Year 8 SQA Chinese: Formula and Rule Quick Reference Handbook | Year 8 SQA 中文：公式定理速查手册

📚 Year 8 SQA Chinese: Formula and Rule Quick Reference Handbook | Year 8 SQA 中文：公式定理速查手册

Learning Chinese can feel like cracking a code, but once you spot the patterns, everything clicks. This quick reference handbook gathers the essential formula-like rules and sentence structures you need at Year 8 SQA level. Treat each rule as a reliable template: slot in the right words, follow the order, and you will construct accurate, natural Chinese every time. Keep this handbook handy when revising, writing, or speaking.

学中文就像解密码，一旦你发现了规律，一切都会豁然开朗。这本速查手册汇集了 Year 8 SQA 阶段必须掌握的核心公式和句型结构。把每条规则当作可靠的模板：填入正确的词语，遵循正确的顺序，你就能每次都造出准确、地道的中文句子。复习、写作或口语练习时，随时翻阅这本手册。

1. Basic Word Order Formula | 基本语序公式

Mandarin Chinese follows a subject–verb–object (SVO) pattern, just like English, but time, place and manner phrases always appear before the main verb. Think of this as an unbreakable sequence: Subject + Time + Place + Manner + Verb + Object.

普通话遵循主谓宾 (SVO) 语序，这一点和英语一样，但表示时间、地点和方式的部分总是出现在主要动词的前面。可以把这看作一个不可变换的顺序：主语 + 时间 + 地点 + 方式 + 动词 + 宾语。

The formula is:
Subject + Time + Location + Prepositional Phrase/Manner + Verb + Object

公式为：
主语 + 时间 + 地点 + 介词短语/方式 + 动词 + 宾语

A common mistake is placing time or location at the end of the sentence. Avoid ‘I eat lunch at school’ as *我吃饭在学校*, and use ‘I at school eat lunch’ logic: 我在学校吃饭.

常见的错误是把时间或地点放在句尾。要避免出现像“我吃饭在学校”这样的语序，而要用“我在学校吃饭”这样的逻辑。

I go to the library by bus every Saturday.
我每个星期六坐公共汽车去图书馆。
(Subject 我 → Time 每个星期六 → Manner 坐公共汽车 → Verb 去 → Object 图书馆)
We will watch a film at home this evening.
我们今天晚上在家看电影。
(Time 今天，Place 在家，then Verb 看)

2. The ‘是……的’ Structure | “是……的”结构

Use the ‘是……的’ frame to emphasise the time, place, manner or agent of a completed action. It does not simply mean ‘is’; instead it draws attention to a specific detail and is used when both speaker and listener already know the action happened.

用“是……的”结构来强调一个已经完成的动作的时间、地点、方式或施动者。这个结构不仅仅是“是”的意思，它着重突出了一个特定的细节，并且用在说话人和听话人都知道动作已经发生的情况下。

The formula is:
Subject + 是 + [emphasised detail] + Verb + 的 (+ Object)

公式为：
主语 + 是 + [强调的细节] + 动词 + 的 (+ 宾语)

If the object is a person or place, the 的 usually comes before the object. If it is a general object, 的 can stay at the very end.

如果宾语是人或地点，“的”通常放在宾语之前；如果是一般宾语，“的”可以放在句尾。

It was last year that I started learning Chinese.
我是去年开始学中文的。
(Emphasising time)
He came by train.
他是坐火车来的。
(Emphasising manner)
It was at that shop where I bought this dictionary.
我是在那家书店买这本词典的。
(的 before object 这本词典)

3. The ‘把’ Sentence Formula | “把”字句公式

The 把 construction is used to show that an action is done to a specific object, resulting in a change, disposal or outcome. It highlights what happened to the object. The formula puts the object before the main verb, which must be followed by some kind of result.

“把”字句用来表示一个动作作用于一个特定的物体，并使其产生变化、位移或结果。它突出了宾语发生了什么。该结构把宾语放在主要动词之前，而动词后面必须跟某种结果。

The formula is:
Subject + 把 + Object + Verb + Complement/了/着/Other Element

公式为：
主语 + 把 + 宾语 + 动词 + 补语/了/着/其他成分

Never end a 把 sentence with a bare verb. The verb must carry a complement, a 了, a reduplication or at least some extra element.

绝对不要用光杆动词来结束“把”字句。动词后面必须带补语、“了”、重叠形式或至少其他成分。

Please close the window.
请把窗户关上。
(上 is the result complement)
I have finished my homework.
我把作业做完了。
(完 is the result complement)
Could you pass me that book?
请把那本书递给我一下。
(Verb + indirect object 我 + 一下)

4. The ‘被’ Sentence Formula | “被”字句公式

The 被 sentence is the passive voice in Chinese. It indicates that the subject is the receiver of the action, and the agent (the doer) can be introduced by 被. In spoken Chinese, 让 or 叫 can sometimes replace 被, but 被 remains the standard.

“被”字句是中文里的被动语态。它表示主语是动作的承受者，而动作的发出者（施事）可以用“被”引出。在口语中，“让”或“叫”有时可以代替“被”，但“被”仍然是标准用法。

The formula is:
Receiver + 被 (+ Agent) + Verb + Complement/了/Other Element

公式为：
动作承受者 + 被 (+ 施事) + 动词 + 补语/了/其他成分

Just like the 把 sentence, the verb in a 被 sentence cannot be bare; it needs a result, a 了 or other complement.

和“把”字句一样，“被”字句中的动词也不能裸用，它需要带上结果、了或其他补语。

My phone was stolen.
我的手机被（小偷偷）走了。
(Supplementary agent 小偷 is optional, 走 is complement)
The window was broken by the wind.
窗户被风吹开了。
(开 is complement)
The cake was eaten up by me.
蛋糕被我吃完了。

5. Comparative Sentences with ‘比’ | “比”字比较句

To compare two things in terms of an adjective, use the 比 pattern. This formula places the characteristic after the compared entity, never using a separate word for ‘more’.

要比较两个事物在某个形容词方面的差异，用“比”字句型。这个公式把特征放在被比较的实体之后，绝对不用单独一个表示“更”的词。

The formula is:
A + 比 + B + Adjective (+ 一点儿/得多/多了)

公式为：
A + 比 + B + 形容词 (+ 一点儿/得多/多了)

Do not add 很 before the adjective; instead use modifiers like 一点儿 (a little bit) or 得多 (much more) after the adjective to show degree.

不要在形容词前面加“很”；相反，可以在形容词后面用“一点儿”“得多”等修饰成分来表示程度。

This book is more interesting than that one.
这本书比那本书有意思。
(有意思 is the adjective, no 很)
Today is much colder than yesterday.
今天比昨天冷得多。
My younger sister is a little taller than me now.
我妹妹现在比我高一点儿。

6. Aspect Markers: 了, 过, 着 | 动态助词：了、过、着

Chinese uses aspect particles after verbs to show the stage or experience of an action, rather than tense. The three core markers are 了 (completed action or change of state), 过 (past experience) and 着 (continuous state or ongoing action).

中文用动词后的动态助词来表示动作所处的阶段或经历，而非时态。三个核心标记是：了（动作完成或状态变化）、过（过去的经历）和着（持续状态或进行中的动作）。

The core formulas:
Verb + 了 + Object (action completed)
Verb + 过 + Object (have done something before)
Verb + 着 (+ Object) (action in progress or state continuing)

核心公式：
动词 + 了 + 宾语（动作完成）
动词 + 过 + 宾语（曾经做过某事）
动词 + 着 (+ 宾语)（动作进行或状态持续）

Remember that a change-of-state 了 appears at the end of the sentence: 我饿了 (I am hungry now).

记住，表示状态变化的“了”通常出现在句子末尾，如“我饿了”。

I drank a cup of tea. (completed)
我喝了一杯茶。
I have been to China. (experience)
我去过中国。
She is wearing a red dress. (state)
她穿着一条红裙子。
The door is open. (state continuity)
门开着。

7. Complement of Result and Potential | 结果补语与可能补语

A complement of result follows a verb to show the outcome of the action. The structure is simply Verb + Result Adjective/Verb. To express whether you can or cannot achieve that result, insert 得 (can) or 不 (cannot) between the verb and the result.

结果补语跟在动词后面，表示动作的结果。结构就是动词 + 结果形容词/动词。要表示能或不能达到那个结果，就在动词和结果之间插入“得”（能）或“不”（不能）。

Formulas:
Verb + Result Complement (+ 了) (result achieved)
Verb + 得 + Result Complement (can achieve)
Verb + 不 + Result Complement (cannot achieve)

公式：
动词 + 结果补语 (+ 了)（结果已达成）
动词 + 得 + 结果补语（能达成）
动词 + 不 + 结果补语（不能达成）

The most frequent complements include 完 (finish), 到 (reach/obtain), 见 (perceive), 懂 (understand) and 对 (correct).

最常见的结果补语有“完”“到”“见”“懂”“对”等。

I have finished reading this novel.
我看完了这本小说。
(Result complement 完)
I can’t hear what you say.
我听不见你说什么。
(Potential negative 不 + 见)
Can you finish your homework tonight?
你今天晚上做得完作业吗？
(Potential positive 得 + 完)
He found his key.
他找到了他的钥匙。

8. Serial Verb Constructions | 连动句

A serial verb construction links two or more verb phrases in a single sentence to show purpose, sequence or manner, without any conjunction. The most common pattern expresses ‘go/come somewhere to do something’.

连动句在一个单句中连接两个或多个动词短语，用以表示目的、先后顺序或方式，中间不加连词。最常见的模式是表达“去/来某地做某事”。

Formulas:
Subject + 去/来 + Place + Verb + Object (purpose)
Subject + Manner Verb + Main Verb + Object (means or manner)
Subject + Verb₁ (+ Object₁) + Verb₂ (+ Object₂) (consecutive actions)

公式：
主语 + 去/来 + 地点 + 动词 + 宾语（目的）
主语 + 方式动词 + 主要动词 + 宾语（手段或方式）
主语 + 动词1 (+ 宾语1) + 动词2 (+ 宾语2)（连续动作）

I’m going to the shop to buy some fruit.
我去商店买水果。
(去 + Place, then Verb 买)
They often take the bus to come to school.
他们常常坐公共汽车来上学。
(Manner 坐公共汽车, then 来)
He took the book and read it.
他拿了书就看。
(Two consecutive actions: 拿 then 看)

9. The ‘是 + Adjective + 的’ Pattern | “是 + 形容词 + 的”句型

This pattern is used to emphasise an inherent quality or to confirm or correct a fact. It does not form a comparative and often sounds more factual and objective than a plain adjective sentence.

这个句型用来强调某种固有的特性，或者确认、纠正一个事实。它不构成比较，而且通常比简单的形容词谓语句听起来更确切、更客观。

The formula is:
Subject + 是 + Adjective + 的

公式为：
主语 + 是 + 形容词 + 的

It is frequently used when reassuring someone or stating common knowledge: ‘This information is reliable’ or ‘That kind of exercise is good for health’.

它常用于安抚别人或陈述常识，比如“这个信息是可靠的”或者“那种锻炼对身体是有好处的”。

This method is very effective.
这个方法是很有效的。
Are you sure? – I’m sure.
你确定吗？ – 我是确定的。
Going for a walk after meals is good for health.
饭后散步是对健康有好处的。

10. Expressing ‘Every’ and ‘Whole’ with 每 and 全 | 用“每”和“全”表达整体

Chinese uses different quantifiers to express ‘every’ versus ‘whole/entire’. 每 (every) is always followed by a measure word and often paired with 都. 全 (whole/entire) refers to the entirety of a noun without emphasising individual units.

中文使用不同的量词来表达“每个”和“整体”。每（every）后面总是跟着量词，且常与“都”搭配。全（whole/entire）指一个名词的整体，不强调个体。

Formulas:
每 + Measure Word + Noun + 都 + Verb/Adjective
全 + Noun (+ 都) + Verb/Adjective

公式：
每 + 量词 + 名词 + 都 + 动词/形容词
全 + 名词 (+ 都) + 动词/形容词

Every day I get up at seven.
我每天七点起床。
(每 + Measure Word 天, no 都 needed if not emphasising totality, but 每天我都七点起床 is also fine)
Every student should come.
每个学生都应该来。
(每 + 个 + 都)
The whole family went travelling.
全家都去旅行了。
(全 + Noun 家)
He spent the whole afternoon doing homework.
他用了整个下午做作业。
(整个 is also used for whole period)

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Year 8 SQA Chinese: Formula and Rule Quick Reference Handbook | Year 8 SQA 中文：公式定理速查手册