Year 9 WJEC Biology: Full Curriculum Breakdown | Year 9 WJEC 生物：课程大纲全面解析

📚 Year 9 WJEC Biology: Full Curriculum Breakdown | Year 9 WJEC 生物：课程大纲全面解析

Welcome to the complete guide to the Year 9 WJEC Biology curriculum. In this article, we will explore every major topic required for Key Stage 3 Biology in Wales, breaking down the essential knowledge, key concepts and skills students need to master. Whether you are preparing for end‑of‑year tests, building foundations for GCSE, or simply wanting to understand life science better, this curriculum breakdown will give you clear, bilingual coverage of the entire syllabus.

欢迎阅读 Year 9 WJEC 生物课程完全指南。本文将深入剖析威尔士关键阶段三生物学的每个主要课题，逐一分解学生需要掌握的核心知识、关键概念与技能。无论你是在为期末考试做准备、为 GCSE 打基础，还是单纯想更好地理解生命科学，这份双语的课程大纲解析都将为你提供清晰全面的指导。

1. Cells – the building blocks of life | 细胞 – 生命的基石

All living organisms are made up of cells. Cells are the smallest units of life and can be either prokaryotic (bacterial cells) or eukaryotic (animal, plant and fungal cells). You must be able to use a light microscope to observe, draw and label cells, and calculate magnification using the formula: magnification = size of image ÷ actual size of object.

所有生物都是由细胞构成的。细胞是生命的最小单位，可以分为原核细胞（细菌细胞）和真核细胞（动物、植物和真菌细胞）。你必须能够使用光学显微镜观察、绘制并标注细胞，并能利用公式计算放大倍数：放大倍数 = 图像大小 ÷ 实际物体大小。

Animal cells contain a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria and ribosomes. Plant cells have the same parts plus a rigid cell wall, a large permanent vacuole and chloroplasts, which absorb light for photosynthesis.

动物细胞含有细胞核、细胞质、细胞膜、线粒体和核糖体。植物细胞除了这些结构外，还具有坚硬的细胞壁、一个大的中央液泡以及吸收光能进行光合作用的叶绿体。

Bacterial cells are much smaller and lack a true nucleus; their genetic material floats in the cytoplasm as a single circular chromosome. They may also have plasmids – small rings of DNA – and a flagellum for movement.

细菌细胞要小得多，并且没有真正的细胞核；它们的遗传物质以一条环状染色体的形式漂浮在细胞质中。它们还可能含有质粒（小型 DNA 环）以及用于运动的鞭毛。

Specialised cells have adaptations that help them carry out specific functions. For example, sperm cells have a long tail (flagellum) for swimming and many mitochondria to provide energy; root hair cells have a long extension to increase surface area for absorbing water and minerals.

特化细胞具有适应特定功能的特征。例如，精子细胞有一条用于游动的长尾（鞭毛）和大量提供能量的线粒体；根毛细胞则有一个长长的突起，以增加吸收水分和矿物质的表面积。

2. Organisation: from cells to systems | 组织：从细胞到系统

Cells of the same type working together form a tissue. Different tissues work together to form an organ, and organs work together in organ systems to perform life processes. This hierarchical organisation is fundamental to understanding how the human body and other organisms function.

相同类型的细胞协同工作形成组织。不同的组织协同工作形成器官，而器官又在器官系统中协同工作来完成生命过程。这种层级结构是理解人体及其他生物如何运作的基础。

In animals, key organ systems include the digestive system (breaks down food), the respiratory system (gas exchange), the circulatory system (transports substances), the nervous system (controls and coordinates) and the reproductive system (produces offspring).

在动物体内，重要的器官系统包括消化系统（分解食物）、呼吸系统（气体交换）、循环系统（运输物质）、神经系统（控制与协调）和生殖系统（产生后代）。

In plants, organisation includes tissues such as epidermal tissue, palisade mesophyll and spongy mesophyll, which make up the leaf, an organ specialised for photosynthesis. Xylem and phloem are transport tissues that move water and sugars around the plant.

在植物中，组织包括表皮组织、栅栏组织和海绵组织，这些组织构成了叶片这一特化进行光合作用的器官。木质部和韧皮部是运输组织，负责在植物体内输送水分和糖分。

3. The digestive system and enzymes | 消化系统与酶

The digestive system breaks down large, insoluble food molecules into small, soluble ones that can be absorbed into the bloodstream. The main organs are the mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus. Accessory organs such as the liver, gall bladder and pancreas produce digestive juices.

消化系统将大的、不溶的食物分子分解为小的、可溶的分子，以便被吸收进入血液。主要器官包括口腔、食道、胃、小肠、大肠和肛门。肝脏、胆囊和胰腺等附属器官则产生消化液。

Enzymes are biological catalysts made of protein. They speed up chemical reactions without being used up themselves. Each enzyme has an active site with a specific shape that fits only one substrate – the lock and key model. Factors such as temperature and pH affect enzyme activity: they can denature (lose shape) if conditions are too extreme.

酶是由蛋白质构成的生物催化剂。它们能够加速化学反应而自身不被消耗。每种酶都有一个形状特定的活性部位，只能与一种底物结合——这就是锁钥模型。温度和 pH 等因素会影响酶的活性：如果条件过于极端，酶就会变性（失去形状）。

Key digestive enzymes include amylase (breaks down starch into maltose, produced in salivary glands and pancreas), protease (breaks down proteins into amino acids, active in the stomach and small intestine) and lipase (breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol, produced by the pancreas). Bile, made in the liver, emulsifies fats to increase surface area for lipase action.

重要的消化酶包括淀粉酶（将淀粉分解为麦芽糖，由唾液腺和胰腺分泌）、蛋白酶（将蛋白质分解为氨基酸，在胃和小肠中起作用）和脂肪酶（将脂肪分解为脂肪酸和甘油，由胰腺分泌）。肝脏分泌的胆汁能乳化脂肪，增大脂肪的表面积，有利于脂肪酶发挥作用。

4. The respiratory system and gas exchange | 呼吸系统与气体交换

The respiratory system is responsible for taking oxygen into the body and removing carbon dioxide. Air enters through the nose or mouth, passes down the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and finally reaches the alveoli – tiny air sacs where gas exchange takes place.

呼吸系统负责将氧气带入体内并排出二氧化碳。空气通过鼻腔或口腔进入，沿气管、支气管、细支气管下行，最终到达肺泡——进行气体交换的微小气囊。

The alveoli are adapted for efficient diffusion: they have very thin walls (one cell thick), a large surface area, a moist lining and a rich blood capillary network. Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood, while carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli to be breathed out.

肺泡的结构有助于高效扩散：它们的壁非常薄（仅有一层细胞厚），总表面积巨大，内壁湿润，并且有丰富的毛细血管网。氧气由肺泡扩散进入血液，而二氧化碳则从血液扩散进入肺泡排出体外。

Aerobic respiration is the process that releases energy from glucose using oxygen. The word equation is:

Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water (+ energy)

有氧呼吸是利用氧气从葡萄糖中释放能量的过程。其文字方程式为：

葡萄糖 + 氧气 → 二氧化碳 + 水（+ 能量）

Anaerobic respiration occurs when oxygen is scarce, producing less energy and, in animal cells, lactic acid. In yeast and some plants, anaerobic respiration produces ethanol and carbon dioxide – a process called fermentation.

当氧气不足时会发生无氧呼吸，产生的能量较少，在动物细胞中还会产生乳酸。在酵母和某些植物中，无氧呼吸则产生乙醇和二氧化碳，这一过程称为发酵。

5. The circulatory system and blood | 循环系统与血液

The circulatory system transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones and waste products around the body. In humans it is a double circulatory system: the right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs, and the left side pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.

循环系统负责将氧气、营养物质、激素和代谢废物运输到全身各处。人类的循环系统是双循环系统：心脏的右侧将缺氧血泵至肺部，左侧则把富氧血泵送至身体其他部位。

The heart is a muscular organ with four chambers: two atria and two ventricles. Valves prevent backflow of blood. The natural pacemaker (SAN) controls heart rate. Arteries carry blood away from the heart at high pressure; veins return blood to the heart and contain valves; capillaries are tiny, thin‑walled vessels where substance exchange occurs.

心脏是一个由肌肉构成的器官，共有四个腔室：两个心房和两个心室。瓣膜可防止血液倒流。心脏的天然起搏器（窦房结）控制着心率。动脉将血液从心脏高压送出；静脉则将血液送回心脏并含有瓣膜；毛细血管是极细、壁薄的血管，是物质交换的场所。

Blood is composed of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Red blood cells contain haemoglobin which binds to oxygen. White blood cells defend against pathogens, and platelets help blood clot. Plasma transports dissolved substances such as glucose, carbon dioxide and urea.

血液由血浆、红细胞、白细胞和血小板组成。红细胞含有能与氧气结合的血红蛋白。白细胞能抵御病原体，血小板有助于血液凝固。血浆则运输溶解的物质，如葡萄糖、二氧化碳和尿素。

6. Health and communicable diseases | 健康与传染病

Health is a state of physical, mental and social well‑being. Diseases can be communicable (caused by pathogens and can be spread) or non‑communicable (not infectious, e.g. heart disease, diabetes). Pathogens include viruses, bacteria, fungi and protists.

健康是一种身体、心理与社会适应良好的状态。疾病可分为传染性（由病原体引起并能传播）和非传染性（非传染性，如心脏病、糖尿病）。病原体包括病毒、细菌、真菌和原生生物。

Viral diseases such as measles and flu are caused by viruses reproducing inside host cells. Bacterial diseases such as salmonella and tuberculosis can be treated with antibiotics. However, antibiotics do not work against viruses. Overuse of antibiotics has led to antibiotic‑resistant bacteria, such as MRSA.

麻疹和流感等病毒性疾病由病毒在宿主细胞内繁殖引起。沙门氏菌感染和结核病等细菌性疾病可用抗生素治疗。但抗生素对病毒无效。抗生素的过度使用已导致耐药菌的出现，例如耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）。

The body defends itself with physical barriers (skin, mucus), chemical barriers (stomach acid, enzymes in tears) and the immune system. White blood cells engulf pathogens (phagocytosis), produce antitoxins and make antibodies specific to antigens.

人体通过物理屏障（皮肤、黏液）、化学屏障（胃酸、泪液中的酶）和免疫系统进行自我保护。白细胞能吞噬病原体（吞噬作用），产生抗毒素，并制造针对抗原的特异性抗体。

7. Reproduction in humans and plants | 人类与植物的生殖

Human reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes (sperm and egg) during fertilisation to form a zygote. The male reproductive system produces sperm in the testes; the female system releases eggs from the ovaries. The menstrual cycle prepares the uterus lining for a possible pregnancy.

人类的生殖过程涉及受精时男女配子（精子和卵子）的结合，形成受精卵。男性生殖系统在睾丸中产生精子；女性生殖系统从卵巢中释放卵子。月经周期为可能的妊娠准备子宫内膜。

During sexual intercourse, sperm are deposited in the vagina and swim through the cervix and uterus to the oviduct where fertilisation can occur. The fertilised egg implants in the uterus lining and develops into an embryo. The placenta allows exchange of nutrients, oxygen and waste between mother and baby.

在性交过程中，精子被排入阴道，然后穿过子宫颈和子宫游向输卵管，在那里可能发生受精。受精卵植入子宫内膜并发育成为胚胎。胎盘负责母体与胎儿之间的营养、氧气和废物的交换。

Plants also reproduce sexually. The flower contains male stamens (anther produces pollen) and female carpels (stigma, style, ovary). Pollination is the transfer of pollen from anther to stigma; fertilisation occurs when a pollen tube carries the male nucleus to the ovule. After fertilisation, the ovule becomes a seed and the ovary develops into a fruit.

植物也进行有性生殖。花朵中含有雄性雄蕊（花药产生花粉）和雌性心皮（柱头、花柱、子房）。传粉是花粉从花药转移到柱头的过程；当花粉管将雄核送至胚珠时发生受精。受精后，胚珠发育成种子，子房发育成果实。

Asexual reproduction produces genetically identical offspring (clones) and is common in plants through runners, tubers or bulbs. In humans, gametes are produced by meiosis, a type of cell division that halves the chromosome number and creates genetic variation.

无性生殖产生基因完全相同的后代（克隆），在植物中通过匍匐茎、块茎或鳞茎繁殖很常见。在人类中，配子通过减数分裂产生，这种细胞分裂方式会使染色体数目减半并产生遗传变异。

8. Ecosystems, feeding relationships and cycles | 生态系统、捕食关系与循环

An ecosystem consists of a community of living organisms interacting with each other and their non‑living environment. Organisms can be classified as producers, consumers (primary, secondary, tertiary) or decomposers. Food chains and food webs show the transfer of energy and matter.

生态系统由生物群落与其非生物环境相互作用的整体构成。生物被分为生产者、消费者（初级、次级、三级）和分解者。食物链和食物网展示了能量和物质的传递路径。

Energy from the Sun is captured by producers through photosynthesis. Only about 10% of the energy is passed from one trophic level to the next; the rest is lost as heat, movement or undigested waste. This limits the length of food chains.

太阳的能量被生产者通过光合作用固定下来。能量在相邻营养级之间的传递效率仅约 10%，其余部分以热、运动或未消化的废物等形式散失。这就限制了食物链的长度。

Key nutrient cycles you must know are the carbon cycle and the water cycle. The carbon cycle involves processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, combustion and decomposition. Carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere by photosynthesis and returned by respiration and burning fossil fuels.

你必须熟悉的重要物质循环包括碳循环和水循环。碳循环涉及光合作用、呼吸作用、燃烧和分解等过程。二氧化碳通过光合作用离开大气，又通过呼吸作用和化石燃料的燃烧返回大气。

The water cycle describes how water evaporates, condenses to form clouds, and returns to land as precipitation. Water is taken up by plants and released through transpiration, eventually returning to the sea. Deforestation and climate change can affect these cycles.

水循环描述了水如何蒸发、凝结成云并以降水形式返回地面。水分被植物吸收，通过蒸腾作用释放，最终回归海洋。森林砍伐和气候变化都能影响这些循环。

9. Variation, inheritance and DNA | 变异、遗传与 DNA

Individuals within a species show variation, which can be genetic, environmental or a combination of both. Examples of genetic variation include eye colour and blood group, while environmental variation includes language and scars. Continuous variation (e.g. height) shows a range, while discontinuous variation (e.g. tongue rolling) shows distinct categories.

同一物种的个体之间存在变异，变异可由遗传、环境或两者共同引起。遗传变异的例子有眼睛颜色和血型，环境变异则包括语言和伤疤。连续变异（如身高）呈现范围分布，而非连续变异（如卷舌能力）表现为截然不同的类别。

DNA is the chemical that carries genetic information. It is a double helix structure made up of nucleotides. A gene is a small section of DNA that codes for a particular protein. Chromosomes are long strands of DNA found in the nucleus; human body cells contain 23 pairs (46 chromosomes).

DNA 是携带遗传信息的化学物质。它是由核苷酸组成的双螺旋结构。基因是 DNA 上编码特定蛋白质的一小段。染色体是细胞核内长长的 DNA 链；人体细胞含有 23 对染色体（共 46 条）。

Inheritance can be modelled using simple Punnett squares to predict the outcome of monohybrid crosses. Alleles can be dominant or recessive. Genetic diseases such as cystic fibrosis are inherited. Selective breeding and genetic engineering are techniques used to produce organisms with desired traits.

遗传可以通过简单的庞纳特方格来模拟，用以预测单基因杂交的结果。等位基因有显性和隐性之分。囊性纤维化等遗传病通过遗传获得。选择育种和基因工程是用于培育具有所需性状的生物的技术。

10. Photosynthesis and plant nutrition | 光合作用与植物营养

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and algae produce glucose from carbon dioxide and water, using light energy captured by chlorophyll. The overall word equation is:

Carbon dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen

光合作用是植物和藻类利用叶绿素捕获的光能，将二氧化碳和水转化为葡萄糖的过程。其文字方程式为：

二氧化碳 + 水 → 葡萄糖 + 氧气

Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts, mainly in the palisade layer of leaves. The rate is affected by light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration and temperature. A limiting factor is the one that is in shortest supply and restricts the rate.

光合作用在叶绿体中进行，主要发生在叶片的栅栏组织层。其速率受光照强度、二氧化碳浓度和温度的影响。限制因子是指供应量最少并限制反应速率的那个因子。

Plants use the glucose produced in several ways: it is converted into starch for storage, used in respiration to release energy, turned into cellulose for cell walls, or combined with minerals (e.g. nitrates) to make amino acids and proteins. Oils and fats are stored in seeds.

植物通过多种方式利用产生的葡萄糖：将其转化为淀粉储存起来、用于呼吸作用释放能量、转化为纤维素构建细胞壁，或与矿物质（如硝酸盐）结合生成氨基酸和蛋白质。油脂则储存在种子中。

Mineral ions are essential for healthy plant growth. Nitrates are needed for making proteins and for growth; a lack causes stunted growth and yellow leaves. Magnesium is needed to make chlorophyll; deficiency leads to yellowing between leaf veins.

矿质离子对植物的健康生长至关重要。硝酸盐用来合成蛋白质和促进生长，缺乏会导致植株矮小、叶片发黄。镁是合成叶绿素所必需的，缺镁时叶片脉间会变黄。

Published by TutorHao | Biology Revision Series | aleveler.com

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