Year 8 AQA Music: Formula Quick-Reference Handbook | 八年级 AQA 音乐：公式定理速查手册

📚 Year 8 AQA Music: Formula Quick-Reference Handbook | 八年级 AQA 音乐：公式定理速查手册

Music theory is built on patterns, proportions and rules that act like ‘formulas’. This handbook collects the key formulas you need for Year 8 AQA Music – from note values and scale patterns to chord structures and cadences. Use it to speed up your understanding of how music works and to memorise essential relationships for listening, performing and composing.

音乐理论建立在模式、比例和规则之上，这些起着“公式”的作用。本手册汇集了八年级 AQA 音乐所需的关键公式——从音符时值和音阶模式到和弦结构与终止式。用它来加快你对音乐运作方式的理解，并记住在聆听、表演和创作中必不可少的关系。

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1. Note Duration Equations | 音符时值方程式

In standard notation every note value is a precise fraction of a semibreve. The whole system can be written as a simple equation that shows how longer notes divide into shorter ones.

在标准记谱法中，每个音符时值都是全音符的精确分数。整个体系可以写成一个简单的等式，展示较长的音符如何划分为较短的音符。

1 semibreve = 2 minims = 4 crotchets = 8 quavers = 16 semiquavers

The same equation works in reverse: two semiquavers make one quaver, two quavers make one crotchet, and so on. This binary division is the foundation of rhythm reading in simple time.

同样的等式反过来也成立：两个十六分音符等于一个八分音符，两个八分音符等于一个四分音符，以此类推。这种二分法是简单拍子中节奏读谱的基础。

English name	时长名称	Relative value
Semibreve	全音符	1 (whole)
Minim	二分音符	1/2
Crotchet	四分音符	1/4
Quaver	八分音符	1/8
Semiquaver	十六分音符	1/16

For dotted notes, a dot after a note adds half of the original value. This creates a compound division rule.

对于附点音符，音符后面的点增加原时值的一半。这产生了一种复合划分规则。

Dotted note = note + ½ of its value

Example: a dotted minim equals a minim plus a crotchet, lasting three crotchet beats. A dotted crotchet lasts one and a half crotchet beats, often paired with a quaver to form a familiar 2+1 rhythm cell.

示例：附点二分音符等于一个二分音符加一个四分音符，持续三拍。附点四分音符持续一拍半，常与一个八分音符搭配，形成熟悉的 2+1 节奏细胞。

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2. Dotted Notes and Ties: Extending Duration | 附点与延音线：延长时值

Dots and ties are two different tools that both increase the length of a note, but they follow distinct ‘formulas’. Understanding the difference helps you perform rhythms accurately.

附点和延音线是两种不同的工具，都能增加音符的长度，但它们遵循不同的“公式”。理解它们的区别有助于你准确地演奏节奏。

A tie is a curved line connecting two notes of the same pitch. Its effect is simple addition: the two note values are summed into one longer sound.

延音线是连接两个同音高音符的弧线。它的作用是简单的加法：两个音符的时值相加，成为一个更长的声音。

Tied note duration = duration₁ + duration₂

For example, a crotchet tied to a quaver lasts as long as a dotted crotchet (1½ beats), but it is notated differently. Ties can also cross bar lines, which a dot cannot do.

例如，一个四分音符用延音线连到一个八分音符，持续时长与附点四分音符相同（一拍半），但记谱方式不同。延音线还可以跨过小节线，而附点做不到这一点。

A dotted note always acts within a single beat or bar and follows the ‘add half’ formula. In 6/8 time, the dotted crotchet is the main beat unit because 6/8 = 2 dotted crotchet beats per bar. This is a direct application of the dotted formula to compound time.

附点音符总是在单拍或小节内起作用，遵循“加一半”公式。在 6/8 拍中，附点四分音符是主要的拍子单位，因为 6/8 = 每小节两个附点四分音符拍。这是附点公式在复拍子中的直接应用。

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3. Time Signature Formulas | 拍号公式

A time signature looks like a fraction, and it works like one: the top number gives the number of beats per bar, and the bottom number gives the beat note.

拍号看起来像一个分数，它的作用也确实像一个分数：上面的数字表示每小节的拍数，下面的数字表示以什么音符为一拍。

Beats per bar = top number × beat value (1/bottom number as a note)

For instance, 4/4 means four crotchet beats per bar (4 × ♩). 3/4 means three crotchet beats. 2/4 means two crotchet beats. In each case the bottom number 4 signals ‘crotchet’.

例如，4/4 表示每小节四个四分音符拍（4 × ♩）。3/4 表示三个四分音符拍。2/4 表示两个四分音符拍。每种情况下，下方的 4 都表示“四分音符”。

When the bottom number is 8, the beat note is the quaver. So 6/8 = six quavers per bar. However, 6/8 is usually felt as two dotted crotchet beats, which is a compound duple metre. The compound metre rule is: the beat is always a dotted note when the top number is 6, 9 or 12.

当下方数字为 8 时，拍子单位是八分音符。因此 6/8 = 每小节六个八分音符。然而，6/8 通常被感受为两个附点四分音符拍，这是复二拍子。复拍子的规则是：当上方数字为 6、9 或 12 时，拍子总是附点音符。

Time signature	拍号	Beat unit / 拍子单位	Beats per bar / 每小节拍数
4/4	四四拍	Crotchet / ♩	4
3/4	三四拍	Crotchet / ♩	3
2/4	二四拍	Crotchet / ♩	2
6/8	八六拍	Dotted crotchet / 附点 ♩	2 (compound)

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4. Major Scale Formula: The Tone–Semitone Pattern | 大调音阶公式：全音–半音模式

All major scales follow exactly the same sequence of intervals. This is the most important scale formula in music: a fixed pattern of tones (T) and semitones (S).

所有大调音阶都遵循完全相同的音程序列。这是音乐中最重要的音阶公式：一个固定的全音 (T) 和半音 (S) 模式。

T T S T T T S

Starting on any note, if you move up two whole tones, then one semitone, then three whole tones and a final semitone, you will arrive at an octave of the major scale. The semitones always fall between the 3rd and 4th degrees, and the 7th and 8th degrees.

从任何一个音开始，如果你向上移动两个全音，然后一个半音，然后三个全音，最后一个半音，你就会到达该大调音阶的八度音。半音始终落在第 3 和第 4 级之间，以及第 7 和第 8 级之间。

Example: C major – C (T) D (T) E (S) F (T) G (T) A (T) B (S) C. The natural half steps occur at E–F and B–C, which is why the key of C major has no sharps or flats. For G major, the formula demands an F♯ to keep the T T S T T T S pattern: G–A (T), A–B (T), B–C (S), C–D (T), D–E (T), E–F♯ (T), F♯–G (S).

示例：C 大调 – C (T) D (T) E (S) F (T) G (T) A (T) B (S) C。自然半音出现在 E–F 和 B–C，这就是为什么 C 大调没有升降号。对于 G 大调，公式要求使用 F♯ 以保持 T T S T T T S 模式：G–A (T)，A–B (T)，B–C (S)，C–D (T)，D–E (T)，E–F♯ (T)，F♯–G (S)。

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5. Minor Scale Formulas: Natural, Harmonic and Melodic | 小调音阶公式：自然、和声与旋律小调

Minor scales have three common forms in Year 8 AQA Music. Each has its own interval formula derived by adjusting the major scale pattern.

在八年级 AQA 音乐中，小调音阶有三种常见形式。每种都有自己通过调整大调模式而得的音程公式。

Natural minor: T S T T S T T

The natural minor uses the key signature of its relative major. Its semitones lie between the 2nd–3rd and 5th–6th degrees. It sounds smooth and often sad.

自然小调使用其关系大调的调号。它的半音位于第 2–3 级和第 5–6 级之间。听起来平稳，常带哀伤感。

Harmonic minor: T S T T S (T+½) S

The harmonic minor raises the 7th degree by a semitone to create a strong leading note. This produces a distinctive 1½-tone step (augmented 2nd) between the 6th and 7th degrees, which gives it an exotic flavour.

和声小调将第 7 级升高半音，以产生强烈的导音。这在第 6 级和第 7 级之间产生了一个特征性的 1½ 全音音程（增二度），赋予它异域风情。

Melodic minor ascending: T S T T T T S (descending as natural minor)

The melodic minor raises both the 6th and 7th degrees when ascending, to smooth out the augmented 2nd. When descending it reverts to the natural minor form.

旋律小调在上行时将第 6 和第 7 级都升高，以抹平增二度。下行时又回到自然小调形式。

Minor type	小调类型	Formula (tones/semitones)	A minor example
Natural	自然小调	T S T T S T T	A–B–C–D–E–F–G–A
Harmonic	和声小调	T S T T S T+½ S	A–B–C–D–E–F–G♯–A
Melodic asc.	旋律小调上行	T S T T T T S	A–B–C–D–E–F♯–G♯–A

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6. Key Signature Patterns: Sharps and Flats | 调号模式：升号与降号

Key signatures follow a predictable order that can be remembered as a pair of phrases. This is your formula for quickly identifying how many sharps or flats a key has, and which notes they affect.

调号遵循可预测的顺序，可以通过一组短句来记忆。这是你快速识别调号数量及受影响音符的公式。

Order of sharps: F♯ C♯ G♯ D♯ A♯ E♯ B♯

The mnemonic ‘Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle’ gives the sharps in sequence. The last sharp in the key signature is always the 7th degree (leading note), so the major tonic is a semitone above it.

记忆口诀 ‘Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle’ 给出了升号的顺序。调号中最后一个升号总是第 7 级（导音），因此大调主音在它上方半音。

Order of flats: B♭ E♭ A♭ D♭ G♭ C♭ F♭

The flats follow the reverse: ‘Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles Father’. For flat keys, the penultimate flat in the key signature is the major tonic (except for F major, which has only one flat, B♭).

降号顺序正相反：‘Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles Father’。对于降号调，调号中倒数第二个降号就是大调主音（F 大调除外，它只有一个降号 B♭）。

Every major key has a relative minor that shares the same key signature. The formula to find it: the relative minor is a minor third (3 semitones) below the major tonic. For example, C major’s relative minor is A minor; G major’s is E minor.

每个大调都有一个关系小调，它们共用同一调号。寻找它的公式：关系小调在大调主音下方小三度（

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