📚 Year 7 WJEC Politics: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 7 WJEC 政治：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your essential vocabulary guide for Year 7 WJEC Politics. This resource introduces the key terms you will meet when learning about government, democracy, rights and citizenship in the UK and Wales. Each term is explained in clear English and followed immediately by a Chinese translation, so you can memorise meanings quickly. Use this guide regularly to build your confidence and ace your topic tests.
欢迎来到 Year 7 WJEC 政治的核心词汇指南。本资料将带你认识在学习英国和威尔士的政府、民主、权利与公民身份时需要掌握的关键术语。每个术语都用清晰的英文解释，并紧接着配以中文翻译，让你能够快速记住含义。定期使用本指南，逐步建立自信，轻松应对主题测验。
1. What is Politics? | 什么是政治？
Before diving into specific institutions, we must understand the broad idea of politics. It shapes how societies make decisions and solve problems together. Let’s fix these foundational terms in your memory.
在深入具体的机构之前，我们必须理解政治的广泛概念。它塑造了社会共同决策和解决问题的方式。让我们先把这些基础术语记牢。
Politics is the activity through which people make, preserve and amend the general rules under which they live. It involves negotiation, debate and compromise between different interests.
政治是人们制定、维护和修改其生活所遵循的普遍规则的活动。它涉及不同利益之间的谈判、辩论和妥协。
Power is the ability to influence the behaviour of others or the course of events. In politics, power can be held by individuals, groups or institutions.
权力是指影响他人行为或事件进程的能力。在政治中，权力可以由个人、团体或机构掌握。
Authority is the right to use power that is accepted as legitimate, usually because it is granted by law or by the consent of the people.
权威是被认可为合法的使用权力的权利，通常是因为它由法律赋予或得到民众的同意。
Society refers to a community of people living in a particular country or region, sharing customs, laws and organisations.
社会指生活在特定国家或地区、共享风俗、法律和组织的群体。
2. Democracy and Power | 民主与权力
Democracy is central to the British political system. Here you will learn the terms that explain how citizens exercise power and what alternatives to democracy look like.
民主是英国政治体系的核心。在这里，你将学习解释公民如何行使权力以及民主的替代形式是什么样子的术语。
Democracy is a system of government where the people have the authority to choose their leaders and hold them to account, usually through free elections.
民主是一种政体，人民有权选择他们的领导人并对其进行问责，通常通过自由选举来实现。
Direct democracy happens when citizens vote on every decision themselves, as in a referendum, rather than electing representatives to decide on their behalf.
直接民主是指公民自己对每项决定进行投票（例如公投），而不是选举代表来代为决定。
Representative democracy is where citizens elect representatives to make decisions for them in a parliament or council.
代议制民主是指公民选举代表，由代表在议会或地方议会中代替他们作出决策。
Dictatorship is a form of government where a single person or a small group holds absolute power, and people have little or no right to vote them out.
独裁是单一个人或小团体拥有绝对权力、人民很少或没有权利通过投票将其罢免的政体。
Accountability means that those in power must explain their actions and can be removed if citizens are not satisfied with their performance.
问责制意味着掌权者必须解释其行为，若公民对其表现不满意，他们可以被罢免。
3. The UK Government | 英国政府
The government runs the country day to day, putting laws into action. This section covers the key roles at the heart of the UK’s executive branch.
政府负责国家的日常管理，将法律付诸实施。本节涵盖英国行政部门核心的关键角色。
Government is the group of people who run the state and make decisions about how the country operates, including managing the economy, health and education.
政府是管理国家并就国家运作方式作出决定的一群人，包括管理经济、卫生和教育。
The Prime Minister is the head of the UK government, leader of the largest party in the House of Commons, and appoints ministers to the Cabinet.
首相是英国政府的首脑，是下议院最大政党的领袖，负责任命内阁大臣。
The Cabinet is a team of senior ministers chosen by the Prime Minister who lead government departments, such as the Treasury or Home Office.
内阁是由首相选定的高级大臣组成的团队，他们领导诸如财政部或内政部等政府部门。
Civil service is the permanent body of officials who carry out the decisions of the government ministers, remaining neutral and professional regardless of which party is in power.
文官是执行政府大臣决定的常任职官队伍，无论哪个政党执政，他们都保持中立和专业。
4. The UK Parliament | 英国议会
Parliament is where laws are debated and passed. It is the supreme law-making body in the UK and also holds the government to account. Let’s untangle the important vocabulary linked to Parliament.
议会是辩论和通过法律的地方。它是英国的最高立法机构，也对政府进行问责。我们来理清与议会相关的重要词汇。
Parliament is the highest legislative authority in the United Kingdom, made up of the Monarch, the House of Commons and the House of Lords. Its main jobs are making laws, checking the work of government and approving taxes.
议会是英国的最高立法机关，由君主、下议院和上议院组成。其主要职责是制定法律、监督政府工作和批准税收。
The House of Commons is the elected chamber of Parliament, where Members of Parliament (MPs) represent constituencies across the UK and debate new laws.
下议院是议会中的民选议院，议员代表全英各地的选区，就新法律进行辩论。
The House of Lords is the unelected revising chamber, whose members are appointed for their experience. It checks and suggests amendments to bills passed by the Commons.
上议院是非经选举产生的修订议院，其成员因经验丰富而被任命。它负责审核下议院通过的法案并提出修正建议。
An MP (Member of Parliament) is a person elected by voters in a constituency to represent their interests in the House of Commons.
议员是由选区选民选举产生、在下议院代表该选区利益的人士。
5. Elections and Voting | 选举与投票
Elections give citizens their voice. Here you will find terms that explain how the voting process works and how representatives win the right to govern.
选举赋予公民发声的机会。你将在此找到解释投票过程如何运作以及代表如何赢得治理权力的术语。
An election is a formal process in which people vote to choose a person or a party to hold political office. General elections decide the UK government.
选举是人们投票选择某人或某个政党担任政治职务的正式程序。大选决定英国政府的组成。
Constituency is the geographical area that an MP represents. Each constituency elects one MP to the House of Commons.
选区是议员代表的地理区域。每个选区选举一名下议院议员。
A ballot is a method of secret voting, usually by marking a paper or using an electronic system. In the UK, voters mark a cross next to their chosen candidate’s name.
选票是一种秘密投票的方法，通常通过在纸张上勾选或使用电子系统完成。在英国，选民在自己选择的候选人名字旁边画叉。
Referendum is a direct vote by the whole electorate on a single political question, such as whether to stay in a union or change a law.
公投是全体选民就单一政治问题进行的直接投票，例如是否留在一个联盟或修改某项法律。
6. Rights and Freedoms | 权利与自由
Democracies protect certain fundamental freedoms so that individuals can live with dignity and security. This set of terms helps you describe those protections.
民主国家保护某些基本自由，以便个人能够有尊严和安全地生活。这组术语帮助你描述这些保护措施。
Rights are moral or legal entitlements to have or to do something. In a democracy, rights such as life, free speech and education are protected by law.
权利是拥有或做某事的道德或法律资格。在民主国家，生命、言论自由和教育等权利受到法律保护。
Freedom of speech is the right to express opinions publicly without government censorship. In the UK this right is qualified by laws against hate speech or threats.
言论自由是指在没有政府审查的情况下公开发表意见的权利。在英国，这一权利受到禁止仇恨言论或威胁的法律限制。
Equality means that every person is treated the same in law and has the same opportunities, regardless of background, gender, ethnicity or disability.
平等意味着每个人在法律面前一视同仁，并享有相同的机会，不论其背景、性别、种族或残疾状况。
Human rights are the basic rights and freedoms that belong to every person in the world. They are recognised in documents such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
人权是世界上每一个人都享有的基本权利和自由。它们被《世界人权宣言》等文件所确认。
7. Responsibilities and the Law | 责任与法律
Alongside rights come duties that keep society safe and fair. This section highlights the vocabulary that explains our obligations and how laws work.
与权利相伴的是维护社会安全和公平的义务。本节重点介绍解释我们义务及法律如何运作的词汇。
Responsibility is a duty to behave in a particular way. Citizens have responsibilities such as paying taxes, serving on a jury and respecting the law.
责任是以特定方式行事的义务。公民有纳税、担任陪审员和遵守法律等责任。
The rule of law is the principle that everyone, including government ministers and the Prime Minister, must obey the law. No one is above the law.
法治是指包括政府大臣和首相在内的每个人都必须遵守法律的原则。没有人可以凌驾于法律之上。
A law is a rule that is enforced by the courts and applies across the whole country. Laws are created through Acts of Parliament.
法律是由法院强制执行并适用于全国的规则。法律通过议会法案创立。
Crime is an action or omission that breaks the law and is punishable by the state, such as theft or assault.
犯罪是违反法律并会受到国家惩罚的行为或不作为，例如盗窃或攻击。
8. Citizenship and Community | 公民身份与社区
Being a citizen means more than holding a passport; it involves actively participating in the community. Let’s learn the terms that define this involvement.
成为一名公民不仅仅意味着持有护照；它还涉及积极参与社区。让我们学习定义这种参与的术语。
Citizenship is the status of being a legally recognised member of a country, with rights, responsibilities and the opportunity to shape society.
公民身份是作为一个国家法律上被承认成员的地位，拥有权利、责任和塑造社会的机会。
Active citizenship refers to individuals taking part in public life and working to improve their communities through volunteering, voting or campaigning.
积极公民指个人参与公共生活并通过志愿服务、投票或开展运动来努力改善社区。
Community is a group of people living in the same area or sharing a common interest. Strong communities rely on cooperation and mutual support.
社区是生活在同一区域或拥有共同利益的一群人。强大的社区依赖于合作和相互支持。
Volunteering is freely giving your time to help others without being paid, often through charities, local groups or environmental projects.
志愿服务是自愿拿出时间帮助他人而不求报酬，通常通过慈善机构、地方团体或环保项目进行。
9. Devolution, Welsh Parliament and Local Government | 权力下放、威尔士议会与地方政府
In Wales, political power is shared between the UK Parliament in Westminster and the devolved institutions in Cardiff. Local councils also take decisions close to home. Master these terms to understand how Wales is governed.
在威尔士，政治权力由威斯敏斯特的英国议会和加的夫的权力下放机构共同行使。地方议会也在居民身边作出决策。掌握这些术语，以理解威尔士如何治理。
Devolution is the transfer of some powers from the central UK Government to national governments in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, allowing them to make decisions on issues like education and health.
权力下放是指将部分权力从英国中央政府移交给威尔士、苏格兰和北爱尔兰的本国政府，使它们能够就教育和卫生等问题作出决策。
Senedd Cymru (the Welsh Parliament) is the democratically elected body that makes laws for Wales on devolved matters and holds the Welsh Government to account.
威尔士议会是民主选举产生的机构，负责就权力下放事务为威尔士制定法律并对威尔士政府进行问责。
Welsh Government is the executive body in Wales, led by the First Minister, which implements policies on devolved subjects like schools and hospitals.
威尔士政府是威尔士的行政机关，由首席大臣领导，负责落实学校、医院等权力下放领域的政策。
Local council is the elected body responsible for providing local services such as libraries, waste collection, parks and social care within a county or city area.
地方议会是选举产生的机构，负责在郡或市辖区内提供图书馆、垃圾收集、公园和社会关怀等地方服务。
Councillor is a person elected by local residents to represent them on the local council, making decisions on community issues.
议员（地方）是由当地居民选举产生、在地方议会代表他们并就社区问题作出决策的人。
10. Political Parties and Beliefs | 政党与信仰
Political parties present different visions for how the country should be run. Here you can memorise the terms that describe the party system and competing ideals.
政党就国家应如何管理提出不同的愿景。在这里你可以记住描述政党制度和竞争性理念的术语。
A political party is an organised group of people with similar ideas about how to govern, who compete in elections to win power and put their policies into practice.
政党是由对于治理方式持有相似理念的一
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