📚 Year 7 WJEC History: Quick Guide to Key Vocabulary | Year 7 WJEC 历史：重点词汇速记指南
Mastering the language of history is the first step to becoming a confident historian. In Year 7 WJEC History, you will encounter a range of key terms that describe how we study the past, how we analyse evidence, and how we make sense of change over time. This guide offers clear, bilingual explanations of the most important vocabulary you need to remember, from chronology and sources to empire and everyday life in the Middle Ages. Use it to build your historical knowledge and to succeed in your assessments.
掌握历史的语言，是成为自信的历史学家的第一步。在 Year 7 WJEC 历史课程中，你会遇到一系列描述我们如何研究过去、如何分析证据以及如何理解时代变迁的关键术语。本指南为你提供了最需要记住的重要词汇的清晰、双语解释，从年代学到史料，从帝国到中世纪日常生活。借助它，你可以构建历史知识，在评估中取得成功。
1. Chronology | 年代与时间顺序
Chronology is the arrangement of events in the order in which they occurred. Historians use timelines to build a clear sequence and to understand how one event can lead to another. Key chronological terms include BC (Before Christ) for years before the birth of Jesus, and AD (Anno Domini, Latin for ‘in the year of the Lord’) for years after. You will also use labels such as century (100 years), decade (10 years), and millennium (1000 years).
年代学是指按照事件发生的时间顺序进行排列。历史学家使用时间线来建立清晰的序列，并理解一个事件如何引发另一个事件。关键的时间术语包括 BC（公元前，指耶稣诞生前）和 AD（公元，拉丁语意为“主之年”）。你还会用到世纪（100 年）、十年（10 年）和千年（1000 年）等标签。
When you study medieval Britain, you will often place events within centuries, such as the 11th century (1000s) or the 14th century (1300s). Being precise about dates helps you avoid anachronisms – placing something in the wrong time period.
当你学习中世纪英国时，你经常需要把事件放到某个世纪里，比如 11 世纪（1000 年代）或 14 世纪（1300 年代）。准确使用日期可以避免时代错误——把某事物放到了错误的时间段。
2. Sources and Evidence | 史料与证据
A source is anything that provides information about the past. Historians collect sources and use them as evidence to build an understanding of what happened. Sources can be written (letters, chronicles, laws), visual (paintings, maps, photographs), oral (interviews, stories), or physical (buildings, tools, bones). Not every source is reliable, so we must investigate its origin, purpose, and content.
史料是任何能够提供关于过去信息的物品。历史学家收集史料并把它们当作证据，用以构建对历史事件的理解。史料可以是书面的（书信、编年史、法律）、视觉的（绘画、地图、照片）、口头的（访谈、故事）或实物的（建筑、工具、骨骸）。并非所有史料都可靠，因此我们必须考察它的来源、目的和内容。
In your WJEC course, you will be asked to ‘use the source’ to support your points. This means you need to quote from or describe the source and explain what it tells you about the topic, not just repeat what it says.
在你的WJEC课程中，你会被要求“利用史料”来支撑你的观点。这意味着你需要引用或描述史料，并解释它告诉了你关于主题的什么信息，而不仅仅是重复它说了什么。
3. Primary and Secondary Sources | 一手史料与二手史料
Primary sources come from the time you are studying. They are first-hand accounts or objects created by people who lived during that period. Examples include the Domesday Book (1086), a medieval castle ruin, a knight’s armour, or a letter written by a monk. Because they are contemporary, primary sources give us direct insight into how people thought and lived.
一手史料来自你所研究的那个时代。它们是当时人创造的第一手记述或物品。例子包括《末日审判书》（1086 年）、一座中世纪城堡的遗址、一副骑士铠甲，或者一封修士写的信。由于它们是同时代的，一手史料能让我们直接了解当时人们的思想和生活。
Secondary sources are made after the time being studied. They are interpretations or analyses that use primary sources. History textbooks, documentaries, and modern articles are all secondary sources. They help us see the bigger picture but may also reflect the author’s perspective.
二手史料是在所研究的时代之后制作的。它们是对一手史料进行解读或分析的产物。历史课本、纪录片和现代文章都属于二手史料。它们帮助我们看清全貌，但也可能反映作者的观点。
4. Bias and Interpretation | 偏见与解读
Bias means favouring one side or presenting information in an unfair way. A source can be biased if its creator has a strong opinion, wants to persuade others, or only tells part of the story. Recognising bias does not mean we must dismiss the source; it can still be useful evidence of what someone believed at the time.
偏见意味着偏袒某一方或以不公平的方式呈现信息。如果史料的创作者抱有强烈的观点、想要说服别人或只讲述故事的一部分，那么这个史料就可能带有偏见。认识到偏见并不意味着我们必须抛弃这个史料；它仍然可以作为当时某人信仰的有效证据。
Interpretation is how a historian explains or makes sense of the past. Because evidence is often incomplete, historians construct different interpretations of the same event. For instance, how we view King John today has changed over time – some see him as a bad king, while others point to his difficulties. In your answers, you can discuss different interpretations and explain why they might vary.
解读是历史学家解释或理解过去的方式。由于证据常常不完整，历史学家会对同一事件构建不同的解读。例如，我们今天如何看待约翰王就随着时间而变化——有些人认为他是个坏国王，而另一些人则指出他所面临的困难。在答题时，你可以讨论不同的解读，并解释它们为何会不同。
5. Cause and Consequence | 原因与结果
A cause is a reason why something happened. Historical events rarely have just one cause; they result from a combination of long-term (underlying) causes, short-term (trigger) causes, and sometimes chance. For example, the Norman Conquest of 1066 had long-term causes like Edward the Confessor’s unclear succession and short-term triggers like Harold Godwinson’s oath to William.
原因是某件事发生的理由。历史事件很少只有一个原因；它们通常是长期（潜在）原因、短期（触发）原因共同作用的结果，有时也包含偶然因素。例如，1066 年诺曼征服的长期原因有忏悔者爱德华不明确的继承问题，短期触发因素则有哈罗德·戈德温森对威廉的宣誓。
A consequence is a result or effect of an event. Consequences can be immediate or long-lasting, intended or unintended. The Norman Conquest led to the building of castles across England, changes in land ownership, and the introduction of French words into the English language. When you write about consequences, try to link them back to the event and show how they changed society.
结果是事件的效应或影响。结果可以是即时或长期的，也可以是有意或无意的。诺曼征服导致了英格兰各地城堡的修建、土地所有权的变更，以及法语词汇进入英语。当你写结果时，要设法将它们与事件联系起来，并展示它们如何改变了社会。
6. Change and Continuity | 变化与延续
Change means that things did not stay the same. Historians ask how far, how fast, and in what ways things altered. After 1066, landholding in England changed dramatically because William granted estates to his Norman followers, replacing many Anglo-Saxon lords. This was a rapid political change.
变化意味着事物没有保持不变。历史学家会问事物改变了多少、多快以及以什么方式改变。1066 年之后，英格兰的土地持有模式发生了巨大变化，因为威廉将地产授予他的诺曼追随者，取代了许多盎格鲁-撒克逊领主。这是一场迅速的ZZ变革。
Continuity refers to things that stayed the same over a period. Despite the Norman Conquest, many aspects of everyday life continued – peasants still farmed the land, the Church remained powerful, and Anglo-Saxon legal customs were partly kept. Recognising continuity helps you avoid exaggerating the scale of change.
延续指在一段时期内保持不变的事物。尽管发生了诺曼征服，日常生活的许多方面仍然延续——农民依旧耕种土地，教会仍然强大，盎格鲁-撒克逊法律习俗有部分被保留。认识到延续性有助于你避免夸大变化的程度。
7. Significance | 重要性
Significance is a measure of how important an event, person, or development was in history. A significant event is one that had a major impact at the time and continued to matter in later periods. The signing of Magna Carta in 1215 is often seen as significant because it limited the king’s power and influenced later ideas about rights and law.
重要性是衡量一个事件、人物或发展在历史上重要程度的标尺。一个具有重要性的重大事件在当时产生了重大影响，并且在以后的时代中依然具有意义。1215 年《大宪章》的签署常被视为一个重要性事件，因为它限制了国王的权力，并影响了后来关于权利和法律的思想。
When you explain significance, think about the number of people affected, the depth of change, and how long the effects lasted. A significant medieval development like the growth of towns had lasting consequences for trade, social structure, and governance.
当你解释重要性时，要考虑受影响的人数、变化的深度以及影响持续的时间。像城镇发展这样的重要中世纪进步对贸易、社会结构和治理都产生了持久的影响。
8. Empire and Invasion | 帝国与入侵
An empire is a group of territories or peoples ruled by a single supreme authority, often an emperor or empress. In medieval history, empires such as the Holy Roman Empire and the Angevin Empire (the lands ruled by Henry II) stretched across much of Europe. Empires involve conquest, administration, and cultural exchange, but also often conflict and resistance.
帝国是指由一个最高权威（通常是皇帝或女皇）统治的多个领土或民族的集合体。在中世纪历史上，像神圣罗马帝国和安茹帝国（亨利二世统治的领土）这样的帝国横跨欧洲大部分地区。帝国涉及征服、行政管理与文化交流，但也常常伴随冲突与抵抗。
Invasion means entering another territory with force, often to conquer or raid it. England experienced several invasions, including the Viking raids from the 8th century and the Norman invasion of 1066. An invasion can lead to lasting changes in leadership, language, and culture. In your studies, you will compare invasions and their impacts, such as the building of motte-and-bailey castles to secure Norman control.
入侵是指以武力进入另一领土，通常是为了征服或劫掠。英格兰经历过多次入侵，包括 8 世纪开始的维京人劫掠和 1066 年的诺曼入侵。入侵可能会导致领导层、语言和文化的持久变化。在你的学习中，你会比较不同的入侵及其影响，例如修建莫特-贝利城堡以巩固诺曼人的控制。
9. Monarchy and Government | 君主制与政府
Monarchy is a system where a king or queen holds supreme power, often inherited within a family. In medieval England, the monarch claimed to rule by divine right (God’s approval) but had to negotiate with powerful barons and the Church. The struggle between royal authority and the rights of subjects shaped key events, such as the barons’ rebellion that led to Magna Carta.
君主制是一种由国王或女王掌握最高权力的制度，通常在一个家族内世袭。在中世纪英格兰，君主宣称以神权（上帝认可）进行统治，但不得不与强大的贵族和教会进行协商。王权与臣民权利之间的斗争塑造了关键事件，例如导致《大宪章》的贵族叛乱。
Government refers to the institutions and officials that help rule the country. In the Middle Ages, the king’s household, the royal council, and later parliament (which developed in the 13th century) helped manage finances, justice, and war. Parliament began as an assembly of nobles and later included representatives from towns and shires. Understanding these terms will help you explain how power was exercised and challenged.
政府指帮助治理国家的机构和官员。在中世纪，国王的内府、御前会议，以及后来在 13 世纪发展起来的议会帮助管理财政、司法和战争。议会最初是由贵族组成的集会，后来包括了来自城镇和郡的代表。理解这些术语有助于你解释权力是如何行使和受到挑战的。
10. Society and Daily Life | 社会与日常生活
Medieval society is often described using the feudal system, a hierarchy where the king granted land to tenants-in-chief (barons and bishops), who in return provided knights and loyalty. Below them, knights granted land to peasants (villeins and serfs) who worked the fields and owed labour services. The structure was rigid, but over time towns and trade began to offer new opportunities outside this feudal bond.
中世纪社会经常用封建制度来描述，这是一种等级制度：国王将土地授予总佃户（贵族和主教），作为回报他们提供骑士和效忠。在他们之下，骑士将土地授予农民（佃农和农奴），农民耕种土地并承担劳役。这个结构非常严格，但随着时间的推移，城镇和贸易开始在这个封建纽带之外提供新的机会。
Daily life varied greatly depending on status. A peasant’s day revolved around farming seasons, simple meals, and village communities, while a lord lived in a manor house or castle and enjoyed more varied diet and leisure. Key terms here include villein (unfree peasant tied to the land), freeman, guild (association of craftsmen), and villeinage. The Black Death (1348-1349) dramatically reduced the population, which led to peasant demands for higher wages and contributed to the weakening of serfdom.
日常生活因社会地位不同而有很大差异。农民的日子围绕着农耕季节、简单的饮食和村庄社区，而领主则住在庄园或城堡中，享受更丰富的饮食和休闲活动。这里的关键术语包括佃农（被束缚在土地上的不自由农民）、自由民、行会（手工业者的协会）以及农奴制。黑死病（1348-1349 年）导致人口急剧减少，这使得农民要求更高的工资，并促进了农奴制的削弱。
By learning these terms, you are building a toolkit that equips you to describe, analyse, and argue about the past. Revisit this guide regularly and try to use the vocabulary in your own writing and class discussion. History is not just about remembering facts – it is about understanding the language we use to tell its story.
通过学习这些术语，你正在构建一个工具包，使你能够描述、分析和辩论过去。定期温习本指南，并尝试在你自己的写作和课堂讨论中使用这些词汇。历史不仅仅是记住事实——它关乎理解我们用来讲述其故事的语言。
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