📚 Year 10 Edexcel Computer Science: Quick Memorisation Guide for Key Terms | Edexcel 计算机词汇术语速记指南
This guide breaks down the essential vocabulary for the Year 10 Edexcel Computer Science course. Each term is accompanied by a simple meaning and a memory trick or analogy. Read the English explanation first, then the Chinese pairing—repetition across languages will help cement your understanding for exams and beyond.
本指南梳理了 Year 10 Edexcel 计算机科学课程的核心词汇。每个术语都配有简明释义和记忆技巧。先读英文解释，再读对应中文——双语复现能帮你把知识点牢牢钉在脑海里，从容应对考试与实际应用。
1. Algorithms and Computational Thinking | 算法与计算思维
Algorithm: a precise sequence of steps to solve a problem, like a baking recipe. Memory cue: think ‘al-go-rithm’ as ‘a logical go rhythm’.
算法：解决问题的一系列精确步骤，就像烘焙配方。记忆线索：想象一个“有逻辑的行动节奏”。
Decomposition: taking a large, complex problem and breaking it down into smaller, manageable chunks. Analogy: cleaning one room at a time instead of the whole house at once.
分解：将庞大复杂的问题拆解成更小、更易管理的部分。类比：一次只打扫一个房间，而不是一口吞下整栋房子。
Abstraction: filtering out irrelevant details and focusing only on what matters. Like a tube map—shows stations and connections, not every lamp post.
抽象：滤除无关细节，只关注关键要素。如地铁线路图——只标示站点和连接，不画每根灯柱。
Pattern recognition: spotting similarities or trends in data or problems so you can reuse a known solution. Trick: if you see ‘up, down, up, down…’ you recognise a pattern.
模式识别：发现数据或问题中的相似性或趋势，以便复用已知解法。技巧：看到“上、下、上、下……”你就识别出一种模式。
Pseudocode: a human-readable, language-independent way of sketching an algorithm without strict syntax. Think of it as ‘fake code’ written in plain English.
伪代码：用人类可读的、与编程语言无关的方式勾勒算法，没有严格的语法规则。可理解为用简明英语写的“假代码”。
Flowchart: a diagram that shows an algorithm’s steps and decisions using symbols (ovals, diamonds, rectangles). Remember: diamonds = decisions.
流程图：用图形符号（椭圆、菱形、矩形）展示算法的步骤与判断。记住：菱形 = 决策点。
2. Data Representation | 数据表示
Binary: base‑2 number system using only 0 and 1. All digital data is stored as binary. Mnemonic: ‘bi’ = two, like a bicycle has two wheels.
二进制：只使用 0 和 1 的基数为 2 的数制。所有数字数据都以二进制存储。助记：“二”即两个数字，如同自行车有两个轮子。
Denary (decimal): base‑10 system using digits 0–9, our everyday numbering. Just think ‘den’ from ‘denary’ sounds like ‘ten’.
十进制（Denary）：使用 0–9 十个数字的基数为 10 的数制，即日常计数。记住 “denary” 中的 “den” 像 “ten”。
Hexadecimal: base‑16 using 0–9 and A–F. Handy because one hex digit represents exactly 4 bits (a nibble). Trick: ‘hex’ = six and ‘decimal’ = ten, so six+ten=sixteen!
十六进制：使用 0–9 和 A–F 的基数为 16 的数制，因为一个十六进制位恰好代表 4 比特（半字节）。记忆法：“hex”=六，“decimal”=十，六加十就是十六！
Bit, nibble, byte: a bit is a single 0 or 1; a nibble is 4 bits; a byte is 8 bits. Visualise: nibble is a small ‘bite’ of a byte.
比特、半字节、字节：比特是单个 0 或 1；半字节是 4 比特；字节是 8 比特。想象：nibble（轻咬）是 byte（字节）的一小口。
ASCII and Unicode: ASCII (7‑bit) encodes 128 English characters; Unicode covers thousands of global scripts and emojis. Memory: ‘A’ for American, ‘U’ for Universal.
ASCII 与 Unicode：ASCII（7比特）编码 128 个英文字符；Unicode 涵盖全球数千种文字和表情符号。记忆：A 指 American（美国），U 指 Universal（通用）。
Bitmap image: a grid of pixels, each assigned a binary colour value. Higher resolution = more pixels, larger file. Think of a mosaic made of tiny tiles.
位图图像：由像素网格构成，每个像素分配一个二进制颜色值。分辨率越高，像素越多，文件越大。想象一幅由细小瓷砖拼成的马赛克。
3. Hardware Components | 硬件组成
CPU (Central Processing Unit): the ‘brain’ that fetches, decodes and executes instructions. Often called a microprocessor. Remember: ‘central’ because it controls everything.
CPU（中央处理器）：如同“大脑”，负责取指、译码和执行指令。常被称为微处理器。记住“中央”二字——它掌控一切。
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit): a part of the CPU that performs arithmetic (+, −, ×, ÷) and logical (AND, OR, NOT) operations. Cue: ‘A’ for Arithmetic, ‘L’ for Logic.
ALU（算术逻辑单元）：CPU 的一部分，执行算术运算（+、−、×、÷）和逻辑运算（AND、OR、NOT）。提示：A 是算术，L 是逻辑。
CU (Control Unit): directs the flow of data between the CPU and other components, like a traffic controller. It decodes instructions and sends signals.
CU（控制单元）：如同交通指挥员，管理 CPU 与其他部件间的数据流向。它负责译码并发出控制信号。
Register: a tiny, super‑fast storage location inside the CPU. Key registers: MAR (Memory Address Register) holds the address of the next instruction; MDR (Memory Data Register) holds the actual data. Think of MAR as the ‘where’, MDR as the ‘what’.
寄存器：CPU 内部极快的小型存储位。关键寄存器：MAR（存储器地址寄存器）存放下一条指令的地址；MDR（存储器数据寄存器）存放实际数据。想象 MAR 告诉“去哪”，MDR 告诉你“拿什么”。
Program Counter (PC): a register that keeps track of the memory address of the next instruction to be executed. It counts its way through the program.
程序计数器（PC）：一个寄存器，记录下一条待执行指令的内存地址。它像一个不断向前计数的指针。
Clock speed, cores and cache: clock speed (GHz) is how many cycles per second; cores allow parallel processing; cache is a small, speedy buffer. More clocks + more cores = faster performance.
时钟速度、核心与缓存：时钟速度（GHz）是每秒周期数；多个核心实现并行处理；缓存是高速小容量缓冲区。时钟更多 + 核心更多 = 性能更快。
4. Memory and Storage | 存储器与存储设备
RAM (Random Access Memory): volatile memory that temporarily holds data and programs currently in use. Contents are lost when the power is off. Think of it as your desk space.
RAM（随机存取存储器）：易失性存储器，临时存放正在使用中的数据和程序。断电后内容消失。想象成书桌的台面空间。
ROM (Read Only Memory): non‑volatile memory holding firmware like the BIOS, essential for booting. Data is retained without power. Analogy: a factory‑sealed instruction manual inside the machine.
ROM（只读存储器）：非易失性存储器，存放固件如 BIOS，用于启动计算机。断电后数据依然保留。类比：机器内部一份密封的出厂说明书。
Virtual memory: using part of the hard drive as if it were RAM when physical RAM is full. Slower but prevents crashes. Memory hint: ‘virtual’ means not physically extra RAM.
虚拟内存：当物理 RAM 不足时，将部分硬盘空间当作 RAM 使用。速度较慢但可防止崩溃。记住：“虚拟”表示并非真的额外 RAM。
Primary vs secondary storage: primary (RAM, ROM) is directly accessed by the CPU; secondary (hard drive, SSD) stores data long‑term. Think: primary = immediate reach, secondary = the warehouse.
主存与外存：主存（RAM、ROM）由 CPU 直接访问；外存（硬盘、SSD）长期保存数据。主存如同手边抽屉，外存如同远处的仓库。
Magnetic, optical, solid state: magnetic (hard disk) uses spinning platters; optical (CD/DVD) uses lasers; solid state (SSD) has no moving parts. Mnemonic: ‘Massive, Laser, Silent’.
磁、光、固态存储：磁（硬盘）使用旋转盘片；光（CD/DVD）使用激光；固态（SSD）无活动部件。助记：“磁旋、光闪、固无声”。
5. Software | 软件
System software: programs that manage hardware and provide a platform for applications. Includes the operating system and utility software. Think of it as the stage crew of a theatre.
系统软件：管理硬件并为应用软件提供平台的程序，包括操作系统和实用工具。将它想成剧院的后台团队。
Application software: programs designed to perform user‑oriented tasks, such as word processors, browsers, games. They run ‘on top of’ the OS.
应用软件：设计用于执行面向用户任务的程序，如文字处理、浏览器、游戏。它们在操作系统“之上”运行。
Operating System (OS): the core system software that manages memory, processes, storage and user interface. Examples: Windows, macOS, Linux. Think of it as the conductor of an orchestra.
操作系统（OS）：核心系统软件，管理内存、进程、外设和用户界面。比如 Windows、macOS、Linux。把它想象成交响乐团的指挥。
Utility software: system software that carries out maintenance tasks: antivirus, disk defragmenter, backup, compression. ‘Util’ sounds like ‘tool’—they are digital tools.
实用软件：执行维护任务的系统软件：防病毒、磁盘碎片整理、备份、压缩。Utility 仿佛“工具”——它们就是数字工具箱。
Defragmentation: rearranging scattered file fragments on a hard disk so they sit together, speeding up access. Think of tidying a cluttered bookshelf.
碎片整理：重新排列硬盘上散乱的文件碎片，使它们连续存放，加快访问速度。如同整理凌乱的书架。
6. Networks | 网络
LAN (Local Area Network): a network covering a small geographical area, like a school or office building. Usually high speed and privately owned.
LAN（局域网）：覆盖小型地理区域的网络，如学校或办公楼。通常高速且私有。
WAN (Wide Area Network): a network spread over a large area, connecting LANs; the internet is the biggest WAN. WAN = Wide, think worldwide.
WAN（广域网）：覆盖大范围区域并连接多个 LAN 的网络；互联网就是最大的 WAN。Wide 代表“广”。
Network topologies: star (all devices connect to a central switch), bus (single backbone cable), ring (circular path), mesh (each device connects to many others). Visual: star = centre point, bus = a long road, ring = a circle, mesh = a net.
网络拓扑：星型（所有设备连接到中心交换机）、总线型（单一主电缆）、环型（圆形路径）、网状（每台设备互相连接）。形象记忆：星型有中心点，总线像一条长路，环型围成圈，网状铺成网。
Client‑server vs peer‑to‑peer: client‑server has a central server providing resources; peer‑to‑peer shares directly between equal machines. Mnemonic: server ‘serves’, peer ‘is equal’.
客户端‑服务器与对等网络：客户端‑服务器由中心服务器提供资源；对等网络在地位相等的机器间直接共享。助记：服务器是“服务方”，对等表示“平起平坐”。
Protocols: rules for communication. HTTP/HTTPS for web pages; FTP for file transfer; SMTP for sending, POP3 for receiving emails; TCP/IP splits data into packets and reassembles them. Think: protocols are languages devices agree on.
协议：通信规则。HTTP/HTTPS 用于网页；FTP 用于文件传输；SMTP 用于发邮件，POP3 用于收邮件；TCP/IP 将数据分包并重组。协议好比设备间约定的“语言”。
MAC address: a unique hardware identifier assigned to a network interface card; IP address is a logical address that can change. MAC is burned into hardware, IP is borrowed from the network.
MAC 地址：网络接口卡的唯一硬件标识符；IP 地址是可变的逻辑地址。MAC 如身份证烙印在硬件，IP 如临时门牌号。
7. Network Security | 网络安全
Authentication: verifying a user’s identity, typically with a password, PIN or biometrics. ‘Authentic’ = real; the system checks you are the real user.
认证：验证用户身份，通常通过密码、PIN 码或生物特征。Authentic 意为真实，系统要确认你确实是本人。
Encryption: scrambling data so only authorised parties with a key can read it. Caesar cipher is a classic example. Think: ‘en‑crypt’ = put into a crypt.
加密：对数据加扰，仅持有密钥的授权方才能读取。凯撒密码是经典例子。En‑crypt 可联想成“放进地窖锁起来”。
Firewall: a hardware or software barrier that monitors incoming and outgoing traffic and blocks suspicious packets. Like a security gate checking ID cards.
防火墙：监控进出流量并拦截可疑数据包的硬件或软件屏障，如同查验身份的安全门岗。
Malware: malicious software: virus (attaches to files, spreads when executed), worm (self‑replicates across networks without human action), trojan (disguised as legitimate software). Easy chain: virus needs a host, worm travels alone, trojan deceives.
恶意软件：恶意程序：病毒（依附于文件，运行时传播）、蠕虫（无需人工干预即可自我复制穿越网络）、特洛伊木马（伪装成正常软件）。简单链条：病毒需宿主，蠕虫独行侠，木马善伪装。
Phishing and social engineering: tricking people into revealing personal data via fake emails or calls. ‘Phishing’ plays on ‘fishing’—baiting a hook to steal credentials.
网络钓鱼与社会工程：通过虚假邮件或电话诱骗人们泄露个人信息。“Phishing”借“fishing”之形，意为撒饵钓取凭证。
DoS and pen testing: Denial of Service floods a server with traffic to make it unavailable; penetration testing is an authorised ethical attack to find weaknesses. One destroys, the other diagnoses.
拒绝服务与渗透测试：DoS 用海量流量淹没服务器使其不可用；渗透测试是经授权的道德攻击，用于发现弱点。一个旨在破坏，一个旨在诊断。
8. Programming Fundamentals | 编程基础
Variable and constant: a variable is a named memory location whose value can change; a constant’s value is fixed once set. Mnemonic: vary = can vary; constant = stays the same.
变量与常量：变量是可改变值的命名存储位；常量一经设定值即固定。诀窍：var 会变，const 不变。
Data types: integer (whole numbers), real/float (decimals), Boolean (true/false), character (single symbol), string (sequence of characters). Think: integer = whole, real = realistic number, Boolean = yes/no, string = a line of letters.
数据类型：整型（整数）、实型/浮点型（小数）、布尔型（真/假）、字符型（单个符号）、字符串型（字符序列）。联想：整数不含点，实数带小数点，布尔只需 yes/no，字串如一条线。
Assignment: storing a value in a variable, usually with an equals sign, e.g., score ← 0. Not an equation—it means ‘score gets the value 0’.
赋值：将值存入变量，常用等于号，如 score ← 0。这不是等式，而是“score 取得 0 这个值”。
Sequence, selection, iteration: the three building blocks. Sequence: running instructions in order; selection: branching with IF…THEN…ELSE; iteration: loops (FOR, WHILE). Visual: a straight path, a fork, a roundabout.
顺序、选择、迭代：三大基本结构。顺序：按序执行指令；选择：用 IF…THEN…ELSE 分支；迭代：循环（FOR、WHILE）。形象化：直路、岔口、环岛。
Operators: arithmetic (+, −, *, /, MOD), comparison (>, <, =, ≠, >=, <=), logical (AND, OR, NOT). MOD gives the remainder. Memory tool: MOD = 'modulus', the leftover.
运算符：算术（+、−、*、/、MOD）、比较（>、<、=、≠、>=、<=）、逻辑（AND、OR、NOT）。MOD 求余数。记住：MOD 就是“模”，取剩下的。
9. Databases | 数据库
Database: a structured collection of data held on a computer, often organised in tables. Think of a digital filing cabinet.
数据库：计算机中结构化的数据集合，通常组织成表格。想象成一个电子文件柜。
Table, field, record: a table is like a spreadsheet grid; a field is a column (a single attribute like ‘surname’); a record is a row (all data about one entity). Mnemonic: field = column, record = row.
表、字段、记录：表如同电子表格；字段为列（单个属性，如“姓氏”）；记录为行（关于某一实体的全部数据）。助记：字段竖排如田，记录横穿如记。
Primary key: a unique field used to identify each record in a table, e.g. StudentID. Must be unique, cannot be null. Think of it as the personal ID card for a row.
主键：唯一标识表中每条记录的字段，如 StudentID。必须唯一且不能为空。如同一行的身份证。
Foreign key: a field in one table that refers to the primary key of another table, creating a link. Memory: ‘foreign’ means it came from elsewhere.
外键：一张表中引用另一张表主键的字段，建立关联。记住：“外”来者，即来自别处。
SQL (Structured Query Language): a language used to interact with relational databases. Key commands: SELECT, FROM, WHERE. Trick: imagine asking a question: ‘SELECT what FROM where WHERE condition’.
SQL（结构化查询语言）：用于与关系型数据库交互的语言。核心命令：SELECT、FROM、WHERE。技巧：像是在提问——“从哪儿选出什么，在什么条件下”。
10. Ethical, Legal and Environmental Issues | 道德、法律与环境影响
Copyright and open source: copyright restricts copying without permission; open‑source software (e.g. Linux) can be used, modified and shared freely. Copyright = ‘right to copy’ only to the owner.
版权与开源：版权限制未经许可的复制；开源软件（如 Linux）可自由使用、修改和分享。版权即“复制权”归作者。
Proprietary software: software owned by a company; source code is kept secret and users pay for a licence. Think: ‘proprietary’ implies property.
专有软件：公司拥有的软件，源代码保密，用户需购买许可。Proprietary 强调“产权所有”。
Data protection (e.g., GDPR): laws that control how personal data is collected, stored and used. People have the right to see data held about them. Mnemonic: protect people, not companies.
数据保护（如 GDPR）：管控个人数据收集、存储与使用的法律。人们有权查看自己的数据。诀窍：保护的是人，不是公司。
Environmental impact of technology: energy consumption of data centres, e‑waste from discarded devices, and rare materials in manufacturing. Question: does the cloud actually pollute?
科技的环境影响：数据中心的能耗、废弃设备的电子垃圾，以及制造所需的稀有材料。思考：云真的不污染吗？
Digital divide: the gap between those who have access to modern digital technology and those who do not. It can be due to wealth, location or education. Divide = a split.
数字鸿沟：能接触到现代数字技术的人群与无法接触的人群之间的差距，原因可能是财富、地域或教育。鸿沟即分裂。
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