📚 Year 7 SQA Engineering: Core Knowledge Essentials | 七年级 SQA 工程：核心知识点梳理
Engineering combines science and creativity to design, build and improve the world around us. This guide outlines the core topics you will explore in Year 7 SQA Engineering, from the design process and materials to electronics and sustainable solutions. Each concept is explained clearly to build a strong foundation for your studies.
工程融合了科学与创意，旨在设计、建造和改善我们周围的世界。本指南概述了你在七年级 SQA 工程中将要学习的核心主题，涵盖设计流程、材料、电子技术以及可持续解决方案。每个概念都清晰阐述，为你的学习打下坚实基础。
1. The Engineering Design Process | 工程设计流程
Engineers use a structured cycle to tackle challenges. The first step, ‘Ask’, involves defining the problem and understanding user needs.
工程师采用结构化的循环来应对挑战。第一步“提问”涉及界定问题并理解用户需求。
‘Imagine’ encourages free thinking to generate many possible ideas without filtering them.
“想象”鼓励自由思考，产生许多可能的想法而不加筛选。
During ‘Plan’, the best concepts are selected and turned into detailed drawings with measurements.
在“计划”阶段，选择最佳概念并将其转化为带有尺寸的详细图纸。
The ‘Create’ phase brings the plan to life by building a working prototype or model.
“创造”阶段通过制作可运作的原型或模型将计划变为现实。
Finally, ‘Improve’ means testing the prototype, collecting feedback and making changes to enhance performance.
最后，“改进”意味着测试原型、收集反馈并做出修改以提升性能。
2. Technical Drawing and Sketching | 技术绘图与草图
Clear visual communication is vital in engineering. Orthographic projection shows an object from the front, top and side using 2D views.
清晰的视觉交流在工程中至关重要。正交投影使用二维视图从正面、顶部和侧面展示物体。
Isometric drawing represents a 3D object on 2D paper with lines at 30-degree angles, giving a realistic picture.
等距绘图用30度角的线条在二维纸上表现三维物体，呈现出逼真的图像。
Adding dimensions and labels ensures anyone can understand the size and shape of a design.
添加尺寸标注和标签可确保任何人都能理解设计的尺寸和形状。
3. Materials and Their Properties | 材料及其性质
Selecting the right material depends on properties such as strength, hardness, flexibility and conductivity. Steel is strong and hard but heavy.
选择合适的材料取决于强度、硬度、柔韧性和导电性等性质。钢材强度高且坚硬，但重量大。
Aluminium is lighter and resists corrosion, making it ideal for aircraft parts and drink cans.
铝材更轻且耐腐蚀，非常适合用于飞机部件和饮料罐。
Plastics can be moulded into complex shapes and are often used for casings, but many are not biodegradable.
塑料可模塑成复杂形状，常用于外壳，但很多不可生物降解。
Wood is renewable, easy to work with and provides good insulation, yet it can rot if not treated.
木材可再生、易于加工且隔热良好，但未经处理会腐烂。
Composite materials like carbon fibre combine properties of two or more materials for high performance.
碳纤维等复合材料结合了两种或多种材料的特性，以获得高性能。
4. Simple Machines: Levers and Pulleys | 简单机械：杠杆与滑轮
A lever is a rigid bar that pivots around a fixed point called the fulcrum. The effort is the force applied, and the load is the object moved.
杠杆是一根绕固定点（支点）转动的刚性杆。施力是所施加的力，负载是被移动的物体。
There are three classes of levers. A Class 1 lever has the fulcrum between effort and load, like a seesaw.
杠杆分为三类。第一类杠杆的支点在施力和负载之间，例如跷跷板。
Mechanical advantage (MA) tells us how much a machine multiplies force. The formula is:
机械效益（MA）表明机械放大了多少力。计算公式为：
MA = Load ÷ Effort
If MA > 1, less effort is needed but the effort must move a greater distance.
若 MA > 1，则所需施力较小，但施力必须移动更远的距离。
Pulleys use a rope and wheel to change the direction of a force or increase mechanical advantage.
滑轮利用绳子和轮子改变力的方向或提高机械效益。
5. Forces and Motion Basics | 力与运动基础
A force is a push or pull that can change an object’s speed, direction or shape. It is measured in newtons (N).
力是能改变物体速度、方向或形状的推或拉，以牛顿（N）为单位。
When forces are balanced, an object stays at rest or moves at constant speed. Unbalanced forces cause acceleration.
当力平衡时，物体保持静止或匀速运动。不平衡的力会产生加速度。
Speed is the distance travelled per unit of time:
速度是单位时间内移动的距离：
Speed = Distance ÷ Time
Friction is a force that opposes motion, creating heat and wearing surfaces down.
摩擦力是阻碍运动的力，会产生热量并磨损表面。
Gravity pulls objects towards the Earth’s centre with an acceleration of approximately 9.8 m/s².
重力将物体拉向地心，加速度约为 9.8 米/秒²。
6. Electronic Components and Circuits | 电子元件与电路
A basic circuit needs a power source (like a battery), a load (such as an LED or motor) and conductive wires to form a complete loop.
基本电路需要电源（如电池）、负载（如 LED 灯或电机）和导线，以形成完整的回路。
Resistors limit the flow of current to protect components. The value is shown by coloured bands.
电阻器限制电流以保护元件，其阻值由色环表示。
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) convert electricity directly into light and only allow current in one direction.
发光二极管（LED）直接将电能转化为光，且只允许单向电流通过。
In a series circuit, components are connected end to end; if one part breaks, the whole circuit stops.
在串联电路中，元件首尾相连；若一个部件断开，整个电路停止工作。
A parallel circuit provides separate branches; if one branch fails, the others continue to function.
并联电路提供独立的分支；若某条支路故障，其余支路仍可正常工作。
7. Programming and Control Systems | 编程与控制系统
Microcontrollers like the BBC micro:bit or Arduino let engineers program physical devices. Flowcharts help plan the logic before coding.
像 BBC micro:bit 或 Arduino 这样的微控制器让工程师为物理设备编程。流程图有助于在编程前规划逻辑。
A sequence executes instructions in order one after another – the most basic control structure.
顺序结构按先后顺序执行指令——这是最基本的控制结构。
Selection uses ‘if…else’ statements to make decisions. For example, ‘if temperature > 30 °C, turn on fan; else, keep fan off.’
选择结构使用“if…else”语句进行决策。例如，“若温度 > 30 °C，则打开风扇；否则保持风扇关闭。”
A loop repeats a block of code while a condition is true, such as blinking an LED 10 times.
循环在条件为真时重复一段代码，例如让 LED 闪烁 10 次。
Sensors provide input data (light, temperature, motion), and actuators (motors, buzzers, LEDs) create output actions.
传感器提供输入数据（光线、温度、运动），而执行器（马达、蜂鸣器、LED）产生输出动作。
8. Structures and Stability | 结构与稳定性
Structures must withstand forces without collapsing. Common structural elements include beams, columns and trusses.
结构必须能承受外力而不倒塌。常见的结构元素包括梁、柱和桁架。
Triangles are widely used in truss bridges because they distribute forces evenly and do not deform easily.
三角形广泛用于桁架桥梁，因为它们均匀分布力且不易变形。
The centre of gravity is the point where the weight of an object acts. A low centre of gravity increases stability.
重心是物体重量作用的点。低重心能增加稳定性。
Cantilevers are beams supported at only one end; a diving board is a familiar example.
悬臂是仅一端支撑的梁；跳水板就是一个常见的例子。
Engineers calculate dead loads (weight of the structure) and live loads (people, furniture, wind) for safety.
工程师计算恒载（结构自重）和活载（人员、家具、风力）以确保安全。
9. Sustainable Engineering | 可持续工程
Sustainability means meeting our needs without harming future generations. Engineers aim to reduce waste, energy use and pollution.
可持续性意味着在不损害后代的前提下满足我们的需求。工程师致力于减少浪费、能耗和污染。
Using recycled materials like aluminium and plastics lowers the energy needed compared to producing new materials.
使用铝和塑料等回收材料比生产新材料所需能源更低。
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