📚 Year 9 AQA Engineering: Quick Vocabulary & Terminology Guide | Year 9 AQA 工程：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your fast-track vocabulary guide for Year 9 AQA Engineering. Mastering the language of engineering is the first step toward thinking like an engineer. This article breaks down core terms into bite-sized, bilingual explanations, helping you build confidence for lessons, homework, and future exams. Keep this guide handy as a quick reference to reinforce your understanding of materials, processes, tools, and systems.
欢迎使用九年级 AQA 工程学词汇速记指南。掌握工程语言是像工程师一样思考的第一步。本文将核心术语分解成短小精悍的双语解释，帮助你在课堂、作业和未来的考试中建立信心。请将本指南随手备好，作为巩固你对材料、工艺、工具和系统理解的快速参考。
1. Materials and Properties | 材料与性能
Engineering materials are grouped by their origin and behaviour. The most common groups are ferrous metals, non-ferrous metals, alloys, polymers, ceramics and composites. Key properties such as strength, ductility and conductivity determine where and how a material can be used.
工程材料根据其来源和性能进行分类。最常见的类别是黑色金属、有色金属、合金、聚合物、陶瓷和复合材料。强度、延展性和导电性等关键性能决定了材料在何处以及如何使用。
Ferrous Metal: A metal that contains iron. Most ferrous metals are magnetic and can rust if not protected. Examples: mild steel, cast iron.
黑色金属： 含铁的金属。大多数黑色金属具有磁性，如果不加保护会生锈。示例：低碳钢、铸铁。
Non-Ferrous Metal: A metal that does not contain iron. These are usually more resistant to corrosion and are often lighter. Examples: aluminium, copper, zinc.
有色金属： 不含铁的金属。这些金属通常更耐腐蚀，而且往往更轻。示例：铝、铜、锌。
Alloy: A mixture of two or more elements, at least one being a metal, designed to improve properties. Example: brass (copper + zinc), stainless steel (iron + chromium + nickel).
合金： 由两种或两种以上元素（至少一种是金属）组成的混合物，旨在改善性能。示例：黄铜（铜+锌）、不锈钢（铁+铬+镍）。
Tensile Strength: The ability of a material to resist being pulled apart. It is measured in pascals (Pa) or megapascals (MPa).
抗拉强度： 材料抵抗被拉断的能力。以帕斯卡（Pa）或兆帕（MPa）为单位测量。
Hardness: A material’s resistance to indentation, scratching or wear. Hard materials like tool steel are used for cutting edges.
硬度： 材料抵抗压痕、划伤或磨损的能力。硬质材料如工具钢用于切削刃。
Ductility: The ability of a material to be stretched into a wire without breaking. Copper is very ductile and is used in electrical cables.
延展性： 材料被拉伸成丝而不断裂的能力。铜的延展性很好，用于电缆。
2. Manufacturing Processes | 制造工艺
Manufacturing turns raw materials into finished products. Year 9 introduces forming, joining, machining and additive processes. Each technique has advantages depending on the material, shape, and production volume.
制造将原材料转变为成品。九年级介绍成形、连接、机械加工和增材工艺。每种技术都有其优势，取决于材料、形状和生产批量。
Casting: Pouring liquid material (often metal or plastic) into a mould, where it cools and solidifies into the desired shape. Sand casting and die casting are common methods.
铸造： 将液态材料（通常是金属或塑料）倒入模具中，冷却并凝固成所需形状。砂型铸造和压铸是常见方法。
Forging: Shaping metal by applying compressive forces, usually while the metal is hot. Forged parts are very strong because the grain flow follows the shape.
锻造： 通过对金属施加压力（通常在金属热态下）使其成形。锻造零件非常坚固，因为晶粒流向顺应形状。
Welding: Joining two pieces of metal by melting the edges and adding a filler material to form a strong joint. MIG and TIG welding are common in workshops.
焊接： 通过熔化边缘并添加填充材料将两块金属连接起来，形成牢固的接头。MIG 焊和 TIG 焊在车间中很常见。
Turning: A machining process where a single-point cutting tool removes material from a rotating workpiece, typically on a lathe, to create cylindrical parts.
车削： 一种用单点切削刀具从旋转工件上去除材料的机械加工工艺，通常在车床上进行，用于制造圆柱形零件。
Milling: A process that uses rotating multi-point cutters to remove material from a stationary workpiece. It can produce flat surfaces, slots, and complex profiles.
铣削： 使用旋转的多刃刀具从固定工件上去除材料的工艺。可以加工平面、槽和复杂轮廓。
3. Design and Technical Drawing | 设计与技术制图
Clear communication of ideas is vital in engineering. Designers use standard drawing conventions such as orthographic projection and isometric views. Computer-Aided Design (CAD) software allows precise 2D and 3D models to be created and shared digitally.
清晰的构思表达在工程中至关重要。设计师使用标准绘图惯例，例如正交投影和等轴测视图。计算机辅助设计（CAD）软件可以创建精确的二维和三维模型并进行数字化共享。
Orthographic Projection: A method of drawing a 3D object using several 2D views, usually the front, side and plan (top) views, all aligned correctly. It shows true shapes and dimensions.
正交投影： 一种使用多个二维视图（通常是前视图、侧视图和俯视图）绘制三维物体的方法，所有视图正确对齐。它显示真实形状和尺寸。
Isometric Drawing: A 3D pictorial drawing where the three axes are equally inclined (120° apart). Vertical lines stay vertical, while horizontal lines are drawn at 30° to the baseline.
等轴测图： 一种三维立体图，三个轴等倾（彼此成120°）。垂直线保持垂直，水平线与基线成30°绘制。
CAD (Computer-Aided Design): Software used to create precise 2D drawings and 3D models. It helps with visualisation, simulation and automatic generation of manufacturing data.
CAD（计算机辅助设计）： 用于创建精确二维图纸和三维模型的软件。它有助于可视化、模拟以及自动生成制造数据。
Exploded View: A drawing that shows the components of an assembly slightly separated, indicating how the parts fit together. Often used in assembly instructions.
分解视图： 一种将装配体各部件稍微分开显示的图纸，表明零件如何装配在一起。常用于装配说明书。
Dimension Line: A thin line capped with arrowheads that indicates the measured size of a feature. Dimensions are always given in millimetres on engineering drawings unless stated otherwise.
尺寸线： 一条带有箭头的细线，表示特征的测量尺寸。除非另有说明，工程图纸上的尺寸始终以毫米为单位。
4. Measurement and Tolerances | 测量与公差
Accurate measurement ensures parts fit together correctly and function as intended. Engineers use precision instruments like vernier calipers and micrometres. Understanding tolerance and allowance is essential for quality control.
精确的测量确保零件正确配合并发挥预期功能。工程师使用精密仪器，如游标卡尺和千分尺。理解公差和余量对质量控制至关重要。
Vernier Caliper: A measuring tool with a main scale and a sliding vernier scale that allows readings to 0.02 mm or 0.001 inches. Used to measure external, internal and depth dimensions.
游标卡尺： 一种带有主尺和滑动游标尺的测量工具，读数精度可达 0.02 mm 或 0.001 英寸。用于测量外径、内径和深度尺寸。
Micrometer: A precision measuring instrument that uses a rotating screw to measure very small distances, typically to an accuracy of 0.01 mm or 0.001 mm.
千分尺： 一种精密测量仪器，利用旋转螺杆测量极小的距离，精度通常可达 0.01 mm 或 0.001 mm。
Tolerance: The permissible limit of variation in a physical dimension. A dimension written as 20 ±0.1 mm means the part can be between 19.9 mm and 20.1 mm wide.
公差： 物理尺寸允许的变化限制。尺寸写为 20 ±0.1 mm，表示零件宽度可以在 19.9 mm 到 20.1 mm 之间。
Allowance: The intentional difference between the dimensions of mating parts to achieve a certain fit, for example a clearance fit where a shaft is slightly smaller than the hole.
余量： 配合零件尺寸之间的有意差异，以实现某种配合，例如轴比孔稍小的间隙配合。
Go/No-Go Gauge: A simple checking gauge that has two ends: a ‘go’ end that must fit the part, and a ‘no-go’ end that must not fit. It quickly verifies if a part is within tolerance.
通止规： 一种简单的检验量规，有两端：’通’端必须能通过零件，’止’端必须不能通过。它快速验证零件是否在公差范围内。
5. Mechanical Systems | 机械系统
Mechanical systems use mechanisms to change input motion and force into a desired output. Common elements include levers, gears, cams and pulleys. Calculations of mechanical advantage (MA) and velocity ratio (VR) help designers predict system performance.
机械系统使用机构将输入运动和力转化为所需的输出。常见元件包括杠杆、齿轮、凸轮和滑轮。计算机械效益（MA）和速度比（VR）有助于设计师预测系统性能。
Lever: A rigid bar that pivots around a fixed point called a fulcrum. Levers are used to amplify force (crowbar) or change direction of motion.
杠杆： 一根围绕称为支点的固定点转动的刚性杆。杠杆用于放大力（撬棍）或改变运动方向。
Gear: A toothed wheel that meshes with another toothed component to transmit torque and change speed or direction. Common types: spur gear, rack and pinion.
齿轮： 一种带齿的轮子，与另一带齿部件啮合，以传递扭矩并改变转速或方向。常见类型：直齿轮、齿轮齿条。
Cam and Follower: A cam is a rotating or sliding piece that pushes against a follower, changing rotary motion into reciprocating (back-and-forth) motion.
凸轮与从动件： 凸轮是一个旋转或滑动的零件，它推动从动件，将旋转运动转变为往复（来回）运动。
Mechanical Advantage (MA): The ratio of the output force (load) to the input force (effort). It tells you how much the mechanism multiplies your effort.
机械效益（MA）： 输出力（负载）与输入力（作用力）的比率。它告诉你机构放大了多少你的作用力。
MA = Load ÷ Effort
MA = 负载 ÷ 作用力
Velocity Ratio (VR): The ratio of the distance moved by the effort to the distance moved by the load in the same time. An ideal system has VR equal to MA, but friction reduces MA.
速度比（VR）： 作用力移动的距离与负载在同一时间内移动的距离之比。理想系统中 VR 等于 MA，但摩擦力会降低 MA。
VR = Distance moved by effort ÷ Distance moved by load
VR = 作用力移动距离 ÷ 负载移动距离
Efficiency: A measure of how well a machine converts input work into output work, always less than 100% due to friction.
效率： 衡量机器将输入功转换为输出功的程度，由于摩擦，效率总是低于 100%。
Efficiency = (MA ÷ VR) × 100%
效率 = (MA ÷ VR) × 100%
6. Electronics and Circuits | 电子与电路
Basic electronic components control the flow of electric current. In Year 9 you work with resistors, LEDs, transistors and capacitors to build simple circuits on breadboards or PCBs. Safe soldering and multimeter usage are key practical skills.
基本电子元器件控制电流流动。在九年级，你会使用电阻、LED、晶体管和电容器在面包板或 PCB 上搭建简单电路。安全焊接和使用万用表是关键实践技能。
Resistor: A component that limits current and divides voltage. Its resistance is measured in ohms (Ω). Fixed resistors have colour bands to show their value.
电阻器： 限制电流并分压的元件。其阻值以欧姆（Ω）为单位测量。固定电阻器用色环表示其数值。
LED (Light Emitting Diode): A diode that emits light when current flows through it in the forward direction. LEDs are efficient and long-lasting, always needing a series resistor.
LED（发光二极管）： 电流正向流过时发光的二极管。LED 高效且寿命长，始终需要串联一个电阻。
Transistor: A semiconductor device used for switching and amplification. A small current at the base controls a larger current between collector and emitter.
晶体管： 用于开关和放大的半导体器件。基极的小电流控制集电极和发射极之间的大电流。
PCB (Printed Circuit Board): A board with copper tracks that connect electronic components. Components are soldered onto pads, replacing loose wires to make compact, reliable circuits.
PCB（印刷电路板）： 带有铜走线以连接电子元件的板子。元件焊接到焊盘上，取代松散的电线，形成紧凑可靠的电路。
Soldering: The process of joining components to a PCB by melting a filler metal (solder) at around 300–400 °C. Good soldering creates shiny, cone-shaped joints with full pad coverage.
焊接： 通过在约 300-400°C 熔化填充金属（焊料）将元件连接到 PCB 上的过程。良好的焊接会形成光亮、锥形且完全覆盖焊盘的焊点。
7. Surface Treatments and Finishes | 表面处理与抛光
Surface finishes protect materials from corrosion, improve appearance, and sometimes add functional properties such as hardness or electrical insulation. Common processes include painting, galvanising and anodising.
表面处理可保护材料免受腐蚀、改善外观，有时还增加功能特性，例如硬度或电绝缘。常见工艺包括喷漆、镀锌和阳极氧化。
Painting: Applying a liquid coating that dries to a solid film. It provides colour and a corrosion-resistant layer. Powder coating uses dry powder cured in an oven for a tougher finish.
喷漆： 涂覆一层液体涂料，干燥后形成固体薄膜。它提供颜色和耐腐蚀层。粉末喷涂使用干粉在烘箱中固化，形成更坚韧的表面。
Galvanising: Coating steel or iron with a layer of zinc to prevent rusting. Hot-dip galvanising involves dipping the workpiece into molten zinc. The zinc acts as a sacrificial anode.
镀锌： 在钢或铁上镀一层锌以防止生锈。热浸镀锌是将工件浸入熔融锌中。锌充当牺牲阳极。
Anodising: An electrochemical process that thickens the natural oxide layer on aluminium, making it harder, more durable and able to absorb dyes for colour.
阳极氧化： 一种电化学工艺，加厚铝表面的天然氧化层，使其更坚硬、更耐用，并能吸收染料着色。
Polishing: Smoothing a surface using fine abrasives to achieve a shiny, reflective finish. It is often a final step to improve aesthetics and reduce friction on moving parts.
抛光： 使用细磨料使表面光滑，达到光亮反光的效果。它通常是最后一步，用于改善美观性并减少运动部件的摩擦。
8. Tools and Workshop Equipment | 工具与车间设备
Successful engineering work relies on using the right tools correctly. Year 9 students become familiar with marking out, cutting, filing, drilling and soldering tools in the workshop, always following safe operating procedures.
成功的工程工作依赖于正确使用合适的工具。九年级学生要熟悉车间里的划线、切割、锉削、钻孔和焊接工具，并始终遵循安全操作规程。
Hacksaw: A fine-toothed saw for cutting metal. Blades are disposable and come in different tooth pitches; a finer pitch is used for thin or hard materials.
钢锯： 用于切割金属的细齿锯。锯条是一次性的，有不同齿距；较细的齿距用于薄或硬材料。
Engineer’s File: A hardened steel tool with parallel rows of cutting teeth, used to shape metal by removing small amounts of material. Common shapes: flat, round, triangular.
工程师锉刀： 一种淬火钢工具，带有平行的切削齿列，用于通过去除少量材料来修整金属。常见形状：扁平、圆形、三角形。
Centre Punch: A hardened tool with a pointed tip, used with a hammer to mark the centre of a hole before drilling. This prevents the drill bit from wandering.
中心冲： 一种带有尖头的淬火工具，与锤子配合使用，在钻孔前标记孔的中心。这可防止钻头偏移。
Lathe: A machine tool that rotates a workpiece against a stationary cutting tool. Used for turning, facing and threading cylindrical parts. Centre lathes are common in school workshops.
车床： 一种使工件旋转并抵住固定刀具的机床。用于对圆柱形零件进行车削、端面车削和螺纹加工。普通车床在学校车间中很常见。
Pillar Drill: A floor-mounted drilling machine with a rotating chuck holding the drill bit. It provides accurate drilling with adjustable speeds and a guard to protect the operator.
立式钻床： 一种落地式钻孔机器，带有一个旋转夹头夹持钻头。它提供精确钻孔，具有可调速度和保护操作员的防护罩。
9. Health and Safety in Engineering | 工程中的健康与安全
Workshops present hazards such as sharp edges, hot surfaces, fumes and moving machinery. Risk assessment and the correct use of PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) are legal and practical requirements to keep everyone safe.
车间存在如锋利边缘、高温表面、烟雾和运动机械等危险。进行风险评估并正确使用个人防护装备（PPE）是保障每个人安全的法定和实际要求。
PPE (Personal Protective Equipment): Equipment worn to reduce exposure to hazards. In engineering this includes safety goggles, steel-toe boots, ear defenders, gloves and an apron or overalls.
PPE（个人防护装备）： 佩戴以减少暴露于危险的装备。在工程中，这包括安全护目镜、钢头靴、听力保护耳罩、手套和围裙或工装裤。
Risk Assessment: A five-step process: identify hazards, decide who might be harmed, evaluate risks and precautions, record findings, and review regularly. It must be done before starting new tasks.
风险评估： 五步流程：识别危险，确定可能受害的人员，评估风险和预防措施，记录结果，并定期审查。在开始新任务前必须完成。
COSHH (Control of Substances Hazardous to Health): Regulations that require employers to control substances that can harm health, such as dust, fumes, lubricants and cleaning chemicals used in the workshop.
COSHH（有害健康物质控制）： 要求雇主控制可能危害健康的物质（如车间中使用的粉尘、烟雾、润滑剂和清洁化学品）的法规。
Machine Guarding: Fixed or interlocked guards that prevent access to dangerous moving parts like belts, chuck keys and cutters. Guards must never be removed or bypassed.
机器防护装置： 防止接触危险运动部件（如皮带、夹头扳手和刀具）的固定或互锁防护罩。防护罩绝不可被移除或旁路。
Emergency Stop: A red, mushroom-shaped button on machines that cuts power immediately when pressed. It must be easily accessible and clearly labelled.
紧急停止： 机器上的红色蘑菇头按钮，按下时立即切断电源。它必须易于触及并清晰标记。
10. Forces, Moments and Motion | 力、力矩与运动
Understanding how forces affect objects is fundamental to structural and mechanical design. Engineers calculate weight, friction, moments and work to ensure stability and performance.
理解力如何作用于物体是结构和机械设计的基础。工程师计算重量、摩擦力、力矩和功，以确保稳定性和性能。
Force: A push or pull measured in newtons (N). It can cause an object to accelerate, decelerate or deform.
力： 以牛顿 (N) 为单位测量的推或拉。它可以使物体加速、减速或变形。
Weight: The force acting on an object due to gravity. It is calculated by the formula below, where g is approximately 10 N/kg on Earth.
重量： 由于重力作用在物体上的力。通过下式计算，地球上 g 约为
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