📚 Year 7 SQA Physics: Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | Year 7 SQA 物理：词汇术语速记指南
Physics can feel like learning a new language. Mastering the key vocabulary is the first step to understanding concepts and solving problems. This guide will help Year 7 students following the SQA curriculum to quickly memorise important physics terms with memory tricks and connections to Chinese terminology.
物理有时就像学一门新语言。掌握关键词汇是理解概念和解题的第一步。本指南将帮助遵循SQA课程的Year 7学生快速记忆重要物理术语，并借助记忆技巧和中文术语的联系。
1. Why Physics Vocabulary Matters | 为什么物理词汇很重要
Many scientific words have precise meanings that are different from everyday English. For example, ‘work’ in physics means energy transferred by a force, not just a job. Learning these definitions prevents confusion and helps you answer exam questions accurately.
许多科学词汇有着与日常英语不同的精确含义。比如，物理中’功’表示力传递的能量，而不仅仅是工作。学习这些定义可以避免混淆，并帮助你准确回答考题。
When you learn a term in physics, try to link it to its Chinese equivalent. This builds a strong memory bridge and makes the concept clearer. It also helps you remember that science is universal.
学习一个物理术语时，试着把它和中文对应词联系起来。这能搭建一座牢固的记忆桥梁，让概念更清晰。它也能帮你记住科学是相通的。
2. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
A force is a push or a pull acting on an object. Forces are measured in newtons (N). They can change the speed, direction or shape of an object.
力是作用在物体上的推或拉。力的单位是牛顿(N)。力可以改变物体的速度、方向或形状。
Mass is the amount of matter in an object, measured in kilograms (kg). It stays the same no matter where you are.
质量是物体所含物质的多少，单位是千克(kg)。无论你身在何处，质量都保持不变。
Weight is the force of gravity acting on a mass. It is measured in newtons (N) and changes depending on the gravitational field strength.
重量是引力作用在质量上的力。单位是牛顿(N)，会根据引力场强度变化。
Friction is a force that opposes motion between two surfaces in contact. It can be useful, like when you walk without slipping, or a problem, like in car engines.
摩擦力是阻碍两个接触表面相对运动的力。它可能有用，比如走路时不打滑；也可能成为麻烦，比如在汽车发动机中。
Gravity is a non-contact force that attracts objects with mass towards each other. On Earth it pulls everything downwards.
引力是一种非接触力，吸引有质量的物体互相靠近。在地球上它把一切向下拉。
The average speed of an object is found using the formula:
物体的平均速率用以下公式计算：
speed = distance ÷ time
速率 = 距离 ÷ 时间
3. Energy Stores and Transfers | 能量储存与转化
Energy is the ability to do work. It is measured in joules (J). Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or stored.
能量是做功的能力，单位是焦耳(J)。能量不能被创造或消灭，只能被转化或储存。
Kinetic energy is the energy of movement. Any moving object has kinetic energy.
动能是运动的能量。任何运动的物体都有动能。
Gravitational potential energy is energy stored in an object because of its height above the ground. The higher and heavier the object, the more energy it stores.
重力势能是由于物体离地高度而储存的能量。物体越高、越重，储存的能量就越多。
Elastic potential energy is stored in stretched or squashed objects, like a drawn bow or a compressed spring.
弹性势能储存在被拉伸或压缩的物体中，比如拉开的弓或被压缩的弹簧。
Thermal energy is the energy a substance has because of its temperature. Heat always transfers from hotter to cooler regions.
热能是物质因温度而具有的能量。热量总是从高温区向低温区传递。
Energy can be transferred by heating, by waves (light, sound), by an electric current, or by a force doing work.
能量可以通过加热、波(光、声)、电流或力做功来传递。
4. Thermal Physics | 热物理
Temperature tells us how hot or cold something is. It is measured in degrees Celsius (°C) using a thermometer.
温度告诉我们物体的冷热程度，用温度计以摄氏度(°C)为单位测量。
Heat is the transfer of thermal energy from a hotter object to a cooler one. It is not the same as temperature.
热量是从较热物体向较冷物体传递的热能。热量与温度不是一回事。
Conduction is the transfer of heat through a solid by direct contact of particles. Metals are good conductors.
传导是通过固体中粒子直接接触而传递热量。金属是良好的导热体。
Convection happens in liquids and gases. Hot fluid rises, cool fluid sinks, creating a convection current.
对流发生在液体和气体中。热流体上升，冷流体下降，形成对流循环。
Radiation transfers heat by infrared waves and does not need particles. The Sun warms the Earth by radiation through empty space.
辐射通过红外波传递热量，不需要介质。太阳通过真空的辐射温暖地球。
An insulator is a material that slows down heat transfer, like wool or polystyrene.
绝热体是一种减缓热量传递的材料，比如羊毛或聚苯乙烯。
5. Electricity Essentials | 电学基础
An electric current is a flow of electric charge, usually carried by electrons in a wire. Current is measured in amperes (A).
电流是电荷的流动，通常由导线中的电子携带。电流的单位是安培(A)。
Voltage (potential difference) is the push that drives the current around a circuit. It is measured in volts (V).
电压(电势差)是驱动电流在电路中流动的推动力，单位是伏特(V)。
A simple series circuit has only one loop. If you break the loop anywhere, all components stop working.
一个简单的串联电路只有一条回路。在任何地方断开回路，所有元件都会停止工作。
A parallel circuit has more than one branch. Each branch gets the full voltage, so if one lamp goes out, the others stay on.
并联电路有多条支路。每条支路都得到完整的电压，因此一盏灯熄灭，其他灯仍亮。
Conductors allow current to flow easily (e.g. copper). Insulators do not (e.g. plastic).
导体允许电流容易通过(如铜)。绝缘体则不让电流通过(如塑料)。
A cell provides electrical energy. A battery is two or more cells connected together.
电池(单节)提供电能。电池组是两个或多个电池连接在一起。
6. The Particle Model of Matter | 物质的粒子模型
All matter is made of tiny particles (atoms or molecules). The way these particles are arranged and move explains different states of matter.
所有物质都由微小的粒子(原子或分子)组成。这些粒子的排列和运动方式解释了不同的物质状态。
In a solid, particles are tightly packed in a fixed pattern and can only vibrate. Solids have a fixed shape and volume.
在固体中，粒子紧密排列成固定模式，只能振动。固体有固定的形状和体积。
In a liquid, particles are close but can slide past each other. Liquids have a fixed volume but take the shape of their container.
在液体中，粒子彼此靠近但能滑过对方。液体有固定体积，但形状随容器改变。
In a gas, particles are far apart and move quickly in all directions. Gases have no fixed shape or volume.
在气体中，粒子相距很远，向各个方向快速运动。气体没有固定形状或体积。
Melting is the change from solid to liquid; freezing is liquid to solid. Boiling and evaporation are changes from liquid to gas; condensation is gas to liquid.
熔化是从固体变成液体；凝固是从液体变成固体。沸腾和蒸发是从液体变成气体；冷凝是从气体变成液体。
7. Waves: Sound and Light | 波：声与光
A wave transfers energy without transferring matter. Sound and light are both waves, but they move in different ways.
波传递能量而不传递物质。声和光都是波，但它们传播的方式不同。
A sound wave is caused by vibrations and travels through a medium (solid, liquid or gas). It cannot travel through a vacuum.
声波由振动引起，通过介质(固体、液体或气体)传播。它不能在真空中传播。
The pitch of a sound depends on the frequency: high frequency gives a high pitch. Volume depends on the amplitude: bigger amplitude means louder sound.
声音的音调取决于频率：频率高则音调高。音量取决于振幅：振幅越大声音越响。
Light travels in straight lines and can travel through a vacuum. We see objects because light reflects off them into our eyes.
光沿直线传播，可以在真空中传播。我们看见物体是因为光从物体反射进入我们的眼睛。
Reflection happens when light bounces off a surface. Refraction is the bending of light when it passes from one transparent material to another, like air to glass.
反射发生时，光从表面弹回。折射是光从一种透明材料进入另一种透明材料时发生的弯曲，比如从空气到玻璃。
White light can be split into a spectrum of colours: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet.
白光可以分解成一个光谱：红、橙、黄、绿、蓝、靛、紫。
8. Space Physics | 太空物理
Our Solar System consists of the Sun, eight planets, their moons, and smaller objects like asteroids and comets.
我们的太阳系由太阳、八大行星、它们的卫星，以及小行星和彗星等较小天体组成。
A planet is a large object that orbits a star. Earth is the third planet from the Sun.
行星是环绕恒星运行的大型天体。地球是从太阳往外数的第三颗行星。
A moon is a natural satellite that orbits a planet. The Earth has one moon; Jupiter has over 70.
卫星是环绕行星运转的天然天体。地球有一颗卫星；木星有70多颗。
Gravity keeps planets in orbit around the Sun. The stronger the gravitational pull, the faster a planet moves and the closer its orbit.
引力使行星绕太阳运行。引力越强，行星运动越快，轨道越靠近。
A galaxy is a huge collection of stars, gas and dust held together by gravity. Our galaxy is called the Milky Way.
星系是由引力维系在一起的巨大恒星、气体和尘埃集合体。我们的星系叫银河系。
9. Scientific Enquiry Terms | 科学探究术语
A hypothesis is a testable idea or prediction about what might happen in an experiment. It often starts with ‘If… then…’.
假设是关于实验中可能发生情况的可检验想法或预测。通常以’如果……那么……’开头。
The independent variable is the one you change on purpose. The dependent variable is what you measure. Control variables must be kept the same to make a fair test.
自变量是你有意改变的变量。因变量是你测量的变量。控制变量必须保持不变，以确保实验公平。
Observations are what you notice using your senses or measuring instruments. They can be qualitative (descriptive) or quantitative (numbers).
观察是用感官或测量仪器注意到的信息，可以是定性的(描述性)或定量的(数值)。
A conclusion sums up the results and says whether the hypothesis was supported or not. It should refer back to the data.
结论总结结果，并说明假设是否得到支持。结论应回顾数据。
10. Word Roots and Memory Hacks | 词根与记忆妙招
Many physics terms are built from Greek or Latin word parts. Knowing these roots helps you guess meanings and remember spellings.
许多物理术语由希腊语或拉丁语词根构成。了解这些词根可以帮助你猜测词义并记住拼写。
‘Therm-‘ means heat: thermal energy, thermometer, thermos flask. ‘Photo-‘ means light: photon, photovoltaic, photograph.
‘Therm-‘ 意为热：热能、温度计、保温瓶。’Photo-‘ 意为光：光子、光伏的、照片。
‘Kilo-‘ means thousand (kg = 1000 g); ‘milli-‘ means thousandth (mm = 0.001 m); ‘centi-‘ means hundredth (cm = 0.01 m).
‘Kilo-‘ 表示千 (kg=1000 g)；’milli-‘ 表示千分之一 (mm=0.001 m)；’centi-‘ 表示百分之一 (cm=0.01 m)。
Use flashcards with the English term on one side and the Chinese translation plus definition on the other. Test yourself both ways.
使用闪卡，一面写英文术语，另一面写中文翻译及定义。双向测试自己。
Create a mind map linking words from the same topic, e.g. draw ‘Energy’ in the centre and branch out to kinetic, potential, thermal, etc.
制作思维导图，将同一主题的词语联系起来，比如中心写’能量’，然后分出动能、势能、热能等等。
11. Quick Self-Quiz | 快速自测
Cover the right side and try to recall the English term from its Chinese definition. Then swap.
遮住右侧，尝试根据中文定义回想起英文术语。然后交换测试。
- 推或拉 (push or pull) → force
- 运动的能量 → kinetic energy
- 阻碍运动的力 → friction
- 液体变气体的过程 (两个词) → boiling / evaporation
- 光线的弯曲 → refraction
- 电路中推动电荷的’压力’ → voltage
- 你做实验时有意识改变的变量 → independent variable
Write three sentences using at least two physics terms each, e.g. ‘Gravity gives weight to objects on Earth, and friction stops them sliding.’
写三个句子，每个句子至少使用两个物理术语，例如：’引力赋予地球上物体重量，摩擦力阻止它们滑动。’
12. Final Tips and Review | 最后的复习建议
Don’t just memorise definitions in isolation. Use new vocabulary when you write up experiments or explain concepts to a partner.
不要孤立地记忆定义。在写实验报告或向同伴解释概念时，使用新词汇。
Keep a personal physics glossary. Add five new words each week, with the English, Chinese, a short definition and a small sketch.
保持一本个人物理词汇表。每周添加五个新词，包含英文、中文、简短定义和一个小草图。
Remember that many terms are connected. When you learn ‘conduction’, say it together with ‘particle’ and ‘vibrate’. Building these links strengthens memory.
记住许多术语是相互关联的。学习’传导’时，把它与’粒子’和’振动’连在一起说。建立这些链接能强化记忆。
Published by TutorHao | Physics Revision Series | aleveler.com
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