在纸上，溶剂上升时以不同速度携带不同染料，从而分离。
Evaporation to dryness Heating a solution until all the liquid solvent boils away, leaving a solid solute behind. This is used for salt production from seawater, though it does not preserve the solvent.
蒸发至干 加热溶液直到所有液体溶剂沸腾逸出，留下固体溶质。 用于从海水中制盐，但无法回收溶剂。
Magnetic separation A method using a magnet to remove magnetic materials (like iron filings) from a mixture. Simply run a magnet through the mixture and the iron pieces cling to it.
磁选法 使用磁铁从混合物中除去磁性材料（如铁屑）的方法。 只需将磁铁划过混合物，铁屑即被吸附。
5. Physical and Chemical Changes | 物理变化与化学变化
Physical change A change where no new substance is made. The material may look different, but its particles stay the same. Examples include melting ice, tearing paper and dissolving sugar in water.
物理变化 不产生新物质的变化。 材料可能看上去不同，但其粒子保持不变。 如冰融化、撕纸、糖溶于水。
Chemical change A change where one or more new substances are formed. Bonds between atoms are broken and made, creating materials with different properties. Baking a cake and rusting iron are chemical changes.
化学变化 生成一种或多种新物质的变化。 原子间的化学键被破坏并重新形成，产生性质不同的物质。 烤蛋糕和铁生锈是化学变化。
Reactant A substance that takes part in and is changed during a chemical reaction. Reactants are written on the left side of a word equation.
反应物 参与化学反应并被改变的物质。 反应物写在文字方程式的左侧。
Product A substance that is produced by a chemical reaction. Products are written on the right side of a word equation.
生成物 化学反应产生的物质。 生成物写在文字方程式的右侧。
Precipitate An insoluble solid formed when two solutions are mixed together. For example, mixing solutions of lead nitrate and potassium iodide produces a bright yellow precipitate.
沉淀 两种溶液混合时生成的不溶性固体。 例如，将硝酸铅溶液和碘化钾溶液混合会产生亮黄色沉淀。
Combustion A rapid chemical reaction between a fuel and oxygen that releases heat and light, commonly called burning. For combustion to happen, you need fuel, oxygen and a spark or heat.
燃烧 燃料与氧气之间快速发生的化学变化，释放热和光，常被称为着火。 燃烧发生需要燃料、氧气和火花或热量。
6. Acids, Alkalis and the pH Scale | 酸、碱与 pH 标度
Acid A substance that releases hydrogen ions (H⁺) in water. Acids taste sour, turn blue litmus paper red and have a pH less than 7. Lemon juice and vinegar are common acids.
酸 在水中释放氢离子 (H⁺) 的物质。 酸有酸味，使蓝色石蕊试纸变红，pH 值小于 7。 柠檬汁和醋是常见的酸。
Alkali A soluble base that releases hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in water. Alkalis feel soapy, turn red litmus paper blue and have a pH greater than 7. Sodium hydroxide solution is a strong alkali.
碱 在水中释放氢氧根离子 (OH⁻) 的可溶性碱。 碱有滑腻感，使红色石蕊试纸变蓝，pH 值大于 7。 氢氧化钠溶液是强碱。
Neutralisation The reaction between an acid and an alkali that produces a salt and water only. The equation can be summarised as:
中和反应 酸与碱反应生成盐和
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