📚 Year 8 AQA Sociology: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 8 AQA 社会学：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your go-to glossary for Year 8 AQA Sociology. Understanding the language of sociology is the first step to thinking like a sociologist. This guide breaks down every key term into clear, memorable explanations, pairing English definitions with Chinese translations so you can master the vocabulary quickly and confidently.
欢迎阅读 Year 8 AQA 社会学词汇速记指南。理解社会学的语言是像社会学家一样思考的第一步。本指南将每个关键术语分解为清晰易记的解释，并配以中英文对照，帮助你快速、自信地掌握这些词汇。
1. What is Sociology? | 什么是社会学？
Sociology is the systematic study of society, social relationships, and human behaviour in groups. It looks at how people interact, how societies are organised, and how culture shapes our lives. Instead of just observing individuals, sociologists focus on patterns, structures, and social forces that influence everyone.
社会学是对社会、社会关系以及群体中人类行为的系统研究。它关注人们如何互动、社会如何组织以及文化如何塑造我们的生活。社会学家不只观察个体，而是专注于影响每个人的模式、结构和社会力量。
2. Society and Culture | 社会与文化
Society refers to a group of people who share a common territory, interact with one another, and share a culture. Culture is the whole way of life of a particular society – it includes language, beliefs, values, norms, customs, food, clothing, and all the material objects people create. Every society has its own unique culture, and sociologists examine how culture is passed on and how it changes over time.
社会指一群共享同一地域、相互交往并拥有共同文化的人。文化是某个社会完整的生活方式——它包括语言、信仰、价值观、规范、习俗、饮食、服饰以及人们创造的所有物质对象。每个社会都有自己独特的文化，社会学家研究文化如何传承以及如何随时间变化。
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Material culture: Physical objects like buildings, art, technology.
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物质文化：建筑、艺术、科技等实物。
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Non‑material culture: Ideas, beliefs, values, language.
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非物质文化：观念、信仰、价值观、语言。
3. Norms and Values | 规范与价值观
Norms are the unwritten rules of behaviour that society expects members to follow in particular situations. For example, queuing in a shop or saying ‘please’ and ‘thank you’. Values are the shared principles and standards that a society considers important, such as honesty, respect, or success. Values provide the broad guidelines, while norms are the specific rules that reflect those values.
规范是社会期望成员在特定情境下遵守的不成文行为规则。例如，在商店排队或说“请”和“谢谢”。价值观是一个社会认为重要的共同原则和标准，如诚实、尊重或成功。价值观提供广泛的指导方针，而规范是反映这些价值观的具体规则。
| Value 价值观 | Linked Norm 相关规范 |
|---|---|
| Politeness 礼貌 | Saying ‘thank you’ 说“谢谢” |
| Privacy 隐私 | Knocking before entering 进门之前敲门 |
| Achievement 成就 | Working hard at school 在学校努力学习 |
4. Socialisation | 社会化
Socialisation is the lifelong process through which individuals learn the culture of their society – its norms, values, language, and expected behaviours. It shapes our identity and teaches us how to fit into social groups. Without socialisation, a person would not be able to function fully as a member of society.
社会化是一个持续终生的过程，个体通过学习来掌握所处社会的文化——它的规范、价值观、语言以及被期待的行为。它塑造了我们的身份，并教会我们如何融入社会群体。没有社会化，一个人就无法完全作为社会成员发挥作用。
There are two main types of socialisation: primary socialisation, which takes place in early childhood, usually within the family, and secondary socialisation, which occurs later through schools, peer groups, the media, and the workplace.
社会化分为两种主要类型：初级社会化，发生在童年早期，通常由家庭完成；次级社会化，随后通过学校、同伴群体、媒体和工作场所进行。
5. Agencies of Socialisation | 社会化机构
Agencies of socialisation are the individuals, groups, and institutions that teach us the norms and values of society. The main agencies include the family, the education system, the peer group, the mass media, religion, and the workplace. Each agency has a different role and influences us at different stages of life.
社会化机构是那些教导我们社会规范与价值观的个人、群体和组织。主要机构包括家庭、教育系统、同伴群体、大众传媒、宗教以及工作场所。每个机构扮演不同的角色，并在人生的不同阶段影响我们。
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Family – transmits basic values, love, and social rules.
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家庭——传递基本的价值观、爱与社交规则。
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Education – teaches knowledge, discipline, and citizenship.
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教育——传授知识、纪律和公民意识。
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Peers – friends and classmates who influence attitudes and behaviour.
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同伴——影响态度和行为的朋友和同学。
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Media – television, social media, and the internet shape opinions and trends.
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媒体——电视、社交媒体和互联网塑造意见和潮流。
6. Primary Socialisation: Family | 初级社会化：家庭
Primary socialisation happens in the first years of life, mainly through the family. Parents, carers, and siblings teach a child basic skills like walking, talking, and how to behave. During this stage, children absorb the culture they are born into, including language, gender roles, and basic manners. The family is often called the most important agency of socialisation because it lays the foundation for a person’s personality and moral values.
初级社会化发生在生命最初几年，主要通过家庭进行。父母、照护者和兄弟姐妹教会孩子基本技能，如行走、说话以及如何行为得体。在这个阶段，儿童吸收自己出生其中的文化，包括语言、性别角色和基本的礼貌。家庭常被称为最重要的社会化机构，因为它为一个人的个性和道德价值观奠定了基础。
Key vocabulary: gender role – the set of expectations about how males and females should behave; social identity – the sense of who you are based on group membership.
核心词汇：性别角色——关于男性和女性应该如何行为的一系列期望；社会身份——基于群体归属感的自我认知。
7. Secondary Socialisation: Education and Peers | 次级社会化：教育与同伴群体
Secondary socialisation begins when a child enters school and starts interacting with people outside the immediate family. The education system introduces formal rules, the hidden curriculum (informal learning about punctuality, obedience, and competition), and new knowledge. Peer groups – friends of a similar age – become extremely influential, especially during adolescence. Through peers, young people learn to cooperate, negotiate, and develop an identity separate from their family.
次级社会化从儿童进入学校并开始与直系亲属以外的人交往时开始。教育系统引入正式规则、隐性课程（关于守时、服从和竞争的非正式学习）以及新知识。同伴群体——年龄相仿的朋友——变得极具影响力，尤其是在青春期。通过同伴，年轻人学会合作、协商，并发展出独立于家庭的身份。
The hidden curriculum includes things like learning to wait your turn, respecting authority, and working quietly – lessons not taught through textbooks but through daily school routines.
隐性课程包括学会排队等候、尊重权威、安静工作等内容——这些不是通过教科书传递，而是通过日常学校生活来学习。
8. Mass Media and Socialisation | 大众传媒与社会化
The mass media – television, films, the internet, social media platforms, and advertising – plays a powerful role in secondary socialisation. It exposes people to a wide range of lifestyles, beliefs, and norms, often shaping what is considered ‘normal’ or desirable. Media can reinforce stereotypes, spread mainstream values, and sometimes challenge traditional ideas.
大众传媒——电视、电影、互联网、社交媒体平台和广告——在次级社会化中发挥着强大作用。它使人们接触到各种各样的生活方式、信仰和规范，常常塑造了什么是“正常”或令人向往的。媒体可能强化刻板印象、传播主流价值观，有时也挑战传统观念。
For example, the media often presents idealised body images that influence young people’s self‑esteem. Understanding media literacy – the ability to critically analyse media messages – is a key sociological skill.
例如，媒体常常呈现理想化的身体形象，影响年轻人的自尊。理解媒介素养——批判性分析媒体信息的能力——是一项关键的社会学技能。
9. Identity: Who Am I? | 身份：我是谁？
Identity is how we see ourselves and how others see us. It is a combination of personal characteristics and social memberships. Sociologists study different types of identity: individual identity (your unique traits), social identity (belonging to groups like family, nationality, or class), and cultural identity (shared culture and traditions). Identity is not fixed; it develops through socialisation and can change across a lifetime.
身份是我们如何看待自己以及他人如何看待我们。它是个体特征和社会归属的结合。社会学家研究不同类型的身份：个体身份（你独特的特征）、社会身份（属于家庭、国籍或阶级等群体）和文化身份（共享的文化和传统）。身份不是固定的，它通过社会化发展，并可能在一生中发生变化。
Terms to remember: multiple identities – the idea that one person can hold several identities at once (e.g., student, daughter, friend, athlete). Labelling – the process of attaching a definition or category to a person, which can affect how they behave.
要记住的术语：多重身份——一个人可以同时拥有多种身份的观点（例如，学生、女儿、朋友、运动员）。标签化——将定义或类别贴附在一个人身上的过程，这可能影响他们的行为方式。
10. Social Stratification | 社会分层
Social stratification is the way society is divided into different levels, or strata, based on factors like wealth, income, status, and power. It creates a hierarchy where some groups have more resources and opportunities than others. Stratification is a structural feature of society and passes advantages or disadvantages from one generation to the next.
社会分层是指社会根据财富、收入、地位和权力等因素被划分为不同层级或阶层的方式。它形成了一种等级制度，其中一些群体比另一些群体拥有更多资源和机会。分层是社会的结构特征，并将优势或劣势代代相传。
Sociologists identify different systems of stratification, including class systems (based mainly on economic factors) and caste systems (based on birth, fixed positions). In modern Britain, social class is the most studied form of stratification.
社会学家识别出不同的分层体系，包括阶级体系（主要基于经济因素）和种姓体系（基于出身，地位固定）。在现代英国，社会阶级是研究最多的分层形式。
11. Social Class | 社会阶级
Social class is a group of people who share a similar economic position in society, usually measured by occupation, income, education, and wealth. Common distinctions include the upper class, middle class, working class, and sometimes the underclass. Social class influences life chances – the opportunities a person has to achieve positive outcomes in life, including health, education, and housing.
社会阶级是指在社会中拥有相似经济地位的一群人，通常以职业、收入、教育和财富来衡量。常见的划分包括上层阶级、中产阶级、工人阶级，有时还有底层阶级。社会阶级影响生活机会——一个人在生活中有机会获得积极成果的可能性，包括健康、教育和住房。
Key concept: social mobility – the movement of individuals or groups between different social classes. Mobility can be upwards (improving position) or downwards.
关键概念：社会流动——个人或群体在不同社会阶级之间的移动。流动可以是向上的（地位提升）或向下的。
12. Gender and Ethnicity | 性别与种族
Sociologists separate the terms sex (biological differences between males and females) and gender (socially constructed roles, behaviours, and expectations attached to being male or female). Ethnicity refers to shared culture, language, history, and traditions that distinguish one group from another. Both gender and ethnicity are key dimensions of social identity and can affect a person’s life chances and experiences of inequality.
社会学家区分生理性别（男性和女性之间的生物学差异）与社会性别（与男性或女性身份相关的社会建构的角色、行为和期望）。种族指共享的文化、语言、历史和传统，这些将一个群体与另一个群体区分开来。性别和种族都是社会身份的关键维度，能够影响一个人的生活机会和不平等经历。
Example: gender socialisation is the process through which children learn what society expects of their gender – blue for boys, pink for girls; trucks for boys, dolls for girls. These patterns can be challenged, and sociologists explore how they change over time.
例如：性别社会化是儿童学习社会对自身性别有何期望的过程——男孩用蓝色，女孩用粉色；给男孩卡车，给女孩洋娃娃。这些模式可以被挑战，社会学家探究它们如何随时间改变。
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