📚 Year 8 Edexcel Computer Science: Key Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | Year 8 Edexcel 计算机：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your essential quick-reference guide for Year 8 Edexcel Computer Science. This article breaks down the core vocabulary you need to know, pairing each term with a clear definition and a memory trick. Whether you are preparing for a class test or reinforcing your knowledge, use these bite-sized explanations to boost your confidence and recall.
欢迎使用这份 Year 8 Edexcel 计算机科学核心词汇速记指南。本文精选了必学术语，每个词都配有清晰的定义和记忆技巧。无论你是在准备课堂测验还是巩固知识，这些要点都能让你记得更牢、学得更轻松。
1. Computational Thinking & Problem Solving | 计算思维与问题求解
Decomposition means breaking a complex problem into smaller, more manageable parts. Memory trick: imagine splitting a huge pizza into slices – each slice is easier to eat.
分解 指将复杂问题拆分成更小、更易处理的部分。记忆技巧：想象把一个大披萨切成若干小块，每一块都更容易吃下去。
Pattern recognition involves spotting similarities, trends or recurring features in problems. Think of recognising the same villain in a series of detective stories.
模式识别 指在问题中发现相似点、趋势或重复出现的特征。想象在一系列侦探小说里认出同一个反派角色。
Abstraction is the process of filtering out unnecessary details to focus on what is important. It is like a map that shows only major roads and hides every lamp post.
抽象 是指滤除无关细节，只关注关键信息。就像一张地图只标出主要道路，而隐藏了每一根路灯柱。
Algorithm – a step-by-step set of instructions to solve a problem or perform a task. A recipe for baking cookies is a perfect real-life algorithm.
算法 —— 一组按顺序执行的步骤，用于解决问题或完成任务。烤甜点的食谱就是一个绝佳的生活化算法。
2. Algorithms & Flowchart Symbols | 算法与流程图符号
Flowchart – a diagram that represents an algorithm using standard symbols connected by arrows. It gives a visual map of the process.
流程图 —— 用标准符号和箭头表示算法的示意图，直观展示执行流程。
Start/End (Oval) – rounded symbol that marks the beginning or end of a flowchart. Every journey needs a clear starting point.
开始/结束（椭圆） —— 圆角符号，标记流程图的起点或终点。每段旅程都需要一个明确的出发点。
Process (Rectangle) – carried out a calculation or an action, such as ‘Add 10 to total’. Think of a machine performing a fixed task.
处理（矩形） —— 执行计算或操作，例如 “将 total 加 10″。把它想象成一台执行固定任务的机器。
Decision (Diamond) – a point where a yes/no question is asked, like ‘Is age > 18?’ . It splits the path into two branches.
判断（菱形） —— 提出是非问题的节点，例如 “年龄是否大于 18？”，并将路径分成两条分支。
Input/Output (Parallelogram) – shows data being entered (keyboard) or displayed (screen). Use it for ‘Enter your name’ or ‘Print result’.
输入/输出（平行四边形） —— 表示数据输入（如键盘）或输出（如屏幕），用于 “输入姓名” 或 “打印结果”。
3. Binary & Data Units | 二进制与数据单位
Bit (binary digit) – the smallest unit of data in computing, represented by a 0 or 1. Visualise a single light switch: off = 0, on = 1.
位（二进制数字） —— 计算机中最小的数据单位，用 0 或 1 表示。可以想象成一个电灯开关：关为 0，开为 1。
Byte – a group of eight bits, commonly used to store one character. A simple word ‘Hi’ needs two bytes.
1 Byte = 8 bits
字节 —— 八个位组成的单位，常用于存储一个字符。像 “Hi” 就需要两个字节。
1 字节 = 8 位
Kilobyte (KB) – roughly 1000 bytes (exactly 1024 bytes). A short paragraph of plain text might use about 2 KB.
千字节 (KB) —— 大约 1000 字节（精确为 1024 字节）。一小段纯文本大约占用 2 KB。
Megabyte (MB) – about one million bytes, or 1024 KB. One photo from a smartphone often ranges from 2 MB to 5 MB.
兆字节 (MB) —— 约一百万字节，或 1024 KB。智能手机的一张照片通常在 2 MB 到 5 MB 之间。
Denary (base 10) – the number system we use daily, with digits 0-9. When you write 17, you are using denary. Conversion to binary helps computers understand it.
十进制（基数为 10） —— 我们日常使用的数字系统，数字范围为 0 到 9。写下 17 时就在使用十进制，把它转换为二进制才能让计算机理解。
4. Hardware & Storage Devices | 硬件与存储设备
CPU (Central Processing Unit) – the ‘brain’ of the computer that executes instructions. It performs the fetch-decode-execute cycle continuously.
中央处理器 (CPU) —— 计算机的 “大脑”，负责执行指令，不断重复取指-译码-执行的周期。
RAM (Random Access Memory) – temporary, fast memory that holds data and programs currently in use. It loses everything when the power is switched off (volatile). Think of it as a workbench that clears after a task.
RAM (随机存取存储器) —— 临时、高速的内存，存放当前正在使用的数据和程序。断电后内容全部丢失（易失性），就像任务结束后被清空的工作台。
ROM (Read Only Memory) – permanent memory that stores boot-up instructions (firmware). It keeps data even without power (non-volatile). Memory trick: ROM is like the engraved rules on a stone tablet that never change.
ROM (只读存储器) —— 永久存储器，保存启动指令（固件），断电后数据依然存在（非易失性）。记忆技巧：ROM 好比刻在石碑上的规则，永远不变。
Hard Disk Drive (HDD) – uses spinning magnetic platters to store data long-term. Often found in larger, cheaper storage. Avoid shaking it, just like a record player!
硬盘驱动器 (HDD) —— 利用旋转磁性盘片长期存储数据，常见于容量大、价格低的存储设备。千万别摇晃它，就像对待唱片机一样！
Solid-State Drive (SSD) – fast storage with no moving parts, using flash memory. It speeds up loading times and is more durable. Think of a USB stick scaled up.
固态硬盘 (SSD) —— 无活动部件的快速存储，采用闪存，加载速度更快且更耐用。想象一个放大版的 U 盘。
5. Software & Operating Systems | 软件与操作系统
Operating System (OS) – software that manages hardware, runs applications and provides a user interface. Examples: Windows, macOS, Linux. It acts as a translator between you and the machine.
操作系统 (OS) —— 管理硬件、运行应用程序并提供用户界面的软件。例如 Windows、macOS、Linux。它就像你和机器之间的翻译官。
Application Software – programs designed for end users, such as word processors, spreadsheets and games. They rely on the operating system to function.
应用软件 —— 为最终用户设计的程序，如文字处理器、电子表格和游戏。它们依赖操作系统才能运行。
Utility Software – specialised tools that maintain and protect the system, including antivirus, disk cleanup and backup programs. Think of them as a computer’s personal hygiene kit.
工具软件 —— 用于维护和保护系统的专用工具，包括杀毒软件、磁盘清理和备份程序。它们就像电脑的个人卫生套装。
GUI (Graphical User Interface) – allows users to interact with the system using windows, icons, menus and a pointer (WIMP). Less typing, more clicking!
图形用户界面 (GUI) —— 允许用户通过窗口、图标、菜单和指针（WIMP）与系统交互。少打字，多点选！
6. Networks & The Internet | 网络与互联网
LAN (Local Area Network) – connects computers over a small geographical area, like a school or an office building. It offers high speed and shared resources such as printers.
局域网 (LAN) —— 在小范围内（如学校或办公楼）连接计算机，速度快且可共享打印机等资源。
WAN (Wide Area Network) – links devices across cities, countries or continents. The internet is the largest WAN. It relies on routers and undersea cables.
广域网 (WAN) —— 跨越城市、国家甚至大陆连接设备。互联网就是最大的广域网，依赖路由器和海底光缆。
IP Address – a unique numeric label assigned to every device on a network. It works like a postal address, helping data find the right destination. Example: 192.168.1.10
IP 地址 —— 网络中每个设备独有的数字标签，如同邮政地址，帮助数据找到正确的目的地。例如：192.168.1.10
DNS (Domain Name System) – translates human-friendly website names (like example.com) into IP addresses. It is the internet’s phonebook.
域名系统 (DNS) —— 将人类易记的网址名称（如 example.com）转换为 IP 地址，相当于互联网的电话簿。
Protocol – a set of rules that govern how data is transmitted. TCP/IP ensures messages are broken into packets, sent and reassembled correctly. Think of it as a universal language for digital postcards.
协议 —— 控制数据传输的一套规则。TCP/IP 确保信息被打包成数据包，正确发送并重新组装。这就像明信片的通用语言。
7. Cybersecurity Fundamentals | 网络安全基础
Malware – malicious software designed to damage or disrupt systems. The word comes from ‘malicious’ + ‘software’. It is the umbrella term for viruses, worms and spyware.
恶意软件 —— 旨在破坏或扰乱系统的恶意程序。这个词由 “malicious”（恶意的）+ “software”（软件）合成，是病毒、蠕虫和间谍软件的统称。
Virus – a type of malware that attaches itself to clean files and spreads when the file is opened. Like a biological virus, it needs a host.
病毒 —— 一种附着在正常文件上、在文件打开时传播的恶意软件。像生物病毒一样需要宿主。
Phishing – a scam where emails or messages pretend to be from trusted sources to trick you into revealing passwords or bank details. Check the sender address carefully – anglers ‘phish’ for your secrets.
网络钓鱼 —— 诈骗分子伪装成可信来源发送邮件或消息，诱使你泄露密码或银行信息。仔细核对发件人地址，就像钓鱼者用诱饵钓取你的秘密。
Firewall – a security barrier that monitors incoming and outgoing network traffic and blocks suspicious data. Picture a castle wall that only allows approved messengers through.
防火墙 —— 监控进出网络流量并拦截可疑数据的安全屏障。想象一堵只放行可信使者的城墙。
Encryption – scrambling data so that only authorised parties can read it. Even if intercepted, the information looks like gibberish without the decryption key.
加密 —— 将数据打乱，只有授权方才能解读。即使被截获，没有解密钥匙信息就等于乱码。
8. Programming Essentials | 编程基础
Variable – a named storage location that holds a value which can change while the program runs. Think of it as a labelled box: score = 0.
变量 —— 一个命名的存储位置，保存的值在程序运行期间可以改变。就像贴了标签的盒子：score = 0。
Constant – a value that stays the same throughout the program. For instance, the number of minutes in an hour is a constant: MINUTES_PER_HOUR = 60.
常量 —— 在程序执行过程中保持不变的量。例如，一小时的分钟数就是一个常量：MINUTES_PER_HOUR = 60。
Selection (if statement) – allows the program to make decisions. When a condition is true, a block of code runs; otherwise it can run something else.
选择（if 语句） —— 让程序能够做出决策。当条件为真时执行一段代码，否则执行另一段。
Iteration (loop) – repeats a section of code. A for loop runs a fixed number of times; a while loop continues as long as a condition remains true. Imagine a roundabout that you go around until you find your exit.
迭代（循环） —— 重复执行一段代码。for 循环执行固定次数，while 循环则在条件为真时持续运行。想象一个环岛，你绕圈直到找到出口。
Function (subroutine) – a named block of code that performs a specific task and can be called whenever needed. It reduces repetition. Think of a handy tool that you pull out of a toolbox.
函数（子程序） —— 一段有名称的代码，完成特定任务，需要时即可调用。它能减少重复代码，就像是工具箱里随用随取的工具。
9. Data Representation: Text, Images & Sound | 数据表示：文本、图像与声音
ASCII – a character encoding standard that assigns a unique number to each letter, digit and symbol. For example, the uppercase ‘A’ is represented by 65 in denary. It uses 7 or 8 bits per character.
ASCII 码 —— 一种字符编码标准，为每个字母、数字和符号分配一个唯一编号。例如，大写 ‘A’ 用十进制 65 表示，通常每个字符占用 7 或 8 个位。
Pixel – the smallest element of a digital image, like a tiny coloured tile. Millions of pixels combine to form a photograph. The more pixels, the higher the resolution.
像素 —— 数字图像的最小单元，就像一块微小的彩色瓷砖。成千上万的像素组合成一张照片，像素越多分辨率越高。
Colour depth (bit depth) – the number of bits used to represent the colour of a single pixel. 1 bit gives two colours (black and white), while 8 bits allow 256 colours.
Colour depth: 1 bit → 2 colours, 8 bits → 256 colours.
颜色深度（位深度） —— 用来表示单个像素颜色的位数。1 位只能显示 2 种颜色（黑白），8 位可显示 256 种颜色。
颜色深度：1 位 → 2 色，8 位 → 256 色。
Sample rate – in digital sound recording, the number of audio samples taken per second, measured in hertz (Hz). 44.1 kHz means 44,100 samples per second. Higher sample rates capture better sound quality.
采样率 —— 在数字录音中，每秒采集声音样本的次数，单位为赫兹（Hz）。44.1 kHz 表示每秒采 44,100 个样本，采样率越高音质越好。
Metadata – data that describes other data. For an image file, metadata can include the date taken, camera model and GPS location. It is the label on the digital package.
元数据 —— 描述其他数据的数据。对于图像文件，元数据可能包括拍摄日期、相机型号和 GPS 位置，相当于数字包裹上的标签。
10. Logic Gates & Truth Tables | 逻辑门与真值表
A logic gate is an electronic circuit that produces an output based on one or more input signals. They are the building blocks of digital systems and are often expressed using truth tables.
逻辑门 是一种根据一个或多个输入信号产生输出的电子电路，是数字系统的基本构件，通常用真值表来表达。
AND gate – output is 1 only if both inputs are 1. Think of a garden sprinkler that turns on only if the tap is open AND the hose is connected.
与门 (AND) —— 只有当两个输入均为 1 时输出才为 1。想象花园洒水器，只有水龙头打开 AND 水管接好才会喷水。
Truth table for AND gate (A, B → Output):
| A | B | Output |
| 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 1 | 1 |
与门真值表 (A, B → 输出):
| A | B | 输出 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 |
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