📚 Year 9 CAIE Physical Education: Quick Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | Year 9 CAIE 体育：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the language of Physical Education is the first step to excelling in both theory and practical performance. This guide breaks down core terminology across anatomy, physiology, fitness and training into simple, paired English and Chinese explanations. Use it as a quick reference to build confidence and secure the foundational knowledge assessed in Year 9 CAIE PE.
掌握体育学科的语言是在理论和实践表现中取得优异成绩的第一步。本指南将解剖学、生理学、体能与训练中的核心术语拆解为简洁的中英对照解释。把它当作快速参考，帮助你建立信心，巩固 Year 9 CAIE 体育评估所需的基础知识。
1. Skeletal System Key Terms | 骨骼系统关键术语
Cranium – The bone forming the skull, protecting the brain.
颅骨 – 构成头骨的骨骼，保护大脑。
Clavicle – Also known as the collarbone; a slender bone linking the sternum to the shoulder.
锁骨 – 又称 collar bone，连接胸骨和肩部的细长骨骼。
Scapula – The shoulder blade, a flat bone that provides attachment for arm muscles.
肩胛骨 – 即肩 blade，为手臂肌肉提供附着点的扁骨。
Vertebrae – The series of small bones forming the spinal column, protecting the spinal cord.
椎骨 – 构成脊柱的一系列小骨，保护脊髓。
Sternum – The breastbone, located at the front of the rib cage.
胸骨 – 位于胸腔前部的骨骼。
Femur – The thigh bone; the longest and strongest bone in the body.
股骨 – 大腿骨，人体最长且最坚固的骨骼。
2. Muscular System Essentials | 肌肉系统要点
Biceps – The muscle on the front of the upper arm, responsible for flexing the elbow.
肱二头肌 – 上臂前侧的肌肉，负责屈肘。
Triceps – The muscle on the back of the upper arm, extending the elbow.
肱三头肌 – 上臂后侧的肌肉，负责伸肘。
Quadriceps – A group of four muscles at the front of the thigh, extending the knee.
股四头肌 – 大腿前面的四块肌肉，负责伸膝。
Hamstrings – Muscles at the back of the thigh, flexing the knee and extending the hip.
腘绳肌 – 大腿后侧肌肉，负责屈膝和伸髋。
Gluteals – The buttock muscles (gluteus maximus, medius, minimus) that extend and rotate the hip.
臀肌 – 臀部肌肉（臀大肌、臀中肌、臀小肌），负责伸髋和旋转髋关节。
Deltoid – The rounded muscle covering the shoulder, lifting the arm in all directions.
三角肌 – 覆盖肩部的圆形肌肉，使手臂向各个方向抬起。
3. Joint Movements | 关节运动
Flexion – Decreasing the angle at a joint, e.g., bending the elbow or knee.
屈曲 – 减小关节角度，例如弯曲肘关节或膝关节。
Extension – Increasing the angle at a joint, e.g., straightening the arm.
伸展 – 增大关节角度，例如伸直手臂。
Abduction – Moving a body part away from the midline, like lifting the arm sideways.
外展 – 将身体部分移离身体中线，如侧抬手臂。
Adduction – Moving a body part towards the midline, bringing the arm back down to the side.
内收 – 将身体部分移向身体中线，如手臂从侧面收回。
Rotation – Turning a bone around its own long axis, e.g., shaking the head ‘no’.
旋转 – 骨骼绕自身长轴转动，如左右摇头。
Circumduction – A circular movement combining flexion, extension, abduction and adduction, e.g., a tennis serve.
环转 – 结合屈、伸、外展、内收的环形运动，例如网球发球。
4. Cardiovascular System Terms | 心血管系统术语
Heart Rate (HR) – The number of times the heart beats per minute (bpm).
心率 (HR) – 心脏每分钟跳动的次数，单位为次/分 (bpm)。
Stroke Volume (SV) – The volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat.
每搏输出量 (SV) – 左心室每次搏动泵出的血液量。
Cardiac Output (Q) – The total volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute; Q = HR × SV.
心输出量 (Q) – 心脏每分钟泵出的总血量；计算为 Q = HR × SV。
Blood Pressure – The force exerted by circulating blood on artery walls, measured as systolic/diastolic.
血压 – 循环血液对动脉血管壁产生的压力，读取为收缩压/舒张压。
Artery – A thick-walled blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart (except the pulmonary artery).
动脉 – 将含氧血带离心脏的厚壁血管（肺动脉除外）。
Vein – A blood vessel carrying deoxygenated blood back to the heart, containing valves to prevent backflow.
静脉 – 将脱氧血送回心脏的血管，内含瓣膜防止回流。
5. Respiratory System Quick Recall | 呼吸系统快速记忆
Tidal Volume (TV) – The amount of air inhaled or exhaled in one normal breath.
潮气量 (TV) – 一次正常呼吸吸入或呼出的空气量。
Vital Capacity (VC) – The maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inhalation.
肺活量 (VC) – 最大吸气后能呼出的最大气量。
Breathing Rate – The number of breaths taken per minute.
呼吸频率 – 每分钟的呼吸次数。
Minute Ventilation – The volume of air moved into and out of the lungs per minute; = TV × breathing rate.
每分通气量 – 每分钟进出肺部的空气量；= 潮气量 × 呼吸频率。
Alveoli – Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gaseous exchange takes place.
肺泡 – 肺部进行气体交换的微小气囊。
Diaphragm – A dome-shaped muscle below the lungs that flattens during inhalation to draw air in.
膈肌 – 肺下方的穹顶状肌肉，在吸气时变平以吸入空气。
6. Components of Fitness | 体能要素
Cardiovascular Endurance – The ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen to working muscles over a sustained period.
心血管耐力 – 心脏和肺部长时间为工作中的肌肉供氧的能力。
Muscular Endurance – The capacity of a muscle to repeat contractions without fatigue.
肌肉耐力 – 肌肉重复收缩而不会疲劳的能力。
Strength – The maximal force a muscle or muscle group can exert against a resistance.
力量 – 一块或一组肌肉对抗阻力时能产生的最大力。
Flexibility – The range of movement possible around a joint.
柔韧性 – 关节周围可能的运动范围。
Body Composition – The proportion of fat, muscle, bone and other tissues in the body.
身体成分 – 体内脂肪、肌肉、骨骼及其他组织的比例。
Speed – The ability to move the body or body parts quickly.
速度 – 快速移动身体或身体部分的能力。
7. Principles of Training | 训练原则
Specificity – Training must be relevant to the sport or goal, targeting the right muscles and energy systems.
针对性 – 训练必须与运动项目或目标相关，针对正确的肌肉和能量系统。
Progressive Overload – Gradually increasing the intensity, frequency or duration of exercise to improve fitness.
渐进超负荷 – 逐渐增加运动强度、频率或时间，以提升体能。
Reversibility – Fitness gains are lost when training is reduced or stopped; ‘use it or lose it’.
可逆性 – 当训练减少或停止时，已获得的体能会丧失，即“用进废退”。
Tedium – Boredom from repetitive training that can lead to loss of motivation; variety is needed.
单调性 – 因重复训练产生的厌倦感，可能导致动力流失，需要增加训练多样性。
Frequency – How often training sessions occur per week (part of the FITT principle).
频率 – 每周进行训练的次数（FITT 原则的一部分）。
Intensity – How hard an individual works during exercise, often measured by heart rate or perceived exertion.
强度 – 运动时个体的努力程度，常通过心率或自觉费力程度来衡量。
8. Skill-Related Fitness Terms | 技能相关体能术语
Agility – The ability to change direction quickly and control the body’s position.
敏捷性 – 快速改变方向并控制身体姿势的能力。
Balance – Maintaining the centre of mass over the base of support, whether static or dynamic.
平衡 – 保持身体重心在支撑面上方，无论是静态还是在移动中。
Coordination – The smooth linking of two or more body parts to produce efficient movement.
协调性 – 两个或以上身体部位流畅配合，以产生高效动作。
Reaction Time – The time taken to initiate a response to a stimulus.
反应时间 – 从感受到刺激到开始响应所需的时间。
Power – The combination of strength and speed; work done per unit of time.
爆发力 – 力量与速度的结合，单位时间内所做的功。
Speed – The rate at which a body part or the whole body covers distance.
速度 – 身体某部分或整体移动一定距离的快慢。
9. Health and Wellbeing Vocabulary | 健康与福利词汇
Physical Health – The efficient functioning of body systems, free from disease and injury.
身体健康 – 身体各系统有效运作，无疾病和损伤的状态。
Mental Health – A state of well-being where an individual realises their abilities, copes with stress, and works productively.
心理健康 – 个体能够认识到自身能力、应对压力并富有成效地工作的良好状态。
Social Health – The ability to form positive relationships and interact with others comfortably.
社交健康 – 建立积极人际关系并自在地与他人互动的能力。
Wellbeing – A holistic blend of physical, mental and social health, contributing to overall life satisfaction.
幸福感 – 身体、心理和社交健康的整体融合，提升整体生活满意度。
Sedentary – A lifestyle involving little or no physical activity, increasing risk of health issues.
久坐不动 – 几乎不进行体力活动的生活方式，会增加健康风险。
Obesity – A medical condition characterised by excessive body fat, often defined by a BMI over 30.
肥胖 – 以体脂肪过多为特征的医学状况，通常定义为 BMI 超过 30。
10. Movement Analysis and Anatomical Planes | 运动分析与解剖平面
Sagittal Plane – Divides the body into left and right sections; movements in this plane are forwards/backwards, e.g., running.
矢状面 – 将身体分成左右两部分的平面；此平面内的运动为前后方向，如跑步。
Frontal (Coronal) Plane – Divides the body into front and back; movements occur sideways, e.g., star jumps.
额状面（冠状面） – 将身体分为前后两部分的平面；运动向两侧进行，如开合跳。
Transverse Plane – Divides the body into upper and lower halves; rotational movements occur here, e.g., a discus throw.
横断面 – 将身体分为上下两部分；旋转运动在此平面内发生，如掷铁饼。
Axis of Rotation – An imaginary line around which a body part rotates; common axes include longitudinal, transverse and sagittal.
旋转轴 – 身体部分围绕旋转的假设直线；常见轴有垂直轴、横轴和矢状轴。
Longitudinal Axis – Runs from head to toe; rotational movements like a pirouette in ice skating occur around it.
垂直轴（纵轴） – 从头到脚的纵轴线；旋转动作如花样滑冰的直立旋转围绕该轴发生。
Agonist – The prime mover; the muscle that contracts to produce a desired movement (e.g., biceps during flexion).
主动肌（原动肌） – 主要发力肌，收缩产生所需动作（如屈肘时的肱二头肌）。
Antagonist – The muscle that relaxes and lengthens to allow the agonist to work (e.g., triceps during flexion).
拮抗肌 – 在主动肌收缩时放松并拉长的肌肉（如屈肘时的肱三头肌）。
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