📚 Year 8 OCR Science: Vocabulary Flashcard Guide | Year 8 OCR 科学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the core vocabulary in Year 8 OCR Science helps you think like a scientist and tackle exam questions with confidence. This guide presents essential terms organised by topic, paired with Chinese translations and memory tricks. Use it to build your own flashcards or for quick revision.
掌握Year 8 OCR科学的核心词汇能帮你像科学家一样思考，自信应对考题。本指南按主题整理了关键术语，并配有中文翻译和记忆技巧。你可以用它制作卡片或快速复习。
1. Scientific Inquiry & Experimental Skills | 科学探究与实验技能
Hypothesis: An educated guess or a testable prediction based on observations. It usually starts with ‘If… then…’. Remember: hypo- means ‘under’ and thesis means ‘idea’ — an idea you put under testing.
假设：基于观察的有根据的猜测或可检验的预测，常以“如果……那么……”开头。词根记忆：hypo- 表示“在下面”，thesis 表示“论点”——一个需要去检验的论点。
Independent variable: The factor you deliberately change in an experiment. The easy trick: ‘I change it’ — the ‘I’ stands for Independent.
自变量：实验中你故意改变的因素。速记技巧：“我改变它”——“我”就代表自变量。
Dependent variable: The factor you measure or observe; its value depends on the independent variable. Think ‘it depends on my change’.
因变量：你测量或观察的因素，其数值依赖于自变量。联想：它的结果“依赖于”你的改变。
Control variable: All the factors you keep the same to ensure a fair test. ‘Control’ means you keep them under control so they don’t interfere.
控制变量：为确保公平测试而保持不变的所有因素。“控制”意味着你控制住它们，不让它们干扰实验。
2. Cells and Organisation | 细胞与组织
Nucleus: The cell’s control centre that contains genetic material (DNA). Picture the nucleus as the ‘brain’ of the cell.
细胞核：细胞的控制中心，含有遗传物质（DNA）。把细胞核想象成细胞的“大脑”。
Cytoplasm: The jelly-like substance inside a cell where chemical reactions happen. Think of it as the workshop floor where workers (organelles) are busy.
细胞质：细胞内的胶状物质，是化学反应发生的场所。可想象为细胞器忙碌工作的车间地面。
Mitochondrion (plural: mitochondria): The powerhouse of the cell where respiration releases energy. The word comes from mitos (thread) and chondrion (grain) — thread-like grains that power the cell.
线粒体：细胞的能量工厂，呼吸作用在此释放能量。词源：mitos（线）和chondrion（颗粒）——为细胞供能的线状颗粒。
Cell membrane: A thin, selectively permeable layer that controls what enters and leaves the cell. Think of it as a security gate that allows some things in and keeps others out.
细胞膜：一层薄的选择性渗透膜，控制物质进出细胞。可想象成一道安检门，让某些东西进入而将其他拒之门外。
Chloroplast: Found only in plant cells, it contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis. The word ‘chloro-‘ means green; chloroplasts capture light energy to make food.
叶绿体：仅存在于植物细胞中，含有叶绿素进行光合作用。“chloro-”表示绿色；叶绿体捕获光能制造食物。
3. Reproduction and Growth | 生殖与生长
Gamete: A sex cell (sperm in males, egg in females) with half the normal number of chromosomes. Gamete sounds like ‘game’ — a game needs two players, just like fertilisation needs two gametes.
配子：性细胞（雄性为精子，雌性为卵细胞），含有正常一半的染色体数目。配子发音像“game”（游戏），游戏需要两个玩家，受精同样需要两个配子。
Fertilisation: The fusion of a male gamete with a female gamete to form a zygote. It is the moment when a new life’s genetic instruction is written.
受精：雄配子与雌配子融合形成合子的过程。这一刻，新生命的遗传指令被书写下来。
Zygote: The single cell formed after fertilisation, which divides to become an embryo. Think of ‘zygote’ as the ‘first cell’ that starts everything.
合子（受精卵）：受精后形成的单细胞，通过分裂发育成胚胎。把合子想象成启动一切的“第一个细胞”。
Pollination: The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of a flower, enabling plant fertilisation. ‘Pollen’ is the plant’s male gamete courier.
传粉：花粉从花药传到柱头的过程，使植物受精成为可能。“花粉”是植物雄配子的搬运工。
4. Particle Model and States of Matter | 粒子模型与物质状态
Solid: Particles are tightly packed in a regular pattern and only vibrate in fixed positions. Solid = can’t flow; remember that solid particles have the least energy.
固体：粒子紧密排列成规则图案，只能在固定位置上振动。固体不能流动；记住固体粒子的能量最低。
Liquid: Particles are close together but can move past each other, allowing the liquid to flow and take the shape of its container. Think of a crowded dance floor where people wiggle through gaps.
液体：粒子间距较近但可以相互滑动，使液体能够流动并呈现容器的形状。可联想拥挤的舞池中，人们从缝隙中挤过。
Gas: Particles are far apart, move quickly in all directions, and fill any available space. Gas particles have the most kinetic energy among the three states.
气体：粒子相距很远，快速向各个方向运动，充满任何可用空间。在三态中，气体粒子的动能最大。
Sublimation: A change directly from solid to gas without passing through the liquid state, e.g. solid carbon dioxide (dry ice). ‘Sub’ means from below, ‘lim’ means threshold — the solid jumps past the liquid threshold.
升华：物质从固态直接转变为气态，不经过液态，例如固态二氧化碳（干冰）。词根：“sub”在下方，“lim”门槛——固体跳过了液态的门槛。
Condensation: The change from gas to liquid when particles lose energy and come closer together. You see condensation on a cold mirror after a shower.
冷凝：气体失去能量、粒子相互靠近转变为液体的过程。淋浴后，你能在冰冷的镜子上看到冷凝水珠。
5. Elements, Compounds and Mixtures | 元素、化合物与混合物
Element: A pure substance made of only one type of atom, listed on the periodic table. Element starts with ‘E’ — think ‘E’ for ‘Exclusively one type of atom’.
元素：仅由一种原子组成的纯物质，列于周期表中。元素英文Element以“E”开头——可记作“Exclusively one type of atom”（只有一种原子）。
Compound: A substance formed when two or more different elements chemically bond together. Com- means together, pound comes from ‘put’ — atoms put together chemically.
化合物：两种或多种不同元素通过化学键结合形成的物质。Com-表示“共同”，pound源自“放置”——原子通过化学方式放在一起。
Mixture: Two or more substances combined physically but not chemically bonded; each keeps its own properties. A mixture is like a bag of marbles where each colour is still separate.
混合物：两种或多种物质物理混合而非化学键合，各组分保持自身性质。混合物就像一袋彩球，每种颜色仍是独立的。
Atom: The smallest particle of an element that still retains the element’s chemical properties. The word comes from Greek ‘atomos’, meaning indivisible.
原子：能保持元素化学性质的最小粒子。该词源自希腊语“atomos”，意为不可再分。
6. Acids and Alkalis | 酸与碱
Acid: A substance with a pH less than 7 that releases hydrogen ions (H⁺) in water. Many acids taste sour; recall citrus fruits contain citric acid.
酸：pH值小于7，在水中释放氢离子（H⁺）的物质。许多酸尝起来有酸味；回想柑橘类水果含有柠檬酸。
Alkali: A soluble base with a pH greater than 7; it releases hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in water. Alkalis feel soapy to touch — soap is a common alkaline substance.
碱：可溶性碱，pH值大于7，在水中释放氢氧根离子（OH⁻）。碱摸起来有滑腻感，肥皂就是常见的碱性物质。
Neutralisation: The reaction between an acid and an alkali to produce salt and water. Think ‘neutral’ means neither acidic nor basic — the opposing properties cancel out.
中和反应：酸与碱反应生成盐和水的过程。“中性”（neutral）意味着既非酸性也非碱性——对立性质相互抵消。
Indicator: A dye that changes colour depending on whether a solution is acidic, neutral, or alkaline. Litmus paper turns red in acid and blue in alkali — remember ‘red for acid like red danger’.
指示剂：根据溶液酸性、中性或碱性而变色的染料。石蕊试纸在酸中变红、碱中变蓝——可记作“酸红如危险信号”。
7. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
Force: A push or pull that can change an object’s motion, measured in newtons (N). Forces are vectors; they have both magnitude and direction.
力：能改变物体运动的推或拉，单位为牛顿（N）。力是矢量，既有大小也有方向。
Friction: A force that opposes motion between two surfaces in contact. The word begins with ‘F’ as does ‘fights movement’ — friction fights movement.
摩擦力：阻碍两个接触表面相对运动的力。英文词首为“F”，而“fights movement”（对抗运动）也是“F”，便于记忆。
Weight: The force of gravity acting on an object’s mass, measured in newtons. Do not confuse weight with mass — mass is how much matter you contain, weight is how hard gravity pulls you.
重量：作用在物体质量上的重力，单位是牛顿。别把重量和质量搞混——质量是你所含物质的多少，重量是重力拉你的程度。
Resultant force: The single overall force acting on an object when all forces are combined. If it is not zero, the object’s motion will change.
合力：所有作用力综合后的单一总力。若合力不为零，物体的运动状态就会改变。
speed = distance ÷ time
速度 = 距离 ÷ 时间
8. Energy and Energy Transfers | 能量与能量转化
Kinetic energy: The energy an object has because of its motion. The faster it moves, the more kinetic energy it stores. ‘Kinetic’ is related to ‘kinesis’ meaning movement.
动能：物体由于运动而具有的能量。运动越快，储存的动能越大。“Kinetic”与表示运动的“kinesis”同源。
Gravitational potential energy: Energy stored in an object because of its height above the ground. Remember the formula using the mnemonic ‘great potential equals mgh’.
重力势能：物体因处于高处而储存的能量。可用公式记忆：重力势能 = 质量(m) × 重力场强(g) × 高度(h)。
Conservation of energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred from one store to another or dissipated. Think of it as a ‘currency’ that always adds up to the same total.
能量守恒：能量既不能产生也不能消灭，只能从一个储存转移到另一个或耗散。可把它想象成一种总量永远相同的“货币”。
Thermal energy: The energy a substance has due to the random motion of its particles; heating raises this internal energy. Often called heat energy.
热（内）能：物质因粒子无规则运动而具有的能量；加热会提升这一内能。常称之为热量。
9. Electricity Basics | 电学基础
Current: The flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A). Current flows from the positive to the negative terminal. Think of it like water flowing through a pipe.
电流：电荷的流动，单位为安培（A）。电流从正极流向负极。可把它想象成水管里流动的水。
Voltage: The ‘push’ that drives current around a circuit, measured in volts (V). Voltage is like the pressure difference that makes water flow in a hose.
电压：驱动电流在电路中流动的“推力”，单位为伏特（V）。电压好比使水在水管中流动的压力差。
Resistance: A measure of how hard it is for current to flow, measured in ohms (Ω). A thin wire has higher resistance. Use the version of Ohm’s law below:
电阻：衡量电流流动难易程度，单位为欧姆（Ω）。细导线电阻更大。欧姆定律如下：
voltage = current × resistance (V = I × R)
电压 = 电流 × 电阻 (V = I × R)
Series circuit: A circuit with a single path for the current; if one component fails, all go out. Old-style fairy lights use series circuits.
串联电路：只有一条电流路径的电路；一个元件损坏，所有元件都断开。老式的圣诞彩灯常使用串联电路。
10. Ecosystems and Feeding Relationships | 生态系统与摄食关系
Producer: An organism that makes its own food, usually by photosynthesis. All plants are producers; they start every food chain.
生产者：能自己制造食物的生物，通常通过光合作用。所有植物都是生产者；它们位于每条食物链的起点。
Consumer: An organism that gets energy by eating other organisms. Primary consumers eat producers; secondary consumers eat primary consumers.
消费者：通过取食其他生物获取能量的生物。初级消费者吃生产者，次级消费者吃初级消费者。
Herbivore: An animal that eats only plants. ‘Herb’ means plant; picture a rabbit nibbling fresh herbs.
食草动物：只以植物为食的动物。“Herb”指植物；想象一只兔子在啃食新鲜的草本植物。
Carnivore: An animal that eats only meat. The Latin root ‘carni’ means flesh — lion is a classic carnivore.
食肉动物：只吃肉的动物。词根“carni”意为肉体——狮子是典型的食肉动物。
Decomposer: Organisms such as fungi and bacteria that break down dead matter and recycle nutrients. They are nature’s recyclers.
分解者：如真菌和细菌等能分解死物并循环养分的生物。它们是大自然的回收者。
Published by TutorHao | Science Revision Series | aleveler.com
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