Year 7 WJEC German: Formula & Rules Quick Reference Handbook | 七年级 WJEC 德语:公式定理速查手册

📚 Year 7 WJEC German: Formula & Rules Quick Reference Handbook | 七年级 WJEC 德语:公式定理速查手册

Learning German is a bit like playing with building blocks. Once you know the formulas that hold the language together, you can create hundreds of sentences with confidence. This quick-reference handbook gathers those essential formulas and “theorems” for Year 7 WJEC German — from personal pronouns and verb endings to sentence structure and negation. Think of each rule as a trusted formula: you learn the pattern, you plug in the right words, and you speak German. Keep this guide close, and you will always have a solid foundation for your revision.

学习德语有点像搭积木。一旦你掌握了连接语言的公式,你就能自信地造出成百上千个句子。本速查手册为七年级 WJEC 德语汇集了那些基本的公式和“定理”——从人称代词和动词词尾到句子结构和否定形式。把每一条规则看作一个可靠的公式:学会模式,填入正确的单词,你就能开口说德语。常备这份指南,你的复习就有坚实的基础。

1. Personal Pronouns (Nominative) | 人称代词(主格)

Every German sentence needs a subject, and the subject is usually a personal pronoun. The nominative personal pronouns are the “who” of the sentence. Learning them by heart is the very first formula.

每个德语句子都需要一个主语,而主语通常是人称代词。主格人称代词就是句子中的“谁”。把它们牢记在心是第一条公式。

The nine subject pronouns are: ich (I), du (you, informal singular), er (he), sie (she), es (it), wir (we), ihr (you, informal plural), sie (they) and Sie (formal you).

九个主格人称代词是:ich (我), du (你,非正式单数), er (他), sie (她), es (它), wir (我们), ihr (你们,非正式复数), sie (他们) 以及 Sie (您,正式称呼)。

Notice that ‘sie’ can mean ‘she’ or ‘they’. The verb ending usually tells you which one is meant. The formal ‘Sie’ is always spelled with a capital letter and uses the same verb form as ‘they’.

注意 ‘sie’ 既可以表示“她”也可以表示“他们”。动词词尾通常会告诉你它指的是哪一个。正式称呼的 ‘Sie’ 始终首字母大写,并且使用与“他们”相同的动词形式。

Write these pronouns on a flashcard and practise the pattern: singular on one side, plural on the other. This is the foundation for every verb conjugation formula.

把这些代词写在闪卡上,并练习其规律:单数在一面,复数在另一面。这是所有动词变位公式的基础。


2. The Regular Verb Conjugation Formula | 规则动词变位公式

Once you know your pronouns, you can use the regular verb formula. Take the infinitive (the -en form), chop off the -en to find the stem, then add the correct ending for each person. The formula looks like this:

一旦你掌握了人称代词,就可以使用规则动词的公式了。先取不定式(即以 -en 结尾的形式),去掉 -en 得到词干,然后为各个人称加上正确的词尾。公式如下:

stem + -e, -st, -t, -en, -t, -en

For ‘spielen’ (to play), the stem is ‘spiel-‘. Apply the formula: ich spiele, du spielst, er/sie/es spielt, wir spielen, ihr spielt, sie/Sie spielen.

以 ‘spielen’ (玩) 为例,词干是 ‘spiel-‘。套用公式得到:ich spiele, du spielst, er/sie/es spielt, wir spielen, ihr spielt, sie/Sie spielen。

The pattern never changes for regular verbs like ‘wohnen’ (to live), ‘machen’ (to do/make) and ‘hören’ (to hear). Write out the endings as a rhyme: “-e, -st, -t, -en, -t, -en”. Say it aloud a few times and it will stick.

这个模式对于像 ‘wohnen’ (住), ‘machen’ (做) 和 ‘hören’ (听) 这样的规则动词永远不变。把词尾像顺口溜一样写下来:”-e, -st, -t, -en, -t, -en”。大声多念几遍,它就会牢牢记住。

This is the most powerful formula in Year 7 German. Master it, and you can already talk about what you do, where you live and what you like.

这是七年级德语中最强大的公式。掌握了它,你就已经可以谈论你的日常活动、住在哪里以及喜欢什么。


3. sein (to be) – The Most Common Verb | sein (是) – 最常用动词

The verb ‘sein’ is irregular, so it does not follow the regular formula. You simply have to learn its forms by heart, but once you do, you can introduce yourself and describe things.

动词 ‘sein’ 是不规则变化,因此不遵循规则公式。你只需要用心记住它的形式,一旦做到,你就能介绍自己并描述事物。

Here are the forms: ich bin (I am), du bist (you are, informal), er/sie/es ist (he/she/it is), wir sind (we are), ihr seid (you are, informal plural), sie/Sie sind (they/you formal are).

它的形式如下:ich bin (我是), du bist (你是,非正式), er/sie/es ist (他/她/它是), wir sind (我们是), ihr seid (你们是,非正式复数), sie/Sie sind (他们/您是)。

Notice the unusual ‘bin’ and ‘bist’. ‘Ihr seid’ is also tricky because it looks a bit like ‘seit’, but the ending ‘d’ is unique to ‘ihr’ forms of ‘sein’.

注意独特的 ‘bin’ 和 ‘bist’。’Ihr seid’ 也很容易混淆,因为它看起来有点像 ‘seit’,但词尾 ‘d’ 是 ‘sein’ 的 ‘ihr’ 形式所独有的。

Practise saying “Ich bin zehn Jahre alt” (I am ten years old) and “Wir sind in der Schule” (We are at school). These simple sentences use the ‘sein’ formula to lock in the patterns.

练习说 “Ich bin zehn Jahre alt” (我十岁) 和 “Wir sind in der Schule” (我们在学校)。这些简单句子借助 ‘sein’ 公式能帮你巩固模式。


4. haben (to have) – Another Essential Verb | haben (有) – 另一个关键动词

Just like ‘sein’, ‘haben’ is slightly irregular but very common. You need it to talk about your family, pets and possessions, and later for the past tense.

和 ‘sein’ 一样,’haben’ 稍有变化但极其常用。你需要用它谈论家庭、宠物和拥有物,以后还会用它构成过去时态。

The conjugation: ich habe (I have), du hast (you have), er/sie/es hat (he/she/it has), wir haben (we have), ihr habt (you have), sie/Sie haben (they/you have).

它的变位:ich habe (我有), du hast (你有), er/sie/es hat (他/她/它有), wir haben (我们有), ihr habt (你们有), sie/Sie haben (他们/您有)。

The ‘du’ and ‘er/sie/es’ forms are the odd ones: ‘du hast’ and ‘er hat’ both drop the ‘b’. Think of them as a small formula exception: for ‘du’, use -st but lose ‘b’; for ‘er’, just ‘hat’.

‘du’ 和 ‘er/sie/es’ 的形式比较特殊:’du hast’ 和 ‘er hat’ 都少了字母 ‘b’。可以把它们看作公式里的小例外:’du’ 用 -st 但去掉 ‘b’;’er’ 直接用 ‘hat’。

Build sentences like “Ich habe eine Katze” (I have a cat) or “Er hat einen Hund” (He has a dog). Once you know ‘haben’, you can blend it with the article formulas in Section 5.

试着造句,如 “Ich habe eine Katze” (我有一只猫) 或 “Er hat einen Hund” (他有一只狗)。一旦掌握了 ‘haben’,就可以把它和第五节的冠词公式结合起来。


5. Definite and Indefinite Articles: Gender Rules | 定冠词与不定冠词:语法性别规则

Every German noun has a gender: masculine (der), feminine (die) or neuter (das). The definite article (‘the’) changes according to gender. There is no shortcut formula here — you must learn the article together with the noun.

每个德语名词都有语法性别:阳性 (der)、阴性 (die) 或中性 (das)。定冠词 (相当于 ‘the’) 会根据性别变化。这里没有捷径公式——必须连同冠词一起记住名词。

For ‘a’ or ‘an’, use the indefinite article. Before masculine nouns: ‘ein’ (ein Mann). Before feminine: ‘eine’ (eine Frau). Before neuter: ‘ein’ (ein Kind). The indefinite plural has no article.

表示“一个”时,使用不定冠词。阳性名词前用 ‘ein’ (ein Mann),阴性名词前用 ‘eine’ (eine Frau),中性名词前用 ‘ein’ (ein Kind)。不定冠词的复数形式没有冠词。

The formula for the indefinite article can be summarised as: masculine = ein, feminine = eine, neuter = ein. When you write new vocabulary, always note the gender: colour-code der-blue, die-red, das-green.

不定冠词的公式可以概括为:阳性=ein,阴性=eine,中性=ein。每次记新单词时,务必标注性别:可以用蓝色标 der、红色标 die、绿色标 das。

This gender system also affects the article after ‘haben’ when you say “I have a …”. You are already using the formula from this section together with Section 4.

这一性别体系还会影响 ‘haben’ 之后表示“我有一个……” 时的冠词。你已经将本节的公式和第四节的公式结合使用了。


6. The Verb-Second Rule in Main Clauses | 主句的动词第二位规则

In a simple German main clause, the conjugated verb is always the second idea, not necessarily the second word. This verb-second rule is a strict formula all Year 7 students should memorise.

在简单德语主句中,变位动词总是占据第二“思想位”,而不一定是第二个单词。这条动词第二位规则是每位七年级学生都应牢记的严格公式。

The formula works like this: Position 1 can be the subject, a time expression, a place or even a question word. After that, the verb comes in second position, followed by the subject if it hasn’t already appeared.

公式的作用方式如下:第一位可以是主语、时间表达、地点甚至是疑问词。之后,动词紧跟在第二位,如果主语尚未出现,则主语跟在动词之后。

Position 1 + Verb + Subject + Rest of sentence

For example, “Ich spiele heute Fußball” (I play football today) can become “Heute spiele ich Fußball”. The verb ‘spiele’ stays in the second position, and the subject ‘ich’ moves after the verb.

例如,”Ich spiele heute Fußball” (我今天踢足球) 可以变成 “Heute spiele ich Fußball”。动词 ‘spiele’ 稳稳地待在第二个位置,主语 ‘ich’ 则移到动词之后。

This rule is the secret to sounding natural in German. Whenever you add a time word at the front, swap the subject and verb. Practise with “Morgen”, “Am Montag” or “In der Pause” at the front.

这条规则是在德语中听起来自然的秘诀。每当你在句首加上一个时间词,就要把主语和动词进行交换。用 “Morgen” (明天)、”Am Montag” (在星期一) 或 “In der Pause” (在休息时) 开头的句子多多练习。


7. Asking Questions: W-Fragen and Yes/No | 提问:疑问词与是否问句

German has two question formulas. The first uses a question word (W-word) at the front, the verb second and the subject third. The second simply puts the verb first.

德语有两种疑问句公式。第一种是将疑问词 (W-word) 放在句首,动词放在第二位,主语在第三位。第二种则直接将动词放在最前面。

W-question formula: W-word + verb + subject + rest? For example, “Wie heißt du?” (What are you called?), “Wo wohnst du?” (Where do you live?), “Wann spielst du?” (When do you play?).

特殊疑问句公式:疑问词 + 动词 + 主语 + 其余部分?例如 “Wie heißt du?” (你叫什么?), “Wo wohnst du?” (你住在哪里?), “Wann spielst du?” (你什么时候玩?).

The yes/no formula is even simpler: Verb + subject + rest? “Spielst du Tennis?” (Do you play tennis?), “Hast du Geschwister?” (Do you have siblings?), “Bist du müde?” (Are you tired?).

一般疑问句公式更简单:动词 + 主语 + 其余部分?”Spielst du Tennis?” (你打网球吗?), “Hast du Geschwister?” (你有兄弟姐妹吗?), “Bist du müde?” (你累了吗?).

Think of these as two reliable templates. When you prepare speaking questions for your WJEC assessment, practise both templates with different verbs.

你可以把这两个看作可靠的模板。在为 WJEC 口语评估准备提问时,用不同的动词练习这两种模板。


8. Negation: nicht and kein | 否定:nicht 与 kein

Two formulas help you make sentences negative. Use ‘nicht’ to negate verbs, adjectives, adverbs or whole sentences. Use ‘kein’ to negate nouns that would normally have an indefinite article or no article.

两条公式能帮你构造否定句。用 ‘nicht’ 否定动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。用 ‘kein’ 否定那些本应带不定冠词或不带冠词的名词。

The ‘nicht’ formula: place ‘nicht’ at the end of the sentence when negating the whole idea, e.g. “Ich spiele nicht” (I don’t play). If you are negating a specific element, put ‘nicht’ right before it, e.g. “Ich spiele nicht heute” (I’m not playing today — contrast with another day).

‘nicht’ 的公式:否定整个想法时,将 ‘nicht’ 放在句末,例如 “Ich spiele nicht” (我不玩)。如果要否定某个特定成分,就把 ‘nicht’ 直接放在它前面,例如 “Ich spiele nicht heute” (我今天不玩——与其他日子形成对比)。

The ‘kein’ formula: add the appropriate ending to ‘kein’ to match the gender and case of the noun, then place it before the noun. “Ich habe einen Hund” (I have a dog) becomes “Ich habe keinen Hund” (I have no dog). Note ‘keinen’ for masculine accusative.

‘kein’ 的公式:根据名词的性和格为 ‘kein’ 加上相应的词尾,然后放在名词前。”Ich habe einen Hund” (我有一只狗) 变成 “Ich habe keinen Hund” (我没有狗)。注意阳性宾格用 ‘keinen’。

For Year 7, the most important ‘kein’ forms are: kein (masculine/neuter nominative), keine (feminine/plural nominative) and keinen (masculine accusative). These will cover most of your classroom sentences.

对于七年级,最重要的 ‘kein’ 形式是:kein (阳性/中性主格),keine (阴性/复数主格) 以及 keinen (阳性宾格)。这足以涵盖大多课堂用句。


9. Numbers, Dates and Time Expressions | 数字、日期与时间表达

Numbers follow a clear pattern, making them one more formula to master. Once you know 1–20, the tens and the linking pattern, you can form any number up to 100.

数字遵循清晰的规律,是另一个需要掌握的公式。一旦你学会了 1–20、整十数字和连接模式,你就能组合出 100 以内的任何数字。

Key building blocks: 1 eins, 2 zwei, 3 drei, 4 vier, 5 fünf, 6 sechs, 7 sieben, 8 acht, 9 neun, 10 zehn. For 11–19, most are the unit + ‘zehn’ (e.g. 13 dreizehn, 14 vierzehn, 15 fünfzehn). The tens are: 20 zwanzig, 30 dreißig, 40 vierzig, 50 fünfzig, etc.

基础数字:1 eins, 2 zwei, 3 drei, 4 vier, 5 fünf, 6 sechs, 7 sieben, 8 acht, 9 neun, 10 zehn。11–19 大多用个位数 + ‘zehn’ (如 13 dreizehn, 14 vierzehn, 15 fünfzehn)。整十为:20 zwanzig, 30 dreißig, 40 vierzig, 50 fünfzig 等。

The formula for dates: use ‘der’ + ordinal number + month. “Der erste Januar” (the first of January), “Der elfte Mai” (the eleventh of May). Ordinals up to 19: add -te (zweite, vierte), from 20: add -ste (zwanzigste).

日期公式:用 ‘der’ + 序数词 + 月份。”Der erste Januar” (一月一日), “Der elfte Mai” (五月十一日)。序数词:到 19 为止加 -te (zweite, vierte),从 20 起加 -ste (zwanzigste)。

Time formula: “Es ist … Uhr”. For half past, use “halb” + next hour: “halb drei” = 2:30. For quarter past, “Viertel nach” and for quarter to, “Viertel vor”.

时间表达公式:”Es ist … Uhr”。表示半点时,用 “halb” + 下一个整点:”halb drei” = 2:30。表示一刻用 “Viertel nach” (过一刻) 和 “Viertel vor” (差一刻)。

Practise these number formulas by saying your birthday, the time school starts and your age. Numbers are a trusty formula toolkit.

Published by TutorHao | Year 7 德语 Revision Series | aleveler.com

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