📚 Year 9 OCR Biology: Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | Year 9 OCR 生物：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering key terminology is essential for success in Year 9 OCR Biology. This guide provides clear definitions and bilingual explanations to help you memorise critical vocabulary across cell biology, physiology, genetics, ecology and practical skills. Each term is paired in English and Chinese to strengthen understanding and retention.
掌握关键术语是 Year 9 OCR 生物成功的关键。本指南提供清晰的定义和双语解释，助您记忆细胞生物学、生理学、遗传学、生态学和实验技能等方面的核心词汇。每个术语均提供英中对照，以强化理解与记忆。
1. Cell Biology Key Terms | 细胞生物学关键术语
Cell: The basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms. Cells can be either prokaryotic (lacking a nucleus) or eukaryotic (with a nucleus).
细胞：所有生物体的基本结构和功能单位。细胞可分为原核细胞（无细胞核）和真核细胞（有细胞核）。
Cell membrane: A partially permeable barrier made of a phospholipid bilayer that controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell.
细胞膜：由磷脂双分子层构成的半渗透性屏障，控制物质进出细胞。
Nucleus: A large organelle containing genetic material (DNA) enclosed within a nuclear envelope; it controls cellular activities.
细胞核：一个被核膜包裹的大型细胞器，内含遗传物质(DNA)，调控细胞活动。
Cytoplasm: The jelly-like substance filling the cell where many metabolic reactions occur; it suspends organelles.
细胞质：充满细胞的胶状物质，是许多代谢反应发生的场所，使细胞器悬浮其中。
Mitochondria: Organelles that perform aerobic respiration, releasing energy in the form of ATP. Often described as the ‘powerhouse’ of the cell.
线粒体：进行有氧呼吸、以ATP形式释放能量的细胞器，常被称为细胞的“能量工厂”。
Ribosome: A tiny structure where protein synthesis takes place; ribosomes can be free in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
核糖体：蛋白质合成的微小场所；核糖体可游离于细胞质或附着在粗面内质网上。
Cell wall: A rigid layer outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal and bacterial cells. In plants, it is composed of cellulose and provides shape and support.
细胞壁：植物、真菌和细菌细胞膜外的刚性层。植物细胞壁由纤维素组成，提供形态和支撑。
Chloroplast: An organelle found in plant cells and some algae that carries out photosynthesis, containing the green pigment chlorophyll.
叶绿体：存在于植物细胞和一些藻类中的细胞器，进行光合作用，含有绿色色素叶绿素。
Vacuole: A fluid-filled sac within plant cells that stores water, nutrients and waste; the permanent vacuole helps maintain turgor pressure.
液泡：植物细胞内充满液体的囊状结构，储存水分、养分和废物；永久液泡有助于维持膨压。
Prokaryote: A unicellular organism lacking a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, e.g. bacteria.
原核生物：缺乏细胞核和膜结合细胞器的单细胞生物，例如细菌。
Eukaryote: An organism whose cells contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, including animals, plants and fungi.
真核生物：细胞含有细胞核和膜结合细胞器的生物，包括动物、植物和真菌。
2. Organisation of Living Things | 生物体的组织层次
Tissue: A group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function, e.g. muscle tissue.
组织：一群相似的细胞共同完成特定功能，例如肌肉组织。
Organ: A structure made up of different tissues that work together to carry out a particular function, e.g. the heart.
器官：由不同组织构成、协同执行特定功能的结构，例如心脏。
Organ system: A group of organs that cooperate to perform complex bodily functions, such as the digestive system.
器官系统：一组器官相互配合完成复杂生理功能，例如消化系统。
Organism: An individual living entity that can function independently, made up of organ systems.
生物体：能够独立进行生命活动的个体，由器官系统组成。
Differentiation: The process by which a less specialised cell becomes more specialised for a particular function, e.g. a stem cell becoming a nerve cell.
分化：较不特化的细胞变得更为特化以适应特定功能的过程，例如干细胞变成神经细胞。
3. Photosynthesis and Plant Biology | 光合作用与植物生物学
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
Photosynthesis word equation: carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen (in the presence of light and chlorophyll).
光合作用文字方程式：二氧化碳 + 水 → 葡萄糖 + 氧气（需要光和叶绿素）。
Chlorophyll: The green pigment found in chloroplasts that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.
叶绿素：存在于叶绿体中的绿色色素，吸收光能用于光合作用。
Stomata: Tiny pores on the underside of leaves that allow gas exchange (CO₂ in, O₂ out) and water vapour release.
气孔：叶片下表面的微小孔隙，允许气体交换（CO₂进入、O₂排出）和水蒸气释放。
Guard cells: Specialised cells that surround stomata and control their opening and closing.
保卫细胞：环绕气孔的特化细胞，控制气孔的开闭。
Limiting factor: An environmental condition that restricts the rate of photosynthesis if in short supply, e.g. light intensity, CO₂ concentration or temperature.
限制因子：当供应不足时会限制光合作用速率的环境条件，如光照强度、二氧化碳浓度或温度。
Respiration: A chemical reaction that releases energy from glucose. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy.
呼吸作用：从葡萄糖释放能量的化学反应。有氧呼吸需要氧气：C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + 能量。
Xylem: Plant transport tissue that carries water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the leaves.
木质部：植物运输组织，将水和溶解的矿物质从根部输送到叶片。
Phloem: Plant transport tissue that moves dissolved sugars (products of photosynthesis) from the leaves to other parts of the plant.
韧皮部：植物运输组织，将溶解的糖（光合作用产物）从叶片转运到植株其他部分。
4. Human Digestive System | 人体消化系统
Digestion: The breakdown of large, insoluble food molecules into small, soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream.
消化：将大分子、不可溶的食物分解为可被吸收进入血液的小分子可溶物质的过程。
Amylase: An enzyme produced in the salivary glands and pancreas that breaks down starch into maltose.
淀粉酶：唾液腺和胰腺产生的酶，将淀粉分解为麦芽糖。
Protease: An enzyme that breaks down proteins into amino acids; produced in the stomach (pepsin) and pancreas.
蛋白酶：将蛋白质分解为氨基酸的酶；在胃中产生（胃蛋白酶）以及胰腺分泌。
Lipase: An enzyme that digests fat (lipids) into fatty acids and glycerol, primarily produced by the pancreas.
脂肪酶：将脂肪（脂质）消化为脂肪酸和甘油的酶，主要由胰腺产生。
Villi: Tiny finger-like projections in the small intestine that increase surface area for absorption of digested food molecules into the blood.
绒毛：小肠内微小的指状突起，增大吸收面积，促进消化后的小分子进入血液。
Peristalsis: Waves of muscle contractions that move food along the oesophagus and through the digestive tract.
蠕动：肌肉收缩波，推动食物沿食道并穿过消化道。
Bile: A liquid produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladder that emulsifies fats to increase their surface area for lipase action.
胆汁：肝脏产生并储存在胆囊的液体，能乳化脂肪，增大脂肪表面积以便脂肪酶作用。
Enzyme: A biological catalyst, usually a protein, that speeds up chemical reactions in living organisms without being used up. Each enzyme has a specific active site.
酶：一种生物催化剂，通常是蛋白质，能加速生物体内的化学反应而自身不被消耗。每种酶都有特定的活性位点。
5. Respiratory and Circulatory Systems | 呼吸与循环系统
Trachea: The windpipe that carries air to and from the lungs; supported by rings of cartilage.
气管：将空气送往肺部的管道，由软骨环支撑。
Bronchi: The two main branches of the trachea that lead into each lung.
支气管：气管的两条主要分支，分别进入左右肺。
Alveoli: Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs; oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out.
肺泡：肺内微小的气囊，是气体交换的场所；氧气扩散入血，二氧化碳扩散排出。
Haemoglobin: A red protein in red blood cells that binds to oxygen and transports it around the body.
血红蛋白：红细胞中的红色蛋白质，能与氧结合并将其运送到全身。
Artery: A thick-walled blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart under high pressure.
动脉：将血液从心脏送出的厚壁血管，承受较高压力。
Vein: A blood vessel that returns blood to the heart; veins have thinner walls and contain valves to prevent backflow.
静脉：将血液送回心脏的血管；静脉壁较薄，内含瓣膜防止血液倒流。
Capillary: A microscopic blood vessel with walls only one cell thick, allowing exchange of substances between blood and tissues.
毛细血管：壁仅一层细胞厚的微细血管，允许血液与组织间交换物质。
Plasma: The pale yellow liquid component of blood that carries blood cells, nutrients, hormones and waste products.
血浆：血液中淡黄色的液体成分，运输血细胞、营养物质、激素和废物。
6. Genetics and Inheritance | 遗传与变异
DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecule that carries genetic information in the form of a double helix.
DNA（脱氧核糖核酸）：携带遗传信息的双螺旋结构分子。
Gene: A section of DNA that codes for a specific protein and determines a particular characteristic.
基因：编码特定蛋白质的一段DNA段，决定某一性状。
Chromosome: A thread-like structure made of DNA and proteins, found in the nucleus. Humans have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs).
染色体：由DNA和蛋白质构成的线状结构，存在于细胞核中。人类有46条染色体（23对）。
Allele: A different version of the same gene. Alleles can be dominant or recessive.
等位基因：同一基因的不同形式。等位基因可以是显性或隐性。
Dominant: An allele that is always expressed in the phenotype when present, even if only one copy is inherited.
显性：只要存在一个拷贝，就总能在表型中表达的等位基因。
Recessive: An allele that is only expressed in the phenotype if two copies are inherited (one from each parent).
隐性：仅当从父母双方各遗传一个拷贝时才能在表型中表达的等位基因。
Homozygous: Having two identical alleles for a particular gene (e.g. BB or bb).
纯合：某一基因的两个等位基因相同（如BB或bb）。
Heterozygous: Having two different alleles for a particular gene (e.g. Bb).
杂合：某一基因的两个等位基因不同（如Bb）。
Genotype: The genetic makeup of an organism – the combination of alleles it possesses.
基因型：生物体的遗传构成，即其拥有的等位基因组合。
Phenotype: The observable characteristics of an organism resulting from the interaction of its genotype and the environment.
表型：生物体可观察的特征，由基因型与环境的相互作用决定。
7. Health and Disease | 健康与疾病
Pathogen: A microorganism that causes disease, such as certain bacteria, viruses, fungi or protists.
病原体：引起疾病的微生物，如某些细菌、病毒、真菌或原生生物。
Virus: A non-living infectious agent that requires a host cell to replicate, e.g. influenza virus or SARS-CoV-2.
病毒：一种非细胞结构的感染因子，需要宿主细胞才能复制，如流感病毒或新冠病毒。
Bacteria: Single-celled prokaryotic organisms; some are harmful pathogens while many are harmless or beneficial.
细菌：单细胞原核生物；一部分是病原体，许多无害或有益。
Antibiotic: A medicine that kills or inhibits the growth of bacteria but is ineffective against viruses.
抗生素：能杀死或抑制细菌生长的药物，但对病毒无效。
Immune system: The body’s defence system against pathogens, involving white blood cells, antibodies and memory cells.
免疫系统：机体抵抗病原体的防御系统，涉及白细胞、抗体和记忆细胞。
Phagocytosis: The process by which certain white blood cells (phagocytes) engulf and digest pathogens.
吞噬作用：特定白细胞（吞噬细胞）吞噬并消化病原体的过程。
Vaccination: The introduction of a weakened or inactive form of a pathogen to stimulate the immune system to produce memory cells, providing immunity.
疫苗接种：引入减毒或灭活的病原体以刺激免疫系统产生记忆细胞，从而提供免疫力。
Antigen: A protein marker on the surface of a pathogen that triggers an immune response.
抗原：病原体表面的蛋白质标记物，能触发免疫反应。
Antibody: A Y-shaped protein produced by lymphocytes that binds to specific antigens to neutralise or destroy pathogens.
抗体：由淋巴细胞产生的Y形蛋白质，能特异性结合抗原以中和或摧毁病原体。
8. Ecology and Ecosystems | 生态与生态系统
Habitat: The place where an organism lives, providing shelter, food and conditions for reproduction.
栖息地：生物体生活的场所，提供庇护、食物和繁殖条件。
Population: All the organisms of the same species living in a particular area at the same time.
种群：同一时期内生活在特定区域的所有同种生物个体。
Community: All the populations of different species that live together in a habitat.
群落：栖息地内共同生活的所有不同物种种群。
Ecosystem: A community of organisms interacting with each other and with their abiotic (non-living) environment.
生态系统：生物群落与其非生物环境相互作用形成的整体。
Biotic factor: A living component that affects an organism, e.g. predation, competition, disease.
生物因素：影响生物体的活体组分，如捕食、竞争、疾病。
Abiotic factor: A non-living factor that affects the environment and organisms, e.g. light intensity, temperature, pH, water availability.
非生物因素：影响环境和生物的非生命因素，如光照强度、温度、pH值、水分。
Producer: An organism, such as a green plant or alga, that makes its own food through photosynthesis and forms the basis of food chains.
生产者：能通过光合作用制造自身食物的生物，如绿色植物或藻类，构成食物链的基础。
Consumer: An organism that obtains energy by eating other organisms; primary consumers eat producers, secondary consumers eat primary consumers.
消费者：通过取食其他生物获取能量的生物；初级消费者吃生产者，次级消费者吃初级消费者。
Decomposer: An organism, such as fungi or bacteria, that breaks down dead organic matter, recycling nutrients into the soil.
分解者：如真菌或细菌，分解死亡有机物质，将养分循环回土壤。
Food chain: A sequence showing the transfer of energy from one organism to the next, e.g. grass → rabbit → fox.
食物链：表示能量从一个生物体传递到下一个的顺序，如草→兔→狐。
9. Key Prefixes and Suffixes in Biology | 生物学常用词根词缀
bio-: prefix meaning life, as in biology (the study of life).
bio-：前缀，意为生命，如 biology（生物学）。
photo-: prefix meaning light, as in photosynthesis (building using light).
photo-：前缀，意为光，如 photosynthesis（光合作用）。
chloro-: prefix meaning green, as in chlorophyll (green pigment).
chloro-：前缀，意为绿色，如 chlorophyll（叶绿素）。
cyto-: prefix meaning cell, as in cytoplasm (cell fluid).
cyto-：
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