Year 7 SQA Physics: Core Knowledge Organiser | 核心知识点梳理

📚 Year 7 SQA Physics: Core Knowledge Organiser | 核心知识点梳理

Year 7 SQA Physics introduces you to the fundamental principles that explain how the universe works, from the forces that shape motion to the energy that powers our world. This core knowledge organiser summarises the key concepts you will explore: scientific enquiry, measurements, forces, speed, energy, electricity, magnetism, waves, and the solar system. Mastering these ideas will build a strong foundation for future studies and help you understand everyday phenomena.

七年级 SQA 物理课程带你了解解释宇宙运行的基本原理，从塑造运动的力到驱动世界的能量。这份核心知识点梳理总结了你将探索的关键概念：科学探究、测量、力、速度、能量、电学、磁学、波以及太阳系。掌握这些概念将为未来的学习打下坚实基础，并帮助你理解日常现象。

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1. Introduction to Scientific Enquiry | 科学探究入门

Physics is the study of matter, energy, and the forces that govern the universe. In Year 7, we learn to ask scientific questions and design fair tests. An experiment often involves changing one variable (the independent variable), measuring another (the dependent variable), and keeping all others the same (control variables). Safety is paramount; always follow instructions and wear protective gear.

物理学是研究物质、能量和支配宇宙的力的学科。在七年级，我们学习提出科学问题并设计公平实验。实验通常涉及改变一个变量（自变量）、测量另一个变量（因变量）并保持其他所有变量不变（控制变量）。安全至关重要；务必遵循指导并穿戴防护装备。

Recording data accurately and presenting it in tables and graphs helps us identify patterns and draw conclusions. Repeated readings increase reliability and reduce random errors.

准确记录数据，并用表格和图表呈现出来，有助于我们发现规律并得出结论。重复读数可提高可靠性并减少随机误差。

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2. Measurement and Units | 测量与单位

All physical quantities have units. The International System of Units (SI) is used worldwide. Length is measured in metres (m), mass in kilograms (kg), time in seconds (s), and temperature in degrees Celsius (°C). Using appropriate instruments such as rulers, stopwatches, and thermometers ensures accuracy.

所有物理量都有单位。国际单位制 (SI) 是全球通用的。长度以米 (m) 为单位，质量以千克 (kg) 为单位，时间以秒 (s) 为单位，温度以摄氏度 (°C) 为单位。使用合适的仪器，如直尺、秒表和温度计，能确保准确性。

When measuring, we must consider precision and take repeat readings to minimise errors. A micrometer can measure small lengths more precisely than a ruler, while a digital stopwatch gives more exact timings than a ticker-tape timer.

测量时，我们必须考虑精确度并进行重复读数，以减少误差。千分尺比直尺能更精确地测量微小长度，而数字秒表比纸带打点计时器能给出更精确的时间。

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3. Forces and Their Effects | 力及其作用

A force is a push or a pull that can change an object’s speed, direction, or shape. Forces are measured in newtons (N). Common forces include gravity, friction, air resistance, magnetic force, and tension. Forces can be contact (e.g., friction) or non-contact (e.g., gravity).

力是推或拉，能改变物体的速度、方向或形状。力的单位是牛顿 (N)。常见的力包括重力、摩擦力、空气阻力、磁力和张力。力可分为接触力（如摩擦力）和非接触力（如重力）。

Gravity attracts objects towards the centre of the Earth. The weight of an object is the force of gravity acting on its mass. Weight can be calculated using:

重力将物体吸引向地球中心。物体的重量是重力作用在其质量上的力。重量可通过以下公式计算：

weight = mass × gravitational field strength

On Earth, the gravitational field strength (g) is approximately 10 N/kg. So a 50 kg object has a weight of 50 kg × 10 N/kg = 500 N. Mass remains constant, but weight changes if g varies.

在地球上，重力场强度 (g) 约为 10 N/kg。因此，一个 50 kg 的物体重量为 50 kg × 10 N/kg = 500 N。质量保持不变，但重量会随 g 变化而改变。

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4. Speed and Motion | 速度与运动

Speed is a measure of how fast an object moves, defined as the distance travelled per unit time. The average speed is found using:

速度是衡量物体运动快慢的量，定义为单位时间内移动的距离。平均速度通过以下公式得出：

speed = distance ÷ time

Common units are metres per second (m/s) or kilometres per hour (km/h). If a cyclist travels 150 metres in 30 seconds, her speed is 150 m ÷ 30 s = 5 m/s.

常见单位是米每秒 (m/s) 或千米每小时 (km/h)。如果一位自行车手 30 秒内骑行 150 米，其速度为 150 m ÷ 30 s = 5 m/s。

A distance–time graph helps visualise motion. A straight diagonal line represents constant speed, a horizontal line means the object is stationary, and a steeper line indicates a faster speed. Curved lines show acceleration or deceleration.

距离–时间图像有助于可视化运动。一条倾斜直线表示匀速运动，水平线表示物体静止，更陡的线表示速度更快。曲线表示加速或减速。

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5. Energy Forms and Transfers | 能量形式与转移

Energy exists in many forms: kinetic (movement), gravitational potential, elastic potential, thermal (heat), light, sound, and electrical energy. The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed from one form to another.

能量以多种形式存在：动能（运动）、重力势能、弹性势能、热能（热）、光能、声能和电能。能量守恒定律指出，能量不能被创造或消灭，只能从一种形式转移或转化为另一种形式。

Energy transfer diagrams, such as Sankey diagrams, show how input energy is divided into useful output energy and wasted energy. Wasted energy is often dissipated as heat to the surroundings. For example, a light bulb converts electrical energy mainly to light and heat, where heat is the wasted energy.

能量转移图，如桑基图，显示输入能量是如何分为有用输出能量和浪费能量的。浪费的能量通常以热量形式耗散到周围环境中。例如，一个灯泡将电能主要转化为光能和热能，其中热能是浪费的能量。

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6. Energy Resources and Sustainability | 能源与可持续发展

Energy resources are classified as non-renewable or renewable. Non-renewable resources include fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) and nuclear fuel. They are finite and burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide, contributing to climate change. Renewable resources include solar, wind, hydroelectric, tidal, geothermal, and biomass. They are sustainable and generally produce less pollution.

能源可分为不可再生和可再生。不可再生资源包括化石燃料（煤、石油、天然气）和核燃料。它们是有限的，而且燃烧化石燃料会释放二氧化碳，加剧气候变化。可再生资源包括太阳能、风能、水力发电、潮汐能、地热能和生物质能。它们是可持续的，通常产生更少的污染。

Using renewable energy reduces greenhouse gas emissions and helps protect the environment. Many countries are increasing the share of renewables in their energy mix to ensure a sustainable future.

使用可再生能源可减少温室气体排放，有助于保护环境。许多国家正在提高可再生能源在其能源结构中的比例，以确保可持续发展的未来。

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7. Electric Circuits | 电路

An electric circuit is a closed loop through which electric charge can flow. Circuit diagrams use standard symbols for components such as cells, batteries, bulbs, switches, and resistors. Understanding these symbols is essential for building and interpreting circuits.

电路是电荷可以流动的闭合回路。电路图使用标准符号来表示元件，如电源、电池

Published by TutorHao | Year 7 Physics Revision Series | aleveler.com

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