📚 Year 9 OCR Psychology: Key Terms & Quick Memorisation Guide | OCR 9年级心理学：关键术语速记指南
Mastering psychology begins with the language of the subject. This guide transforms the OCR Year 9 terminology into memorable, bite-sized explanations. Each term is paired with a simple mnemonic, visual trick, or real-life analogy to help you retain it effortlessly for class discussions, homework, and the end-of-year exam.
学好心理学，首先要掌握学科的语言。这份指南将 OCR 9年级的术语转化为易记、简短的讲解。每个术语都配有简单的助记法、图像联想或生活类比，帮助你在课堂讨论、作业和学年考试中轻松记住它们。
1. The Scientific Method | 科学方法
Psychology relies on a systematic process. The aim is the general statement of what you want to investigate, while the hypothesis is a precise, testable prediction. Think of the aim as the destination on a map, and the hypothesis as the specific route you plan to take.
心理学依赖系统化的过程。目的 (aim) 是你想要研究的总体陈述，而假设 (hypothesis) 则是精确、可检验的预测。可以把目的想象成地图上的目的地，假设就是你计划走的具体路线。
- Aim: “To see if background noise affects concentration.” / 目的：“探究背景噪音是否影响注意力集中。”
- Hypothesis: “Students who revise in silence will score higher marks on a memory test than those who revise with music.” / 假设：“在安静环境中复习的学生，其记忆测试成绩将高于听音乐复习的学生。”
2. Independent and Dependent Variables | 自变量与因变量
The independent variable (IV) is the factor you deliberately change or manipulate. The dependent variable (DV) is the outcome you measure. A shortcut: IV = “I change”, DV = “Data collected”.
自变量 (IV) 是你故意改变或操纵的因素。因变量 (DV) 是你测量的结果。一个记忆诀窍：IV = “我改变”，DV = “收集的数据”。
| Experiment Scenario | IV | DV |
| Does energy drink intake affect reaction time? | Amount of energy drink (e.g. 0 ml vs 250 ml) | Reaction time in milliseconds |
| Does praise improve maths performance? | Type of feedback (praise vs. no praise) | Score on a maths quiz |
3. Extraneous and Confounding Variables | 额外变量与混淆变量
Any other factor that might affect the DV is an extraneous variable. If it changes along with the IV and gives you a false result, it becomes a confounding variable. Imagine baking a cake: oven temperature is your IV, but if you also accidentally change the baking time, that is a confound — it spoils your test.
任何其他可能影响 DV 的因素都是额外变量 (extraneous variable)。如果它随着 IV 一起变化，并让你得到错误结果，它就变成了混淆变量 (confounding variable)。想象烤蛋糕：烤箱温度是你的 IV，但如果你无意中也改变了烘烤时间，那就是混淆变量——它破坏了你的实验。
Standardisation (keeping all procedures the same for all participants) is the shield against extraneous variables. Write the script, stick to it.
标准化程序（对所有参与者保持相同步骤）是抵御额外变量的护盾。写好实验脚本，严格遵守。
4. Demand Characteristics and Social Desirability | 要求特征与社会赞许性
Participants often try to figure out the experiment’s purpose. Demand characteristics are cues that reveal the aim, prompting them to change their natural behavior. Social desirability bias is when participants give answers that make them look good, not the truth. Think of it as “Tell me what you think I want to hear”.
参与者常常试图猜出实验的目的。要求特征 (demand characteristics) 就是暴露研究目的的线索，促使参与者改变自然行为。社会赞许性偏差 (social desirability bias) 是指参与者给出让自己看起来更好的答案，而不是真实情况。可以理解为“告诉我你认为我想听的话”。
Countermeasures include using a single-blind procedure (participants do not know the exact hypothesis) or embedding the real question among filler items.
对策包括使用单盲程序（参与者不知道确切假设）或将真实问题混入填充题目中。
5. Ethical Guidelines: The Rulebook | 伦理准则：规则手册
The British Psychological Society (BPS) sets principles every study must follow. The acronym D.I.C.E. – C.R.W.D. keeps them all in one place:
英国心理学会 (BPS) 制定了每项研究必须遵守的原则。首字母缩略词 D.I.C.E. – C.R.W.D. 可以把它们一次装进脑子：
- Deception – avoid misleading participants unless absolutely necessary. / 欺骗 – 除非绝对必要，否则避免误导参与者。
- Informed Consent – participants must know enough to agree freely. / 知情同意 – 参与者必须充分了解后才能自由同意。
- Confidentiality – data remains anonymous. / 保密 – 数据保持匿名。
- Ethics Committee – any doubt, seek approval. / 伦理委员会 – 有任何疑问，寻求批准。
- Competence – researchers must be qualified. / 能力 – 研究人员必须具备资质。
- Right to Withdraw – participants can leave at any time. / 退出权利 – 参与者可以随时退出。
- Welfare (Protection from harm) – psychological and physical safety first. / 保护免受伤害 – 心理和身体健康至上。
- Debriefing – explain the true aim afterwards and offer support. / 事后解释 – 事后说明真实目的并提供支持。
6. Sampling Methods: Finding Your People | 抽样方法：找到你的参与者
How you recruit participants shapes your data. Remember: Random is like pulling names from a hat; Opportunity is asking whoever is available (e.g. the person next to you); Volunteer is when people reply to an advert.
你如何招募参与者决定了数据的性质。记住：随机抽样 就像从帽子里抽名字；机会抽样 是询问随便谁（比如你旁边的人）；志愿者抽样 是别人回复广告而来。
| Method | Strength | Weakness |
| Random | No researcher bias; representative | Time-consuming; needs a full list of the target population |
| Opportunity | Quick, cheap, easy | Biased sample; may not represent the wider population |
| Volunteer | Motivated participants; can reach specific groups | Volunteer bias – people who volunteer may be more eager to please |
7. Experimental Designs: Who Does What? | 实验设计：谁做什么？
Three types govern how participants experience the IV. Independent groups: one group does condition A, another does condition B. Repeated measures: the same group does both conditions. Matched pairs: participants are twinned on a key trait (e.g. IQ), then split between conditions.
三种设计决定了参与者如何经历 IV。独立组设计：一组做条件A，另一组做条件B。重复测量设计：同一组完成两个条件。配对组设计：参与者在关键特质（如智商）上被配对，然后分到不同条件。
A classic pitfall: repeated measures risks order effects (boredom, practice). Control it with counterbalancing – half the group does A then B, the other half B then A.
一个经典陷阱：重复测量容易受顺序效应（无聊、练习）影响。用平衡法控制——一半参与者先做A后做B，另一半反之。
8. Observations and Self-Report | 观察法与自我报告法
Not all research manipulates variables. Observations watch natural behaviour and can be overt (participants know) or covert (hidden). Self-report methods include questionnaires (written) and interviews (verbal). Use the acronym O-QI to remember: Observations, Questionnaires, Interviews.
并非所有研究都操纵变量。观察法 观察自然行为，可以是公开的（参与者知道）或隐蔽的（不知情）。自我报告法 包括问卷和访谈。用首字母 O-QI 记住它们。
Watch out for observer bias (seeing what you expect) and social desirability in answers. Use behavioural categories for reliability.
留意观察者偏差（只看到你想看的）和答案中的社会赞许性。使用行为类别来提高信度。
9. Correlation: Not Causation! | 相关：不等于因果！
A correlation tells you how two variables are related, not that one causes the other. A positive correlation: as one rises, the other rises (e.g. hours of exercise and fitness). A negative correlation: as one rises, the other falls (e.g. hours of TV and exam grades). Zero correlation: no relationship at all.
相关告诉你两个变量如何关联，而不是一个导致另一个。正相关：一个上升，另一个也上升（如锻炼时间与体能）。负相关：一个上升，另一个下降（如看电视时间与考试成绩）。零相关：完全没有关系。
Use the mnemonic: Correlation is Not Causation (CNC). Keep CNC carved in your mind.
记住口诀：相关不是因果 (CNC)。把 CNC 刻在脑子里。
10. Types of Data | 数据类型
Quantitative data is numbers (scores, time, tallies). Qualitative data is words (thoughts, descriptions, interview transcripts). Think “Quantity = Quantity (countable)”; “Quality = Quality (rich meaning)”.
定量数据是数字（分数、时间、计数）。定性数据是文字（想法、描述、访谈记录）。联想：数量对应可数的数字；质量对应丰富的含义。
Most experiments gather quantitative data, but a questionnaire with open-ended questions yields qualitative depth.
大多数实验收集定量数据，但带有开放性问题的问卷能产生深度定性信息。
11. Descriptive Statistics: The Quick Toolkit | 描述统计：速成工具箱
Three central tendencies and one spread. Mean, median, mode, and range. Mean: sum of scores divided by number. Median: middle value when ordered. Mode: most frequent. Range: highest minus lowest. Use the silly sentence “My Mother Made Rhubarb” (Mean, Median, Mode, Range) to lock the order.
三种集中趋势和一种离散量。平均数、中位数、众数和极差。平均数：总分除以人数。中位数：排序后的中间值。众数：出现最频繁的值。极差：最大值减最小值。用“My Mother Made Rhubarb”这句荒唐话来记顺序。
Mean = Σx / n
If a data set is skewed by an outlier, report the median, not the mean.
如果数据被异常值拉偏，就报告中位数而非平均数。
12. High-Score Memory Hacks | 高分记忆技巧
Psychology rewards precise terminology. Stick key words on sticky notes at your desk. Turn definitions into rhymes: “IV I change, DV I detect” or “Random from hat, volunteer from ad”. Draw a rainbow diagram linking each ethical principle to the BPS code. Before sleep, recall three terms and their definitions; your brain strengthens those traces overnight.
心理学考试奖赏精准的术语。把关键词写在便利贴上贴在书桌上。把定义编成韵文：“IV我改变，DV我测得”或“随机抽帽里，志愿看广告”。画一张彩虹图把每个伦理原则连到BPS规范上。睡前回想三个术语及其定义；大脑会在夜间强化这些记忆痕迹。
Use the look-cover-write-check method for tricky spellings (e.g. “extraneous” or “confounding”). Finally, teach the concepts to a friend or a family member — if you can explain it clearly, you truly understand it.
用“看一遍-遮盖-默写-核对”法攻克拼写（如“extraneous”或“confounding”）。最后，把这些概念教给朋友或家人——如果你能清晰地讲出来，那就是真正懂了。
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