Year 7 SQA Physics: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 7 SQA 物理：词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 7 SQA Physics: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 7 SQA 物理：词汇术语速记指南

Getting comfortable with the language of physics makes everything else feel easier in the lab and in exams. This guide walks you through the key terms you will meet in SQA Year 7 physics, pairing each one with a simple definition and a memory trick. By linking new words to images, everyday actions, or short phrases, you can lock in the vocabulary quickly and keep it ready for problem-solving.

熟悉物理语言能让你在实验室和考试中感到轻松许多。本指南带你学习SQA七年级物理中的核心术语，每个术语都配有简单定义和记忆技巧。把新词汇与图像、日常动作或简短短语联系起来，你就能快速记住这些词汇，并在解决问题时随时调用。

1. Forces and Interactions | 力与相互作用

A force is simply a push or a pull. Forces can make objects start moving, stop, speed up, slow down or change shape. Some forces need contact, while others can act at a distance.

力只是推或拉。力可以使物体开始运动、停止、加速、减速或改变形状。有些力需要接触，而另一些可以远距离作用。

Force – a push or pull measured in newtons (N).

力 – 以牛顿（N）为单位测量的推或拉。

Memory hook: picture yourself pushing a shopping trolley – the harder you push, the greater the force.

记忆挂钩：想象你推购物车——推得越用力，力越大。

Contact force – a force that acts only when two objects are touching, such as friction or tension.

接触力 – 只有在两个物体接触时才起作用的力，如摩擦力或拉力。

Think ‘contact = touching’. Rub your hands together to feel friction – that’s a contact force.

记住“接触”就是触碰。搓一搓双手感受摩擦——那就是接触力。

Non-contact force – a force that acts without touch, like gravity, magnetic force and electrostatic force.

非接触力 – 无需触碰就能作用的力，如引力、磁力和静电引力。

Picture a magnet pulling a paperclip without touching it – the force reaches across empty space.

想象磁铁不接触回形针就把它拉过来——这种力跨越空间。

Gravity – the force of attraction between any two objects with mass. On Earth it pulls everything towards the centre of the planet.

引力 – 任何两个有质量的物体之间的吸引力。在地球上，它把所有物体拉向地心。

Quick recall: ‘Gravity grips the ground.’ It gives objects weight.

快速回忆：“引力抓住大地。”它给了物体重量。

Friction – a force that opposes motion between two surfaces sliding past each other.

摩擦力 – 阻碍两个相对滑动表面运动的力。

Rubbing your hands together warms them because friction converts movement into heat. Think ‘friction fights motion’.

搓手会变暖，因为摩擦力把运动变成了热。记住“摩擦力对抗运动”。

Air resistance (drag) – a type of friction caused by air particles pushing against a moving object.

空气阻力（阻力） – 由空气粒子推挤运动物体产生的一种摩擦。

When you cycle fast, you feel the wind pushing back – that’s air resistance.

当你骑自行车很快时，会感到风向后推——那就是空气阻力。

Balanced forces – equal forces acting in opposite directions on an object, causing no change in its motion.

平衡力 – 作用在物体上方向相反、大小相等的力，不改变物体的运动状态。

Imagine a tug-of-war where neither team moves – the forces are balanced.

想象拔河比赛双方都不动——力是平衡的。

Unbalanced forces – when forces on an object are not equal, resulting in a change of speed or direction.

非平衡力 – 物体上的力不相等，导致速度或方向改变。

If one team pulls harder, the rope moves – unbalanced forces win.

如果一方用力更大，绳子就会移动——非平衡力占上风。

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2. Motion and Speed | 运动与速度

Motion describes a change in an object’s position. In Year 7, you work with speed, distance and time, often using simple graphs to show journeys.

运动描述物体位置的变化。在七年级，你要学习速度、距离和时间，并常用简单图表来展示行程。

Speed – how fast an object is moving; the distance travelled in a certain time. Average speed is calculated by dividing total distance by total time.

速度 – 物体移动的快慢；一定时间内经过的距离。平均速度用总距离除以总时间来计算。

The formula is: speed = distance ÷ time. Think of the three letters s, d, t – ‘silly dogs trot’ can help you recall speed = distance/time.

公式是：速度 = 距离 ÷ 时间。用三个字母s,d,t——“silly dogs trot”可以帮你记住速度=距离/时间。

Distance–time graph – a graph with time on the horizontal axis and distance on the vertical axis. The slope (gradient) tells you the speed.

距离—时间图 – 横轴为时间、纵轴为距离的图。斜率（坡度）表示速度。

If the line is horizontal, the object is stationary. A steeper line means faster speed. Remember: ‘steep slope = speedy’.

如果线是水平的，物体静止。线越陡，速度越快。记住：“陡坡=快速”。

Stationary – not moving; the distance stays the same over time.

静止 – 不动的；距离随时间保持不变。

Think of a parked car – the distance graph is flat.

想想停着的车——距离图是平的。

Constant speed – moving at a steady rate without speeding up or slowing down. On a distance–time graph, it shows a straight sloping line.

匀速 – 以稳定的速率运动，不加速也不减速。在距离—时间图上显示为一条倾斜直线。

Like cruise control on a motorway, covering the same metres each second.

就像高速公路上的定速巡航，每秒走相同的米数。

Acceleration – any change in speed over time. Even slowing down (deceleration) is a type of acceleration.

加速度 – 速度随时间发生任何变化。即使减速也是一种加速度。

When a bus pulls away from a stop, it accelerates; when it brakes, it accelerates negatively. Picture the speedometer needle moving.

公共汽车出站时加速；刹车时负加速。想象速度表指针在移动。

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3. Energy Stores and Transfers | 能量储存与转移

Energy is the ability to do work. It comes in different stored forms and can be shifted or changed, but it is never created or destroyed—that’s the principle of conservation of energy.

能量是做功的能力。它有多种储存形式，可以被转移或转化，但永远不会被创造或毁灭——这是能量守恒原理。

Energy – measured in joules (J), it makes things happen: moving, heating, lighting.

能量 – 以焦耳（J）为单位，它使事情发生：移动、加热、照明。

Think of a fully charged phone – it stores energy ready to be used.

想一想充满电的手机——它储存着待用的能量。

Kinetic energy – the energy an object has because of its motion. Anything moving, from a rolling ball to a flying bird, stores kinetic energy.

动能 – 物体因运动而具有的能量。任何运动的东西，从滚动的球到飞行的鸟，都储存着动能。

Memory tip: ‘Kinetic = kicks’ – if it’s kicking along, it’s got kinetic energy.

记忆提示：“kinetic 像 kicks”——若在运动中，就有动能。

Gravitational potential energy – energy stored in an object because of its height above the ground. The higher up, the greater this store.

重力势能 – 因离地高度而储存在物体中的能量。位置越高，这种储存越多。

Picture a rock at the top of a cliff. It has lots of gravitational potential energy ready to fall.

想象崖顶的岩石，它有大量重力势能，随时会落下。

Thermal (internal) energy – the energy a substance has because of the movement and vibration of its particles. Hot drinks have more thermal energy than cold ones.

热能（内能） – 因粒子运动和振动而具有的能量。热饮比冷饮有更多热能。

Touch a warm radiator – you feel the thermal energy transferring.

摸一下暖的暖气片——你感受到热能在传递。

Chemical energy – energy locked inside fuels, food and batteries. It is released during chemical reactions, such as burning or digestion.

化学能 – 储存在燃料、食物和电池内部的能量。在燃烧或消化等化学反应中释放。

Think of a cereal bar giving you energy to run – that’s chemical energy turning into kinetic.

想想谷物棒给你跑步提供能量——那就是化学能转化为动能。

Energy transfer diagram – a simple flow chart showing how energy moves from one store to another, often using arrows and boxes.

能量转移图 – 表示能量如何从一个储存库向另一个转移的简单流程图，常用箭头和方框。

e.g. chemical energy in a torch battery → electrical energy → light energy + thermal energy.

例如：手电筒电池中的化学能 → 电能 → 光能 + 热能。

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4. Heat and Thermal Processes | 热与热传递

Heat is the transfer of thermal energy from a hotter object to a cooler one. Temperature measures how hot something is, not how much energy it contains. Understanding conduction, convection and radiation helps you explain everyday warming and cooling.

热是热能从一个较热物体向较冷物体的转移。温度衡量物体有多热，而不是含有多少能量。理解传导、对流和辐射能帮助你解释日常的加热和冷却现象。

Temperature – a measure of how hot or cold something is, usually in degrees Celsius (°C). A thermometer is used to measure it.

温度 – 衡量物体冷热的量度，通常以摄氏度（℃）为单位。用温度计测量。

Truth: a bath and a cup of tea can both be 60 °C, but the bath holds more thermal energy because it has more water.

实际上：浴缸里的水和一杯茶都可以是60 ℃，但浴缸的热能更多，因为水更多。

Conduction – the transfer of thermal energy through a solid, mainly by vibrating particles passing energy along. Metals are good conductors.

传导 – 热量通过固体传递，主要依靠粒子振动将能量传递出去。金属是热的良导体。

Touch a metal spoon in hot soup – the handle quickly gets warm. Think ‘conduction in a conductor’.

摸摸热汤里的金属勺——勺柄很快就变热。记住“导体里的传导”。

Convection – the movement of thermal energy in liquids and gases, where warmer, less dense fluid rises and cooler, denser fluid sinks, creating a current.

对流 – 热在液体和气体中的移动方式：较热、密度较小的流体上升，较冷、密度较大的流体下沉，形成环流。

Look at soup bubbling – the hot liquid rises in the centre, cools at the surface then sinks. Convection stirs the pot.

观察汤的沸腾——中央的热液上升、表面冷却后下沉。对流搅动了锅。

Radiation – the transfer of energy by infrared waves that can travel through a vacuum. The Sun warms the Earth by radiation.

辐射 – 能量通过红外波传递，可以在真空中传播。太阳就是以辐射方式温暖地球。

You feel the warmth of a glowing fire without touching it – that’s radiation.

你不用触碰就能感受到炉火的热——那就是辐射。

Thermal conductor – a material that allows thermal energy to flow through it easily (e.g. copper). Insulators (e.g. wool, plastic) slow down energy transfer.

热导体 – 容易让热能通过的材料（如铜）。绝缘体（如羊毛、塑料）会减慢能量传递。

Remember: metal is a thermal conductor; a woolly jumper is a thermal insulator.

记住：金属是热导体；羊毛套衫是热绝缘体。

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5. Introduction to Electricity | 电学入门

Electric circuits transfer electrical energy from a source like a cell to components that can produce light, heat or motion. You’ll learn about current, voltage and the difference between series and parallel paths.

电路把电能从电池这样的电源传递到能产生光、热或运动的元件。你将学习电流、电压以及串联和并联路径之间的区别。

Current – the flow of electric charge around a circuit, measured in amperes (A). In metal wires, current is carried by moving electrons.

电流 – 电荷在电路中的流动，以安培（A）为单位。在金属导线中，电流由移动的电子携带。

Think of current as the number of cars passing a point on a road every second – the more electrons per second, the bigger the current.

把电流想象成每秒经过道路某点的汽车数量——每秒通过的电子越多，电流越大。

Voltage (potential difference) – the

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