📚 Year 7 WJEC Media: Key Terms Quick Reference Guide | 七年级WJEC媒体：词汇术语速记指南
Media Studies is all about learning how words, images and sounds are combined to tell stories, share ideas and influence the way we see the world. Having a solid grasp of the key vocabulary is the first big step towards analysing any media text with confidence, whether it’s a film trailer, a magazine cover or a video game. This guide walks you through the essential terms you will meet in your Year 7 WJEC course, with a clear English and Chinese explanation for every concept.
媒体研究是学习文字、图像与声音如何被组合起来讲述故事、传递思想并影响我们看待世界的方式。牢固掌握关键词汇是自信分析任何媒体文本的第一步，无论是一支电影预告片、一张杂志封面还是一款电子游戏。本指南将带你梳理七年级WJEC课程中必须掌握的核心术语，每个概念都配有清晰的中英双语解释。
1. Camera Shots and Angles | 镜头景别与角度
Establishing shot: a very wide shot, often used at the start of a scene, which shows the setting and lets the audience know where the action is taking place.
定场镜头：一种极广的镜头，通常用于场景开头，展示环境并让观众了解动作发生的地点。
Long shot: frames the whole body of a person from head to toe, with plenty of background visible. It is useful for showing a character’s relationship with their surroundings.
远景：框取人物从头到脚的全身，背景可见范围较大。适合展示人物与周围环境的关系。
Medium shot: shows a person from the waist up. It is very common in television drama because it feels natural for conversations.
中景：显示人物腰部以上。在电视剧中十分常见，因为它给人一种自然的对话感。
Close-up: tightly frames a person’s face or a specific object, revealing emotions and drawing attention to detail.
特写：紧贴人物面部或某个特定物体的镜头，展现细腻情感并吸引观众关注细节。
Extreme close-up: shows only a small part of the face, such as an eye or a mouth, or a tiny object, creating intensity or mystery.
大特写：只展示面部的一小部分，如一只眼睛或嘴巴，或是微小的物体，制造紧张感或神秘感。
Low angle: the camera is positioned low, looking up at the subject. This often makes the character appear powerful, dominant or threatening.
仰拍：摄影机放置在低处，向上仰拍被摄主体。这种角度常使角色显得强大、支配且有威胁性。
High angle: the camera looks down on the subject from above, making the character seem small, weak or vulnerable.
俯拍：摄影机从高处向下俯视被摄主体，使角色显得渺小、无力或脆弱。
Over-the-shoulder shot: the camera is placed behind one character’s shoulder, looking at another character. It is widely used during conversations to create a sense of participation.
过肩镜头：摄影机放置在一名角色肩后，望向另一名角色。广泛用于对话场景，带来参与感。
2. Camera Movement | 镜头运动
Pan: the camera swivels horizontally from a fixed position, following action or scanning a scene from left to right or right to left.
摇镜：摄影机从固定位置水平转动，跟随动作或从左到右、从右到左扫视场景。
Tilt: the camera moves vertically up or down while staying in one spot, often used to reveal the height of a building or a character.
俯仰运动：摄影机在同一地点垂直向上或向下移动，常用来展现建筑物或角色的高度。
Zoom: the lens is adjusted to make the subject appear closer (zoom in) or further away (zoom out) without moving the camera body.
变焦：调整镜头焦距使被摄体看起来更近（推近）或更远（拉远），而摄影机机身不移动。
Tracking shot: the whole camera moves alongside or towards the action, often mounted on rails or a dolly, giving a smooth, flowing movement.
跟拍镜头：整个摄影机随着动作侧移或前推，通常架设在轨道或移动车上，产生平滑流畅的运动感。
Handheld: the camera is held by the operator without a tripod, creating a shaky, documentary-style feel that can suggest urgency or realism.
手持拍摄：摄影师手持摄影机而不使用三脚架，产生晃动、纪实的风格，可暗示紧迫或真实感。
3. Sound | 声音
Diegetic sound: any sound that exists within the world of the film, which the characters can hear, such as dialogue, footsteps or a ringing phone.
剧情声：存在于电影世界内部、角色可以听见的任何声音，如对话、脚步声或电话铃声。
Non-diegetic sound: sound added for the audience’s benefit that the characters cannot hear, such as background music or a narrator’s voiceover.
非剧情声：为观众添加、角色无法听见的声音，如背景音乐或旁白。
Soundtrack: the collection of music and songs used throughout a media text, which helps set the mood and guide emotional responses.
原声音乐：贯穿整个媒体文本的音乐和歌曲集合，用于设定氛围并引导情绪反应。
Dialogue: spoken words exchanged between characters. It reveals personality, moves the story forward and provides information.
对白：角色之间交流的口头语言。它揭示性格、推动故事并提供信息。
Sound effects: artificially created or enhanced sounds that give clues about the setting or action, such as thunder, explosions or the rustle of leaves.
音效：人工制造或增强的声音，为场景或动作提供线索，如雷声、爆炸声或树叶的沙沙声。
Voiceover: narration spoken by a character or an unseen commentator, often used to share inner thoughts or provide exposition.
画外音：由角色或未出现的评论员进行的叙述，常用于表达内心想法或交代事件背景。
4. Editing | 剪辑
Cut: the most basic edit, where one shot instantly replaces another. It is the foundation of all visual storytelling.
切：最基本的剪辑过渡，一个镜头瞬间替换成另一个，是所有视觉叙事的基础。
Fade: a gradual transition where the screen goes to black (fade out) or appears from black (fade in), often signalling the beginning or end of a scene.
淡入淡出：画面渐渐变黑（淡出）或从黑色中显现（淡入）的过渡，常用于表示场景的开始或结束。
Dissolve: one shot slowly blends into the next, with the two images overlapping for a moment. It can indicate a passage of time or a connection between scenes.
叠化：一个镜头缓慢融入下一个镜头，两个画面短暂重叠。可表示时间流逝或场景间的关联。
Continuity editing: a style of cutting that makes the action seem to flow smoothly and logically, so the audience does not notice the edits. The ‘180-degree rule’ and ‘shot/reverse shot’ are part of this system.
连贯性剪辑：一种让动作看起来流畅自然的剪辑风格，确保观众不会留意到剪辑痕迹。“180度规则”和“正反打镜头”都属于这个体系。
Montage: a series of short shots edited together to condense time, show a process or build a mood. Think of training sequences in sports films.
蒙太奇：将一系列短镜头快速拼接在一起，用以压缩时间、展示过程或营造气氛。可以联想到体育电影中的训练段落。
Shot/reverse shot: a pattern used during conversations that alternates between two characters, usually over their shoulders. It helps the audience feel part of the exchange.
正反打镜头：对话场景中使用的剪辑模式，在两个角色间交替切换，通常采用过肩视角。它让观众感觉参与其中。
5. Mise-en-scène | 场面调度
Mise-en-scène: a French term meaning ‘placed in the scene’. It refers to everything visible within the frame: setting, props, costume, lighting, colour and the actors’ performance.
场面调度：法语词汇，意为“置于场景之中”。它指画框内可见的一切：场景、道具、服装、灯光、色彩以及演员的表演。
Setting: the location where the action happens. It can be real, built in a studio or created digitally, and it instantly communicates time, place and mood.
场景：动作发生的地点。可以是实景、棚内搭建或数字创建，能立即传达时间、地点和氛围。
Costume: the clothes worn by characters. Every outfit is chosen to reveal personality, social status or the genre of the text.
服装：角色穿着的衣物。每套服装都被精心选择来揭示性格、社会地位或媒体文本的类型。
Props: objects used by actors during a performance. A ‘prop’ might be a weapon, a piece of jewellery or a letter that drives the story forward.
道具：演员在表演中使用的物件。道具可能是武器、一件首饰或一封推动故事的信。
Lighting: the way lights are arranged on set. High-key lighting creates a bright, happy atmosphere; low-key lighting produces shadows and mystery, common in thrillers.
布光：现场灯光的布置方式。高调布光创造明亮、快乐的氛围；低调布光产生阴影与神秘感，常见于惊悚片。
Colour palette: the range of colours that dominate the frame. Warm colours like red and orange suggest energy or danger, while cool blues can feel calm or sad.
色彩基调：主导画面的色彩范围。红色和橙色等暖色暗示活力或危险，而冷蓝色可能令人感到平静或悲伤。
Facial expression and body language: how actors use their faces and bodies to communicate feelings without words. A clenched fist can mean anger; a smile can show warmth.
面部表情与肢体语言：演员如何利用面部和身体来无言地传达情感。紧握的拳头可能意味着愤怒；微笑则能展现温暖。
6. Narrative | 叙事
Narrative: the story, with all its events and the way they are organised. Every media text has a narrative, even a thirty-second advert.
叙事：包含所有事件及其安排方式的故事。每个媒体文本都有自己的叙事，即便是三十秒的广告。
Equilibrium: the balanced, normal state of affairs at the start of many stories. Life is calm before something happens to upset it.
平衡状态：许多故事开始时平稳、正常的状态。在发生扰乱前，生活是平静的。
Disruption: an event that breaks the equilibrium and sets the main conflict in motion. It is the problem the protagonist must solve.
打破平衡：打破平衡状态并引发主要冲突的事件。这是主角必须解决的问题。
Resolution: the part of the narrative where problems are sorted out and a new equilibrium is reached. It provides a sense of closure.
结局：叙事中问题得以解决、新的平衡建立的部分。它提供一种完结感。
Linear narrative: a story told in chronological order, moving from beginning to middle to end without any time jumps.
线性叙事：按时间顺序讲述的故事，从开头到中间再到结尾，没有时间上的跳跃。
Non-linear narrative: a structure where events are presented out of time order, using flashbacks, flash-forwards or parallel timelines.
非线性叙事：事件不按时间顺序呈现的结构，使用倒叙、插叙或平行时间线。
Cliffhanger: an ending that leaves the audience in suspense, often with a character in danger or a mystery unsolved, used to encourage viewers to keep watching.
悬念收尾：让观众处于紧张状态的结尾，常以角色身处险境或谜团未解告终，用以鼓励观众继续收看。
7. Genre | 类型
Genre: a category of media text that shares a set of recognisable features, or conventions. Examples include horror, comedy, science fiction and romance.
类型：共享一套可识别特征或程式的媒体文本类别，例如恐怖、喜剧、科幻和爱情。
Conventions: the typical elements audiences expect to see in a particular genre. A horror convention might be a dark, isolated house; a romantic comedy convention could be a clumsy meet-cute.
类型程式：观众期望在特定类型中看到的典型元素。恐怖片的程式可能是黑暗的孤宅；浪漫喜剧的程式可能是笨拙的邂逅。
Iconography: the visual and sound signs that immediately signal a genre, such as spaceships and laser sounds in sci-fi, or cowboy hats and desert landscapes in westerns.
图像志：立刻表明类型的视觉与声音符号，例如科幻片中的飞船和激光声，或西部片中的牛仔帽与沙漠景观。
Hybrid genre: a media text that mixes conventions from two or more genres. A ‘rom-com’ blends romance and comedy; a ‘sci-fi horror’ combines futuristic technology with fear.
混合类型：混合两种或更多类型程式的媒体文本。浪漫喜剧混合了爱情与喜剧；科幻恐怖片则结合了未来技术与恐惧。
Sub-genre: a more specific category within a broader genre. For example, within horror there are slasher films, psychological horror and supernatural horror.
亚类型：在更宽泛的类型内部更为具体的类别。例如，恐怖片内部有虐杀电影、心理恐怖和超自然恐怖。
8. Representation | 再现
Representation: the way media texts portray people, places, ideas and events. Media does not simply mirror reality; it constructs a version of reality through selection and emphasis.
再现：媒体文本描绘人物、地点、观念和事件的方式。媒体并非简单地反映现实，而是通过选择和强调建构出一种现实版本。
Stereotype: a simplified and often exaggerated representation of a group of people, based on a few readily recognised traits. Stereotypes can be harmful because they reduce individuality.
刻板印象：对某群体简化且常常夸张的再现，基于少数易于识别的特征。刻板印象可能有害，因为它削弱了个体独特性。
Countertype: a representation that challenges a familiar stereotype by presenting a character or group in an unexpected, more nuanced way.
反刻板类型：通过出乎意料、更细腻的方式呈现角色或群体，从而挑战常见刻板印象的再现形式。
Gender representation: how media shows what it means to be masculine or feminine. Analysing this means asking whether characters are limited to traditional roles or shown with a wider range of traits.
性别再现：媒体如何展示男性与女性的含义。分析这一点意味着要问角色是否被局限于传统角色，还是展现了更广泛的特质。
Ethnic representation: the portrayal of different racial and cultural groups. Careful analysis looks at who gets to be the hero, who is shown as the villain and whether cultures are treated respectfully.
族裔再现：对不同种族和文化群体的描绘。细致的分析会考察谁能成为英雄、谁被塑造成反派，以及文化是否得到尊重。
Under-representation: when a group is rarely shown in media or is pushed to the background. This can make certain voices seem less important.
再现不足：某一群体在媒体中很少出现或被置于背景位置的情况。这可能使某些声音显得不那么重要。
9. Audience | 受众
Target audience: the specific group of people a media text is designed for, often defined by age, gender, interests or lifestyle. Adverts and films are carefully crafted to appeal to a particular audience.
目标受众：媒体文本所针对的特定人群，通常由年龄、性别、兴趣或生活方式来界定。广告和电影都是精心制作以吸引某一特定受众的。
Demographics: measurable characteristics of a population, such as age, income, education and region. Media producers use demographic data to predict who will consume their product.
人口统计特征：人口的可测量特征，如年龄、收入、教育程度和地区。媒体制作人使用人口统计数据来预测谁会消费其产品。
Active audience: the idea that audiences do not simply soak up messages but actively interpret them based on their own experiences, beliefs and knowledge. They make their own meaning.
主动受众：该观点认为受众不是简单吸收信息，而是根据自身经历、信仰和知识积极进行解读。他们建构自己的意义。
Passive audience: an older theory suggesting that audiences are easily influenced and accept media messages without question. Modern media studies tends to challenge this view.
被动受众：一种旧有理论，认为受众容易受影响且不加质疑地接受媒体信息。现代媒体研究倾向于挑战这一观点。
Uses and gratifications: a theory that asks what people do with media rather than what media does to people. Audiences are seen as choosing media to meet needs such as information, entertainment, social interaction or personal identity.
使用与满足：一个讨论人们用媒体做什么而非媒体对人做什么的理论。受众被视为主动选择媒体以满足信息、娱乐、社交或建构个人身份等需求。
Audience positioning: how a media text places the audience in a particular relationship with the content, for example making them identify with a hero or feel superior to a clumsy character.
受众定位：媒体文本如何将受众置于与内容的特定关系中，例如使他们认同英雄，或对笨拙角色产生优越感。
10. Media Language Codes | 媒体语言编码
Technical codes: all the equipment-based decisions that shape meaning, including camera angles, shot types, lighting, editing and sound. Understanding technical codes helps you explain how a mood is created.
技术编码：所有基于设备、塑造意义的决策，包括镜头角度、景别、布光、剪辑和声音。理解技术编码有助于解释氛围是如何营造的。
Symbolic codes: elements that carry deeper meaning through association and cultural understanding. A white dove can symbolise peace; a red rose often represents love or passion.
符号编码：通过联想和文化理解承载更深含义的元素。白鸽可象征和平；红玫瑰常代表爱情或激情。
Written codes: the words and typography used in a text, such as headlines, captions, slogans and font choices. Bold, jagged fonts might suggest danger, while curly scripts can feel elegant.
书写编码：文本中使用的文字和字体设计，如标题、说明文字、口号和字体选择。粗犷尖锐的字形可能暗示危险，而卷曲的花体则可显优雅。
Denotation: the literal, surface meaning of a sign or image. A picture of a tree simply denotes a tree; it is what you see at first glance.
明示义：符号或图像的字面、表层意义。一棵树的图片的明示义就是一棵树；那是你第一眼看到的东西。
Connotation: the deeper, associated meanings carried by a sign. That same tree might connote nature, growth, strength or even loneliness depending on the context.
隐含义：符号承载的更深层次、相关联的意义。同样那棵树可能隐含自然、生长、力量甚至孤独，依语境而定。
Anchoring: when a caption, headline or voiceover fixes the meaning of an image, guiding the audience towards a preferred reading and limiting other interpretations.
锚定：当说明文字、标题或画外音固定住图像的意义，引导观众走向倾向性解读并限制其他诠释时，便产生了锚定效果。
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