Year 8 CIE PE: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Reference Guide | Year 8 CIE 体育：词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 8 CIE PE: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Reference Guide | Year 8 CIE 体育：词汇术语速记指南

Welcome to your essential vocabulary guide for Year 8 Cambridge IGCSE Physical Education. This resource breaks down the key terminology you will encounter in your theory lessons, helping you understand, remember, and confidently use sport‑science language. Each term is clearly explained, and you will find a Chinese‑language partner sentence directly below it to reinforce bilingual comprehension. Use this reference alongside your practical sessions and note‑taking to build a solid foundation for your IGCSE studies.

欢迎使用 Year 8 剑桥 IGCSE 体育关键词汇速记指南。本资料拆解了你在理论课上会遇到的核心理学术语，帮助你理解、记忆并自信地使用运动科学语言。每个术语都配有清晰解释，下方紧跟中文对应句，以加深双语理解。在日常训练和课堂笔记中搭配使用这份参考，可为你的 IGCSE 学习打下坚实基础。

1. Health‑related Fitness Components | 健康相关体能要素

Health‑related fitness describes the physical capacities that contribute to overall well‑being and the ability to perform everyday tasks without undue fatigue. These components are the focus of most general fitness programmes.

健康相关体能指的是有助于整体健康、并能让人从容完成日常活动的身体能力。这些要素是大多数一般性健身训练的核心目标。

Cardiovascular endurance (aerobic capacity) is the ability of the heart, lungs, and blood vessels to deliver oxygen to working muscles during sustained exercise. Test example: the multi‑stage fitness test (bleep test).

心血管耐力（有氧能力）指心脏、肺和血管在持续运动中向工作肌肉输送氧气的能力。测试举例：多阶段体能测试（蜂鸣测试）。

Muscular strength is the maximum force a muscle or muscle group can exert in a single contraction. Test example: handgrip dynamometer.

肌肉力量是一块或一组肌肉在单次收缩中能产生的最大力。测试举例：握力计。

Muscular endurance is the ability of a muscle group to perform repeated contractions over time without tiring. Test example: the sit‑up bleep test or maximum press‑ups in one minute.

肌肉耐力是肌群在长时间内反复收缩而不感到疲劳的能力。测试举例：仰卧起坐蜂鸣测试或一分钟最大俯卧撑次数。

Flexibility is the range of motion possible around a joint. Test example: the sit‑and‑reach test.

柔韧性是关节周围可达到的活动范围。测试举例：坐位体前屈测试。

Body composition refers to the proportion of fat mass to lean mass (muscle, bone, organs) in the body. It is often estimated via skinfold calipers or BMI. Maintaining healthy body composition reduces the risk of lifestyle diseases.

身体成分指体内脂肪质量与去脂质量（肌肉、骨骼、器官）的比例。通常通过皮褶卡尺或 BMI 进行估算。保持健康的身体成分可降低生活方式疾病的风险。

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2. Skill‑related Fitness Components | 技能相关体能要素

Skill‑related fitness components are more specific to sport performance and help an athlete execute techniques efficiently. They are often trained once a solid health‑related fitness base is built.

技能相关体能要素更侧重于运动表现，帮助运动员高效执行技术动作。通常在建立了扎实的健康体能基础后才进行针对性训练。

Agility is the ability to change direction quickly while maintaining control and balance. Example: a rugby player side‑stepping a defender. Agility requires coordination, speed, and balance working together.

敏捷性是在保持控制和平衡的同时快速改变方向的能力。例如：橄榄球运动员侧步闪避防守队员。敏捷性需要协调、速度和平衡三者协同工作。

Balance is the maintenance of the centre of mass over the base of support. Static balance is holding a position still (e.g., a gymnast’s handstand); dynamic balance is maintaining control while moving (e.g., a surfer riding a wave).

平衡是使身体重心保持在支撑面之上的能力。静态平衡指静止维持姿势（如体操手倒立）；动态平衡指在移动中保持控制（如冲浪者骑浪）。

Coordination is the smooth, efficient interaction of sensory and motor systems to produce controlled movement. Hand‑eye coordination is vital in batting sports, foot‑eye coordination in football.

协调性是感觉系统与运动系统流畅、高效配合以产生可控动作的能力。手眼协调在击球类运动中至关重要，足眼协调在足球中不可或缺。

Power (explosive strength) is the product of strength and speed – the ability to exert maximum force in the shortest time. Test: vertical jump test or standing broad jump. Power = Force × Velocity.

爆发力（爆炸力）是力量与速度的乘积，即在最短时间内发挥最大力量的能力。测试：纵跳测试或立定跳远。爆发力 = 力 × 速度。

Reaction time is the interval between the presentation of a stimulus and the onset of a response. Simple reaction time involves one known signal (sprint start gun); choice reaction time involves selecting the correct response from several options (goalkeeper deciding which way to dive).

反应时是从刺激出现到开始做出反应之间的时间间隔。简单反应时涉及一个已知信号（短跑发令枪）；选择反应时涉及从多个选项中选出正确反应（守门员决定扑救方向）。

Speed is the ability to move the body or body parts quickly. It can be expressed as distance divided by time (m/s). In sport, speed often combines acceleration, maximum speed, and speed endurance.

速度是快速移动身体或身体部位的能力。可用距离除以时间（米/秒）表示。在运动中，速度通常结合了加速度、最大速度和速度耐力。

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3. Anatomical Position & Movement Terms | 解剖学姿势与动作术语

The standard anatomical position is a reference point in sport science: body upright, facing forward, feet parallel, arms at the sides with palms facing forward. All movement descriptions start from this position.

标准解剖学姿势是运动科学中的参照点：身体直立、面朝前、双脚平行、双臂垂于体侧、掌心朝前。所有动作描述均由此姿势出发。

Flexion – decreasing the angle at a joint (e.g., bending the elbow in a bicep curl). Extension – increasing the angle at a joint (e.g., straightening the knee in a kick).

屈曲 – 减小关节处的角度（如肱二头肌弯举时屈肘）。伸展 – 增大关节处的角度（如踢球时伸膝）。

Abduction – movement away from the midline of the body (e.g., lifting the arm sideways). Adduction – movement towards the midline (e.g., bringing the arm back to the side).

外展 – 肢体远离身体中线的运动（如手臂侧平举）。内收 – 肢体靠向身体中线的运动（如手臂收回体侧）。

Rotation – turning around the long axis of a bone. Medial rotation turns inward; lateral rotation turns outward. Examples: turning the head from side to side, or a discus thrower rotating the shoulder.

旋转 – 绕骨骼长轴进行的转动。内旋为转向内侧；外旋为转向外侧。例如：头部左右转动，或铁饼运动员转动肩关节。

Circumduction – a cone‑shaped movement combining flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction. Seen in a windmill arm swing or a bowler’s arm action in cricket.

环转 – 结合屈曲、伸展、外展和内收的锥形运动。可见于风车式摆臂动作或板球投手的投球手动作。

Plantarflexion and dorsiflexion refer to ankle movements. Pointing the toes down (plantarflexion) is used in jumping and ballet; lifting the toes up (dorsiflexion) occurs when you walk on your heels or prepare to land from a jump.

跖屈和背屈指踝关节运动。脚尖下压（跖屈）见于跳跃和芭蕾；脚尖上翘（背屈）发生在足跟行走或准备落地缓冲时。

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4. Basic Exercise Physiology | 基础运动生理学

Exercise physiology explains how the body responds and adapts to physical activity. Understanding these terms will help you train smarter and explain performance changes.

运动生理学解释身体如何对体育活动做出反应和适应。理解这些术语有助于你更科学地训练，并能解释运动表现的变化。

Heart rate (HR) – the number of heartbeats per minute. Resting heart rate (RHR) is typically 60‑80 bpm in untrained adolescents, lower in fitter individuals. Maximum heart rate (HRmax) can be estimated using the formula 220 − age (in years).

心率 – 每分钟心跳次数。安静心率未经训练的青少年通常为 60‑80 次/分，体健者更低。最大心率可用公式220 − 年龄（岁）进行估算。

Stroke volume – the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle in one beat. Training increases stroke volume, so the heart works more efficiently.

每搏输出量 – 左心室每次搏动射出的血量。训练可增大每搏输出量，使心脏工作效率更高。

Cardiac output (Q) – the total volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute. Q = Stroke volume × Heart rate. During exercise, cardiac output rises to deliver more oxygen to muscles.

心输出量 – 心脏每分钟泵出的总血量。心输出量 = 每搏输出量 × 心率。运动期间，心输出量增加以向肌肉输送更多氧气。

Aerobic exercise uses oxygen to produce energy and is sustainable for longer periods (e.g., jogging, cycling). Anaerobic exercise produces energy without using oxygen and cannot be maintained for long (e.g., 100 m sprint, heavy weightlifting).

有氧运动利用氧气供能，可持续较长时间（如慢跑、骑行）。无氧运动无需氧气即可供能，无法长时间维持（如 100 m 短跑、大重量举重）。

Lactic acid (lactate) is a by‑product of anaerobic respiration. Accumulation contributes to muscle fatigue and the burning sensation during high‑intensity work.

乳酸是无氧呼吸的副产物。乳酸堆积会导致肌肉疲劳和高强度运动时的灼烧感。

Oxygen debt (EPOC – excess post‑exercise oxygen consumption) refers to the extra oxygen the body needs after intense exercise to restore normal conditions, remove lactate, and replenish energy stores.

氧债（运动后过量氧耗）指剧烈运动后身体恢复常态、清除乳酸和补充能量储备所需的额外氧气。

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5. Principles of Training | 训练原则

Training principles are the rules that underpin any effective exercise programme. Using them ensures progression, avoids plateaus, and minimises injury risk.

训练原则是任何有效运动计划的基础规则。遵循这些原则可确保持续进步、避免平台期并降低受伤风险。

Specificity – training must be relevant to the sport or goal. A marathon runner mainly trains aerobic endurance, not maximal strength.

针对性 – 训练必须与运动项目或目标直接相关。马拉松运动员主要训练有氧耐力，而非最大力量。

Progressive overload – gradually increasing the training stimulus beyond what the body is accustomed to. This can be done by increasing frequency, intensity, time, or type (the FITT principle).

循序渐进超负荷 – 逐步增加超出身体已适应水平的训练刺激。可通过增加频率、强度、时间或类型（FITT 原则）来实现。

The FITT acronym: Frequency (how often), Intensity (how hard), Time (duration), Type (mode of exercise). Manipulating one or more FITT variables brings about overload.

FITT 缩略词：频率（多久一次）、强度（多辛苦）、时间（持续时间）、类型（运动种类）。调整一个或多个 FITT 变量即可产生超负荷。

Reversibility – fitness gains are lost when training stops or is reduced significantly. ‘Use it or lose it.’ Even a few weeks of inactivity can decrease cardiovascular fitness and muscle strength.

可逆性 – 训练停止或大幅减少时，已获得的体能会消退。“不用则废”。即使几周不活动也可能降低心肺适能和肌肉力量。

Tedium (variety) – training should remain interesting to prevent boredom and maintain motivation. Varying activities, drills, and environments helps athletes stay engaged.

趣味性（多样性） – 训练应保持有趣，以防乏味并维持动力。变换活动、练习和环境有助于运动员保持投入。

Rest and recovery – the body adapts and grows stronger during rest, not during training itself. Overtraining leads to fatigue, increased injury risk, and performance decline.

休息与恢复 – 身体在休息期间而非训练中进行适应和变强。过度训练会导致疲劳、增加受伤风险并导致表现下降。

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6. Basic Biomechanics | 基础运动生物力学

Biomechanics uses mechanical principles to study human movement. Knowing some basic levers and forces helps you analyse technique and improve efficiency.

运动生物力学运用力学原理研究人体运动。了解一些基本杠杆和力的知识有助于分析技术动作并提高效率。

Force is a push or pull that can change the motion of an object. Measured in newtons (N). In sport, athletes apply force against the ground, opponents, or equipment.

力是能改变物体运动的推或拉，单位为牛顿 (N)。运动员通过向地面、对手或器械施加力量来完成动作。

Centre of mass (centre of gravity) – the point where the body’s mass is equally balanced. In a standing human, it is roughly around the hips. Lowering the centre of mass increases stability.

质心（重心） – 身体质量均匀平衡的点。直立人体大致在髋部附近。降低重心可提高稳定性。

Levers in the body consist of a bone (lever), a joint (fulcrum), a muscle effort, and a resistance (load). A first‑class lever has the fulcrum between effort and load (e.g., neck extension). A second‑class lever has the load between the fulcrum and effort (e.g., standing on tiptoes). A third‑class lever has the effort between the fulcrum and load – the most common lever in the body (e.g., bicep curl). Third‑class levers are designed for speed and range of motion, not force.

人体内的杠杆由骨（杠杆臂）、关节（支点）、肌肉用力以及阻力（负荷）组成。第一类杠杆支点在用力与负荷之间（如颈部后伸）。第二类杠杆负荷位于支点和用力之间（如踮脚尖站立）。第三类杠杆用力在支点与负荷之间——这是人体中最常见的杠杆类型（如肱二头肌弯举）。第三类杠杆的设计目的是追求速度和活动范围而非大力。

Newton’s laws applied to sport: The first law (inertia) explains why a soccer ball stays still until kicked. The second law (acceleration ∝ force ÷ mass) tells us a lighter athlete can accelerate faster for the same force. The third law (action‑reaction) describes how a swimmer pushes water backward to move forward.

牛顿定律在运动中的应用：第一定律（惯性）解释了为什么足球在未受踢力前保持静止。第二定律（加速度 ∝ 力 ÷ 质量）告诉我们，施加相同力时，体重较轻的运动员加速更快。第三定律（作用与反作用）描述了游泳者向后推水以向前移动的原理。

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7. Nutrition and Hydration | 营养与水分补充

Optimal nutrition fuels performance, supports recovery, and maintains health. The following terms appear regularly in sports science and lifestyle discussions.

合理营养能为运动表现供能、支持恢复并维持健康。以下术语经常出现在运动科学和生活方式讨论中。

Macronutrients: Carbohydrates are the body’s preferred energy source during high‑intensity exercise and are stored as glycogen in muscles and the liver. Proteins are essential for muscle repair and growth. Fats provide energy for low‑intensity, long‑duration activities and help absorb vitamins.

宏量营养素：碳水化合物是高强度运动时身体首选的能量来源，以糖原形式储存于肌肉和肝脏。蛋白质对肌肉修复和生长至关重要。脂肪为低强度长时间活动供能，并帮助维生素吸收。

Micronutrients: Vitamins and minerals required in small amounts. Iron helps carry oxygen in the blood; calcium strengthens bones; vitamin D aids calcium absorption and immune function.

微量营养素：人体需要量很小的维生素和矿物质。铁帮助血液运输氧气；钙强化骨骼；维生素 D 促进钙吸收和免疫功能。

Glycogen – the stored form of carbohydrate in muscles and the liver. Depleted glycogen leads to fatigue; athletes use carbohydrate loading before long events.

糖原 – 碳水化合物在肌肉和肝脏中的储存形式。糖原耗竭会导致疲劳；运动员在长距离比赛前会进行糖原负荷填充。

Hydration: Even slight dehydration (2 % body mass loss) can impair performance, concentration, and reaction time. Electrolytes (sodium, potassium) lost in sweat must be replaced to maintain fluid balance and prevent cramps.

水分补充：即使轻度脱水（失水占体重 2%）也会损害运动表现、注意力和反应时。汗液中流失的电解质（钠、钾）必须补充，以维持体液平衡并预防抽筋。

Rehydration strategy: Drink small amounts frequently before, during, and after exercise. For exercise lasting longer than 60 minutes, a sports drink with carbohydrates and electrolytes is beneficial.

补水策略：在运动前、中、后少量多次饮用。运动时间超过 60 分钟时，饮用含碳水化合物和电解质的运动饮料很有裨益。

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8. Injury Prevention and Safe Practice | 损伤预防与安全操作

Preventing injuries is as important as improving performance. A sound warm‑up, correct equipment, and knowledge of common conditions keep you active and safe.

预防损伤与提高表现同样重要。合理的准备活动、正确的装备以及对常见状况的了解，能让你安全地保持活跃。

Warm‑up – a structured routine before exercise that raises body temperature, increases blood flow to muscles, and prepares joints. It includes pulse raisers, dynamic stretching, and sport‑specific drills. A cool‑down after exercise gradually lowers heart rate and includes static stretching to aid recovery.

准备活动 – 运动前结构化流程，可升高体温、增加肌肉血流量并活动关节。内容包括提升心率、动态拉伸和专项练习。运动后的整理活动逐渐降低心率，并包含静态拉伸以促进恢复。

RICE protocol – an immediate treatment for soft‑tissue injuries: Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation. Icing should be applied for 15‑20 minutes every 2‑3 hours during the first 48 hours.

RICE 原则 – 软组织损伤的即时处理方法：休息、冰敷、加压、抬高。伤后 48 小时内，每 2‑3 小时冰敷 15‑20 分钟。

Sprain – stretching or tearing of ligaments (connect bone to bone). Strain – stretching or tearing of muscles or tendons (connect muscle to bone). Both are graded by severity.

扭伤 – 韧带（连接骨与骨）的拉伸或撕裂。拉伤 – 肌肉或肌腱（连接肌与骨）的拉伸或撕裂。两者均按严重程度分级。

Concussion – a type of brain injury caused by impact. Symptoms can include headache, dizziness, confusion, and memory loss. Any suspected concussion requires immediate removal from play and medical assessment.

脑震荡 – 由冲击引起的脑损伤。症状可能包括头痛、头晕、意识和记忆模糊。任何疑似脑震荡必须立即撤离比赛并进行医学评估。

Overuse injuries result from repetitive stress without adequate recovery. Common examples include shin splints (pain along the shin bone) and tennis elbow. Prevention involves gradual load increase and rest.

过度使用性损伤由重复压力且恢复不足导致。常见例子包括胫骨疲劳性骨膜炎（小腿前侧疼痛）和网球肘。预防方法为逐步增加负荷并保证休息。

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9. Basic Sports Psychology | 基础运动心理学

Mental skills affect performance just as much as physical abilities. Learning these concepts helps you manage nerves, stay focused, and set effective goals.

心理技能对运动表现的影响不亚于体能。学习这些概念有助于管理紧张情绪、保持专注并设定切实可行的目标。

Motivation – the drive to achieve a goal. Intrinsic motivation comes from within (enjoyment, satisfaction); extrinsic motivation comes from external rewards (trophies, praise). A balance of both is ideal.

动机 – 实现目标的驱动力。内在动机源于内心（乐趣、满足感）；外在动机来自外部奖励（奖杯、表扬）。两者平衡最为理想。

Arousal – the level of mental and physical readiness. According to the inverted‑U theory, performance improves as arousal rises to an optimal point; beyond that, performance declines. Different sports and individuals have different optimum arousal levels.

唤醒水平 – 心理和身体的准备程度。根据倒 U 型理论，运动表现随唤醒水平升高至最佳点而提升；超过该点后表现下降。不同运动、不同个体的最佳唤醒水平各不相同。

Anxiety – a negative emotional state with feelings of worry and nervousness. Cognitive anxiety involves negative thoughts, while somatic anxiety refers to physical symptoms like sweaty palms. Deep breathing and positive self‑talk can help manage anxiety.

焦虑 – 一种包含担忧和紧张感的负面情绪状态。认知焦虑涉及消极想法，躯体焦虑指手心出汗等身体症状。深呼吸和积极自我对话有助于管理焦虑。

Goal setting uses the SMARTER principle: Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time‑phased, Evaluated, Recorded. Short‑term goals provide stepping stones toward long‑term aspirations.

目标设定运用SMARTER 原则：具体、可测量、可达成、相关性、时限性、评估、记录。短期目标是通往长期愿景的垫脚石。

Feedback – information received about performance. Intrinsic feedback comes from your own senses (how a movement felt); extrinsic feedback comes from external sources (coach’s comments, video). Effective learners use both.

反馈 – 接收到的关于表现的信息。内在反馈来自自身感官（动作感觉如何）；外在反馈来自外部来源（教练点评、视频）。高效的学习者两者兼用。

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10. Ethics, Fair Play and Social Aspects | 伦理、公平竞赛与社会因素

Sport is not just about physical output; it also reflects values, rules, and respect. These terms will appear when you discuss sportsmanship, inclusion, and the spirit of the game.

体育不仅关乎身体输出，还体现价值观、规则和尊重。在讨论体育精神、包容性和比赛精神时，你会遇到这些术语。

Sportsmanship – ethical, fair, and respectful behaviour towards opponents, officials, and the rules. Examples include shaking hands after a match and accepting the referee’s decision.

体育精神 – 对对手、裁判和规则的道德、公平和尊重行为。例如赛后握手、服从裁判判决。

Gamesmanship – bending the rules to gain an advantage without actually breaking them, e.g., delaying a restart to waste time. It sits at the edge of fair play and is often debated.

博弈手段 – 在不实际违规的情况下巧妙利用规则获取优势，如拖延重新开球以消耗时间。它处于公平竞赛的临界点，常引起争议。

Inclusion – ensuring everyone, regardless of background, gender, or ability, has the opportunity to participate. Adapted rules, mixed teams, and accessible facilities promote inclusion.

包容性 – 确保所有人，无论背景、性别或能力如何，都有参与的机会。修改规则、混合团队和无障碍设施可以促进包容性。

Etiquette – the unwritten code of conduct within a sport, based on tradition and respect. In golf, silence during a swing; in tennis, not celebrating an opponent’s unforced error.

礼仪 – 运动项目内基于传统和尊重的不成文行为准则。高尔夫中挥杆时保持安静；网球中不因对手非受迫性失误而欢呼庆祝。

Performance‑enhancing drugs (PEDs) – banned substances that artificially improve performance. They pose serious health risks and violate the spirit of sport. Common examples include anabolic steroids (increase muscle mass) and stimulants (increase alertness, mask fatigue).

兴奋剂 – 能人为提高运动表现的违禁物质。它们带来严重健康风险并违反体育精神。常见例子包括合成代谢类固醇（增加肌肉量）和刺激剂（提升警觉、掩盖疲劳）。

Sponsorship, media, and role models influence sport. Positive role models demonstrate integrity and inspire participation; commercial pressures can sometimes challenge ethical decision‑making.

赞助、媒体和榜样影响体育运动。正面榜样展现诚信并激励参与；商业压力有时会对道德决策构成挑战。

Published by TutorHao | PE Revision Series | aleveler.com

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