Year 7 WJEC Art: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | 七年级 WJEC 艺术：公式定理速查手册

📚 Year 7 WJEC Art: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | 七年级 WJEC 艺术：公式定理速查手册

Art may not look like a subject full of equations, but behind every balanced composition, harmonious colour scheme and believable drawing lies a set of reliable principles — what we might call the ‘formulas and theorems’ of visual language. This handbook brings together the essential rules, ratios and structures that every Year 7 WJEC Art student needs, from colour mixing equations to perspective geometry, to help you plan, create and reflect on your work with confidence.

艺术也许不像一门充满方程式的学科，但在每一幅平衡的构图、和谐的色彩搭配和逼真的画作背后，都有一套可靠的原理——我们可以称之为视觉语言的“公式与定理”。这本速查手册整理了每一位七年级 WJEC 艺术学生需要掌握的重要规则、比例和结构，从色彩混合等式到透视几何，帮助你有信心地规划、创作和反思自己的作品。

1. Primary Colour Formula | 三原色公式

Red + Yellow = Orange
The simplest colour mixing rule: combining two primary colours in roughly equal amounts produces a pure secondary colour. Use this formula when you need to mix vivid oranges without reaching for a pre‑mixed tube.

红 + 黄 = 橙
最基本的调色规则：将两种原色以大致相等的比例混合，就能得到纯净的间色。当你想调出鲜明的橙色而又不想用现成颜料时，就用这个公式。

Blue + Yellow = Green
This creates a wide range of greens; adding more yellow gives a lime green, while extra blue shifts it towards teal. Always start with the lighter colour and add the darker one gradually.

蓝 + 黄 = 绿
这个组合能调出多种绿色；加入更多黄会得到柠檬绿，增加蓝色则使色调偏向蓝绿。始终从浅色开始，再逐渐加入深色。

2. Secondary & Tertiary Colour Extensions | 间色与复色延伸公式

Secondary + Primary = Tertiary Colour
For instance, Orange + Red = Red‑Orange. This gives you six tertiary hues that fill the gaps on the colour wheel, adding subtlety to your palette. Remember to keep the mixture biased towards the primary or secondary depending on the hue you want.

间色 + 原色 = 复色
例如，橙 + 红 = 红橙。这样你就得到了六种填补色轮空缺的复色，为你的调色板增加细腻的层次。记得根据你想要的色相，让混合比例偏向原色或间色。

3. Tint, Shade and Tone Equations | 明度与纯度变换公式

Colour + White = Tint
Adding white lightens a colour and reduces its saturation, creating pastel versions. This is essential for highlights and soft backgrounds.

颜色 + 白 = 淡色
加入白色会提亮颜色并降低其饱和度，生成柔和的粉彩色。这是绘制高光和柔和背景不可或缺的方法。

Colour + Black = Shade
Black deepens the colour and can desaturate it. Use small amounts to avoid muddy results. A shade is darker than the original hue.

颜色 + 黑 = 暗色
黑色加深颜色并可能使其变灰。少量使用以避免画面脏浊。暗色比原色相更深。

Colour + Grey = Tone
Adding grey (black + white) simultaneously darkens and reduces the intensity of a colour, creating a more muted, sophisticated version.

颜色 + 灰 = 色调
加入灰色（黑+白）会使颜色同时变深和降低饱和度，产生更柔和、精致的色调。

4. Complementary Colour Theorem | 互补色定理

Colour directly opposite on the wheel = Maximum contrast
Red ↔ Green, Blue ↔ Orange, Yellow ↔ Purple. When placed side by side, complementary colours make each other appear brighter. In mixing, use a tiny amount of the complement to dull a colour without making it muddy — the ‘natural shadow’ trick.

色轮上正对的颜色 = 最大对比度
红 ↔ 绿，蓝 ↔ 橙，黄 ↔ 紫。当互补色并列时，会使彼此显得更鲜艳。在调色时，加入极少量的互补色可以在不使颜色变脏的前提下降低纯度——这被称为“自然阴影”技巧。

5. Rule of Thirds Composition Formula | 三分构图法则

Divide the picture plane into 9 equal rectangles; place focal points at intersections.
Imagine a 3 × 3 grid over your paper. Position key elements along the lines or at the four intersection points. This creates a more dynamic and balanced image than centring the subject.

将画面分成9等份；把焦点放在交叉点上。
在脑海中为你的画纸铺上3×3的网格。将主要元素放置在分割线上或四个交叉点上。与放在正中央相比，这样能营造出更有动感和平衡的画面。

6. Golden Ratio Approximation | 黄金比例近似公式

Φ ≈ 1.618; a/b = (a+b)/a
This proportion appears in nature and classical art. In practice, use a ratio of about 3:5 or 5:8 when arranging elements, or position the main subject slightly off‑centre following this proportion. Many sketchbooks can be divided by this ratio to find a ‘golden point’.

Φ ≈ 1.618；a/b = (a+b)/a
这一比例出现在自然界和古典艺术中。实际操作时，你可以用大约3:5或5:8的比例来安排画面元素，或者按照这个比例将主体稍微偏离中心放置。许多速写本都可以按此比例划分，找到“黄金点”。

7. One‑Point Perspective Grid Formula | 一点透视网格公式

All receding parallel lines converge at one vanishing point (VP) on the horizon line.
If you are drawing a road, railway or hallway, draw the horizon line at eye level, place VP in the centre, then radiate lines from VP to the edges. Vertical lines stay vertical; horizontal lines stay horizontal. Distance shortens with depth.

所有后退的平行线汇聚于地平线上一个消失点。
如果你在画道路、铁路或走廊，先在视平线上画出地平线，将消失点放在中心，然后从消失点向边缘放射线条。垂直线保持垂直；水平线保持水平。距离越远越缩短。

8. Two‑Point Perspective Corner Formula | 两点透视转角公式

Vertical edge closest to viewer; left faces converge to VP₁, right faces to VP₂.
When drawing a cube or building corner, start with a vertical line for the nearest edge. Then draw the top and bottom edges of the left face angling towards the left vanishing point, and the right face towards the right vanishing point. Both VPs sit on the same horizon line.

最靠近观看者的垂直边；左边面向VP₁汇聚，右边面向VP₂汇聚。
画立方体或建筑物转角时，从最近的垂直边缘开始。然后将左侧面的上下边缘朝左边消失点倾斜，右侧面的边缘朝右边消失点倾斜。两个消失点都位于同一条地平线上。

9. Human Figure Proportions (8‑Head Canon) | 人体比例规则（八头身法）

Adult figure ≈ 8 heads tall
Use the head length as your unit: chin to chest ≈ 1 head; waist ≈ 3 heads down; wrists align with hip at about 4 heads; legs take roughly half the height (4 heads). Shoulder width is about 2 heads for adults. For Year 7, a 6.5–7 head figure is also acceptable; always start with gesture lines before measuring.

成年人体 ≈ 8个头高
以头部长度为单位：下巴到胸部大约1个头长；腰部大约在第3个头的位置；手腕与臀部对齐，大约在第4个头；腿部大约占总身高的一半（4个头）。成年人肩宽大约2个头。对于七年级学生，6.5–7头身的人物也可以接受；在测量之前，始终先用动态线起稿。

10. Facial Proportions Grid | 面部比例网格

Eyes sit halfway down the head; five eye‑widths across the face.
Draw an oval, then a horizontal line exactly halfway for the eyes. The nose tip is halfway between the eye line and chin. The mouth sits about halfway between the nose tip and chin. The space between the eyes equals one eye width. Ears align with the nose line and the eyebrow line.

眼睛位于头部正中线；脸部宽度为五只眼睛的宽度。
画一个椭圆，然后在正中间画一条水平线作为眼睛的位置。鼻尖位于眼睛线与下巴之间的正中。嘴巴大约在鼻尖与下巴之间的正中。两眼间距等于一只眼睛的宽度。耳朵对齐鼻底线和眉线。

11. Value Scale & Shading Formula | 明度等级与明暗公式

5‑step scale: Highlight → Light → Midtone → Core Shadow → Cast Shadow
Always establish the light source first. The area directly facing the light is the highlight. The midtone is the object’s true colour. The core shadow is the darkest part on the object itself. The cast shadow is the shadow thrown onto a surface. Use consistent hatching or blending to transition smoothly between each step.

五阶明度：高光 → 亮部 → 中间调 → 明暗交界线 → 投影
始终先确定光源方向。正对光源的区域是高光。中间调是物体本身的固有色。明暗交界线是物体自身最暗的部分。投影是投射到表面上的影子。利用一致的排线或渐变技法在每个阶段之间平稳过渡。

12. Colour Wheel Balance Equation | 色轮平衡方程

>Analogous = neighbouring colours (harmony); Triadic = every 4th colour (vibrant).
Choose a dominant colour, then support it with two adjacent colours for calm effects, or with two equally spaced colours (e.g. Red, Blue, Yellow) for high energy. Apply the 70‑20‑10 rule: 70% dominant, 20% secondary, 10% accent. This prevents visual overload.

类似色 = 色轮上的邻近颜色（和谐）；三等分色 = 每隔三种颜色取一个（充满活力）。
选择一种主色，然后用两种相邻的颜色来营造宁静的效果，或用两种等间距的对比色（如红、蓝、黄）来产生高能量感。运用70‑20‑10规则：70%主色，20%辅色，10%强调色。这样可以避免视觉疲劳。

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Year 7 WJEC Art: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | 七年级 WJEC 艺术：公式定理速查手册