Year 10 Edexcel Science: Quick Reference Formula and Theorem Handbook | 年级10 Edexcel 科学：公式定理速查手册

📚 Year 10 Edexcel Science: Quick Reference Formula and Theorem Handbook | 年级10 Edexcel 科学：公式定理速查手册

This quick reference handbook brings together the most important formulas and theorems you will encounter in Year 10 Edexcel Science. Covering Physics, Chemistry and Biology, it is designed to help you revise efficiently and apply your knowledge confidently in tests. Each section presents equations in bold centred format, followed by clear explanations of the symbols, standard units and typical applications.

本速查手册汇集了年级 10 Edexcel 科学中最重要的公式和定理，涵盖物理、化学和生物，旨在帮助你高效复习并在考试中自信运用。每个小节都以加粗居中方式呈现公式，随后清楚解释各符号含义、常用单位及典型应用。

1. Speed and Acceleration | 速度与加速度

v = d / t

The speed of an object is found by dividing the distance travelled by the time taken. Here v is speed (metres per second, m/s), d is distance (metres, m) and t is time (seconds, s). If an object moves 100 m in 20 s, its speed is 5 m/s. This equation assumes constant speed or gives average speed over a journey.

物体的速度等于距离除以时间。其中 v 是速度（米/秒，m/s），d 是距离（米，m），t 是时间（秒，s）。若物体在 20 秒内移动 100 米，其速度为 5 m/s。此公式适用于匀速运动或计算全程平均速度。

a = (v − u) / t

Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. It is calculated by subtracting the initial velocity (u) from the final velocity (v) and dividing by the time taken (t). The unit of acceleration is metres per second squared (m/s²). A car increasing its velocity from 10 m/s to 30 m/s in 5 s has an acceleration of 4 m/s².

加速度描述速度变化的快慢。用末速度 (v) 减去初速度 (u) 再除以时间 (t) 求得。加速度的单位是米每二次方秒 (m/s²)。一辆汽车在 5 秒内速度从 10 m/s 增至 30 m/s，其加速度为 4 m/s²。

2. Newton’s Laws and Forces | 牛顿定律与力

F = m × a

Newton’s Second Law states that the resultant force acting on an object is equal to its mass multiplied by its acceleration. Force (F) is measured in newtons (N), mass (m) in kilograms (kg) and acceleration (a) in m/s². If an 800 kg car accelerates at 2 m/s², the resultant force is 1600 N.

牛顿第二定律指出，作用在物体上的合力等于其质量乘以加速度。力 (F) 的单位是牛顿 (N)，质量 (m) 为千克 (kg)，加速度 (a) 为 m/s²。若一辆 800 kg 的汽车以 2 m/s² 加速，则合力为 1600 N。

W = m × g

Weight is the force due to gravity. It is calculated by multiplying mass (m) by the gravitational field strength (g). On Earth, g ≈ 9.8 N/kg (often rounded to 10 N/kg in calculations). A 50 kg person has a weight of about 490 N (or 500 N using 10 N/kg). Weight varies with location, whereas mass remains constant.

重力是物体由于引力受到的力。它等于质量 (m) 与引力场强 (g) 的乘积。地球上 g 约为 9.8 N/kg（计算时常取 10 N/kg）。一个 50 kg 的人体重约为 490 N（或用 10 N/kg 得 500 N）。重力随位置变化，而质量保持不变。

3. Work, Energy and Power | 功、能与功率

W = F × d

Work done is the energy transferred when a force moves an object. It equals the force applied multiplied by the distance moved in the direction of the force. Work (W) is measured in joules (J), force (F) in newtons (N) and distance (d) in metres (m). Lifting a 20 N weight through 2 m does 40 J of work.

功是力使物体移动时传递的能量。它等于力乘以沿力方向移动的距离。功 (W) 的单位是焦耳 (J)，力 (F) 为牛顿 (N)，距离 (d) 为米 (m)。将 20 N 的物体竖直提升 2 m 做功 40 J。

KE = ½ m v²

Kinetic energy is the energy an object possesses due to its motion. It depends on mass (m) and the square of velocity (v). A 1000 kg car travelling at 10 m/s has a kinetic energy of ½ × 1000 × 10² = 50 000 J (50 kJ).

动能是物体由于运动而具有的能量，取决于质量 (m) 和速度的平方 (v²)。一辆 1000 kg 的汽车以 10 m/s 行驶时，动能为 ½ × 1000 × 10² = 50 000 J (50 kJ)。

GPE = m g h

Gravitational potential energy is the energy stored due to an object’s height above the ground. It equals mass × gravitational field strength × height. Lifting a 2 kg book onto a 1.5 m shelf increases its GPE by 2 × 9.8 × 1.5 ≈ 29.4 J.

重力势能是物体因所处高度而储存的能量，等于质量 × 引力场强 × 高度。将一本 2 kg 的书放到 1.5 m 的架子上，其重力势能增加约 2 × 9.8 × 1.5 ≈ 29.4 J。

P = E / t

Power is the rate of doing work or transferring energy. It is energy transferred divided by time. Power (P) is measured in watts (W), where 1 W = 1 J/s. A motor that transfers 600 J in 10 s has a power of 60 W. The formula can also be written as P = W / t when referring to work done.

功率是做功或传递能量的速率，等于能量除以时间。功率 (P) 的单位是瓦特 (W)，1 W = 1 J/s。一台电机在 10 秒内传递 600 J 的能量，其功率为 60 W。当指做功时，也可写作 P = W / t。

Efficiency = (useful output / total input) × 100%

Efficiency compares useful energy output to total energy input, expressed as a percentage. No device is 100% efficient because some energy is always dissipated as heat. A lamp producing 15 J of light from 100 J of electrical energy is 15% efficient.

效率比较有用能量输出与总能量输入，以百分比表示。任何装置的效率都无法达到 100%，因为总有一部分能量以热的形式耗散。一盏灯从 100 J 电能中产生 15 J 光能，其效率为 15%。

4. Electricity | 电学

V = I × R

Ohm’s law relates voltage, current and resistance. Potential difference (V) in volts (V) equals current (I) in amperes (A) multiplied by resistance (R) in ohms (Ω). For a fixed resistor, if the current is 2 A and resistance is 10 Ω, the voltage across it is 20 V.

欧姆定律描述了电压、电流与电阻的关系。电压 (V) 单位为伏特 (V)，等于电流 (I) 安培 (A) 乘以电阻 (R) 欧姆 (Ω)。对一个固定电阻，若电流为 2 A、电阻为 10 Ω，则两端电压为 20 V。

P = I × V and P = I² R

Electrical power can be calculated using the voltage and current. P = I × V gives power in watts. Using Ohm’s law, you can derive P = I² R, which is useful when you know current and resistance. An appliance drawing 3 A at 230 V uses 690 W of power.

电功率可通过电压和电流计算。P = I × V 给出以瓦特为单位的功率。结合欧姆定律可推导出 P = I² R，适用于已知电流和电阻的情况。一个在 230 V 下电流为 3 A 的电器，功率为 690 W。

E = P × t

Energy transferred by an electrical device is the product of power and time. Energy (E) is in joules (J) when power is in watts (W) and time in seconds (s). For longer time intervals, energy is often measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh). A 60 W bulb left on for 1800 s (30 min) uses 60 × 1800 = 108 000 J (108 kJ).

电器传递的能量等于功率乘时间。当功率单位为瓦特 (W)、时间为秒 (s) 时，能量 (E) 的单位是焦耳 (J)。长时间使用时，能量常以千瓦时 (kWh) 计量。一盏 60 W 的灯点亮 1800 s (30 分钟) 消耗 60 × 1800 = 108 000 J (108 kJ)。

5. Waves | 波

v = f × λ

The wave equation links wave speed (v), frequency (f) and wavelength (λ). Speed is in metres per second (m/s), frequency in hertz (Hz) and wavelength in metres (m). A sound wave with a frequency of 500 Hz and wavelength 0.68 m travels at 500 × 0.68 = 340 m/s in air.

波动方程联系了波速 (v)、频率 (f) 和波长 (λ)。速度单位为 m/s，频率单位为赫兹 (Hz)，波长单位为米 (m)。一个频率 500 Hz、波长 0.68 m 的声波在空气中传播速度为 500 × 0.68 = 340 m/s。

T = 1 / f

The period (T) of a wave is the time for one complete cycle. It is the reciprocal of the frequency. If a wave has a frequency of 50 Hz, its period is 1/50 = 0.02 s. This relationship is useful when analysing oscilloscope traces or wave diagrams.

波的周期 (T) 是完成一个完整循环所需的时间，等于频率的倒数。若频率为 50 Hz，则周期为 1/50 = 0.02 s。这在分析示波器波形或波动图时非常有用。

6. Density and Pressure | 密度与压强

ρ = m / V

Density is mass per unit volume. The symbol ρ (rho) stands for density, usually in kilograms per cubic metre (kg/m³). m is mass in kg and V is volume in m³. Water has a density of about 1000 kg/m³; an object with lower density will float. In the lab, density may be given in g/cm³ (1 g/cm³ = 1000 kg/m³).

密度是单位体积的质量，符号 ρ 表示密度，常用单位为千克每立方米 (kg/m³)。m 为质量 (kg)，V 为体积 (m³)。水的密度约为 1000 kg/m³；密度较低的物体会浮起。实验中密度也常用 g/cm³ (1 g/cm³ = 1000 kg/m³)。

p = F / A

Pressure is the force applied perpendicular to a surface divided by the area of that surface. Pressure (p) is measured in pascals (Pa), where 1 Pa = 1 N/m². A force of 500 N over an area of 0.1 m² produces a pressure of 5000 Pa. High-heeled shoes can damage soft floors because the small area concentrates the force, creating high pressure.

压强是垂直作用于表面的力除以受力面积。压强 (p) 的单位为帕斯卡 (Pa)，1 Pa = 1 N/m²。500 N 的力作用在 0.1 m² 的面积上，产生的压强为 5000 Pa。高跟鞋会损坏软地板，因为小面积使力集中，产生高压强。

7. Chemical Quantities and Calculations | 化学计量与计算

n = m / Mᵣ

The amount of substance in moles (n) is calculated by dividing the mass of a sample (m) by its molar mass (Mᵣ for molecules or Aᵣ for atoms). Mass is in grams (g) and molar mass in grams per mole (g/mol). For 36 g of water (H₂O, Mᵣ = 18 g/mol), the number of moles is 36 / 18 = 2 mol.

物质的量（摩尔 n）等于样品的质量 (m) 除以其摩尔质量（分子用 Mᵣ，原子用 Aᵣ）。质量单位为克 (g)，摩尔质量单位为克每摩尔 (g/mol)。36 g 水 (H₂O，Mᵣ = 18 g/mol) 的物质的量为 36 / 18 = 2 mol。

c = n / V

Concentration of a solution is the number of moles of solute per unit volume. Concentration (c) is in mol/dm³, n is moles and V is volume in cubic decimetres (dm³). Note: 1 dm³ = 1 litre = 1000 cm³. If 0.5 mol of sodium chloride is dissolved to make 2 dm³ of solution, the concentration is 0.5 / 2 = 0.25 mol/dm³.

溶液浓度是单位体积溶液中溶质的物质的量。浓度 (c) 单位为 mol/dm³，n 为摩尔数，V 为体积 (dm³)。注意：1 dm³ = 1 L = 1000 cm³。若 0.5 mol 氯化钠配成 2 dm³ 溶液，浓度为 0.5 / 2 = 0.25 mol/dm³。

V (gas) = n × 24 dm³

At room temperature and pressure (RTP), one mole of any gas occupies approximately 24 dm³. Therefore the volume of a gas can be found by multiplying

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Year 10 Edexcel Science: Quick Reference Formula and Theorem Handbook | 年级10 Edexcel 科学：公式定理速查手册