📚 Year 9 WJEC Computer Science: Essential Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | WJEC 九年级计算机：词汇术语速记指南
Building a strong foundation in computer science begins with mastering the language of the subject. This guide is designed to help Year 9 students following the WJEC specification memorise key terms and concepts efficiently. Each section introduces a core topic, provides concise bilingual definitions, and suggests simple memory hooks that turn abstract jargon into something you can easily recall. Whether you are preparing for an end‑of‑topic test or building long‑term knowledge for your GCSE, these bite‑sized explanations will speed up your revision.
学好计算机科学的第一步，就是掌握这门学科独有的术语体系。这份指南专为学习 WJEC 课程的九年级同学编写，帮助你高效记忆核心词汇。每个小节都围绕一个重点主题，提供简明扼要的中英双语释义，并加入了巧妙的记忆提示，让抽象的专业术语变得亲切好记。无论你是在准备单元测验，还是为 GCSE 打基础，这些精炼的讲解都能让你的复习事半功倍。
1. Computer System Fundamentals | 计算机系统基础
Hardware: The physical parts of a computer you can touch, such as the keyboard, monitor and internal chips. Think of hardware as the ‘body’ of the machine. A simple memory trick: ‘hard’ things are solid, just like the computer case.
硬件：计算机中可以触摸到的物理部件，比如键盘、显示器和内部芯片。可以把硬件想象成机器的“身体”。记忆小窍门：“硬”的东西实实在在，就像电脑机箱一样摸得着。
Software: Sets of instructions that tell the hardware what to do. The word ‘soft’ reminds us that it is flexible – you can install, delete or update it easily. The operating system and apps are all software.
软件：指挥硬件做什么的一连串指令。“软”这个字提醒我们它是灵活的——可以轻松安装、删除或升级。操作系统和各种应用程序都属于软件。
Input device: Any hardware that sends data into the computer, e.g. a mouse, microphone or touchscreen. Link it with the phrase ‘put info IN’.
输入设备：任何将数据送入计算机的硬件，例如鼠标、麦克风或触摸屏。可以联想“把信息送进去（IN）”。
Output device: Hardware that presents data from the computer, such as a monitor, speaker or printer. Remember ‘out’ means data is coming OUT of the system.
输出设备：把计算机处理后的数据展示出来的硬件，如显示器、音箱、打印机。记住“出”代表数据从系统里跑出来（OUT）。
2. Data Representation: Bits, Bytes and Beyond | 数据表示：位、字节与更多
Bit (binary digit): The smallest unit of data in a computer, represented as either 0 or 1. Picture a tiny switch that can be OFF (0) or ON (1). A single bit is too small to store anything useful on its own.
比特（二进制位）：计算机中数据的最小单位，只有0或1两种状态。想象一个微小的开关，关是0，开是1。单独一个比特保存不了什么有用的信息。
Byte: A group of 8 bits. This is the basic building block for storing characters. One byte can represent a letter like ‘A’ or a small number. 8 bits = 1 byte is easy to remember because most characters are built from 8‑bit codes.
字节：8个比特组成一个字节，是存储字符的基本单位。一个字节可以表示一个字母“A”或一个很小的数字。8位=1字节很好记，因为大多数字符都用8位编码。
Denary (decimal): Our everyday number system using digits 0–9, also called base‑10. ‘Dec’ means ten – think of decade (10 years).
十进制：我们日常使用的数字系统，用0–9十个数字，也叫以10为基。dec源自拉丁文的十，可以联想到decade（十年）。
Binary: Base‑2 number system using only 0 and 1. All digital data is stored in binary. Imagine two states: a lamp that is off or on.
二进制：只用0和1表示的以2为基的数字系统。所有数字数据都以二进制存储。可以想象一盏灯只有灭和亮两种状态。
3. Logic Gates and Boolean Logic | 逻辑门与布尔逻辑
Logic gate: An electronic circuit that takes one or more binary inputs and produces a single binary output. The three basic gates are AND, OR and NOT. They act like tiny decision‑makers inside the processor.
逻辑门：一种接受一个或多个二进制输入并产生单个二进制输出的电子电路。三种基本门是与门、或门和非门。它们就像处理器内部的微型决策器。
AND gate: Outputs 1 only when all inputs are 1. The word ‘AND’ suggests that every condition must be true. A school rule: you can enter the computer lab ONLY IF you have your ID card AND you are wearing indoor shoes.
与门：只有当所有输入都是1时输出才是1。’AND’这个词暗示所有条件都必须满足。好比校规：只有带着学生卡并且穿着室内鞋，才能进入机房。
OR gate: Outputs 1 if at least one input is 1. Think of a choice: you can have ice cream OR cake – either one makes the outcome true.
或门：只要至少一个输入是1，输出就是1。可以想象一种选择：你可以吃冰淇淋或蛋糕，其中任何一个都能让结果成立。
NOT gate: Has only one input and inverts it – 0 becomes 1, 1 becomes 0. A simple light switch with an inverter: push once to turn on, push again to turn off.
非门：只有一个输入，并把它取反——0变成1，1变成0。就像一个带有反转功能的开关：按一下开灯，再按一下关灯。
4. Algorithms and Flowcharts | 算法与流程图
Algorithm: A precise, step‑by‑step set of instructions to solve a problem or complete a task. You use an algorithm every day when you follow a recipe or plan a morning routine. In computer science, we write them before coding.
算法：用于解决问题或完成任务的精确步骤集合。你每天遵循食谱或安排晨间流程时，其实就在使用算法。在计算机科学中，我们总是在编码前先写算法。
Flowchart: A diagram that uses standard symbols to represent an algorithm. Ovals show start/end, rectangles show processes, and diamonds show decisions. Drawing a flowchart helps you visualise the logic.
流程图：用标准符号表示算法的图表。椭圆形表示开始/结束，矩形表示处理步骤，菱形表示判断。绘制流程图能帮助你直观看到程序的逻辑走向。
Pseudocode: A way of describing an algorithm using simple, structured English that looks a bit like code but can be read by humans. ‘Pseudo’ means fake – it is not real programming code but a bridge between human thinking and code.
伪代码：用一种类似于代码的简单结构化英语来描述算法的方法。’Pseudo’意思是假的——它不是真正的程序代码，而是连接人类思维与代码的桥梁。
Trace table: A grid used to track the values of variables as an algorithm runs, step by step. It is excellent for spotting logic errors without using a computer.
跟踪表：一种记录算法逐步执行时变量值变化的表格。用它可以在不用计算机的情况下发现逻辑错误，特别高效。
5. Programming Basics: Variables and Data Types | 编程基础：变量与数据类型
Variable: A named memory location that stores a value which can change while a program runs. Think of it as a labelled box: you can put a number in, take it out, or replace it with another value.
变量：一个有名字的内存空间，程序运行时里面存放的值可以被改变。把它想像成一个贴了标签的盒子：你可以放进一个数字、取出它，或者换进去另一个值。
Constant: Similar to a variable, but its value stays the same throughout the program. In many languages, constants are written in capital letters. For example, the value of PI is a constant.
常量：类似变量，但它的值在整个程序运行期间保持不变。在很多编程语言中，常量会用大写字母书写。例如圆周率PI就是一个常量。
Integer: A whole number, positive or negative, without a decimal point. Remember ‘integer’ sounds like ‘intact’ – no fractions, just whole.
整型（整数）：没有小数点的正负整数。可以联想 integer 与 intact（完整的）相近——没有小数，只有完整的数。
String: A sequence of characters (letters, digits, symbols) used to store text. Strings are usually enclosed in quotation marks. Picture a string of beads where each bead is a character.
字符串：由字符（字母、数字、符号）组成的序列，用来存储文本。字符串通常放在引号里。可以想像一串珠子，每颗珠子就是一个字符。
Boolean: A data type that can only hold one of two values: True or False. Named after George Boole, this type is perfect for yes/no questions.
布尔型：一种只能保存真或假两个值的数据类型，以乔治·布尔的名字命名。这种类型最适合回答是/否问题。
6. Program Constructs: Sequence, Selection, Iteration | 程序结构：顺序、选择、迭代
Sequence: The simplest construct – instructions are executed one after another in the order they are written. Like following a morning list: wake up, brush teeth, get dressed.
顺序结构：最简单的程序结构——指令按照被编写的先后顺序一条接一条地执行。就像早上起床的清单：醒来、刷牙、穿衣服。
Selection: The program chooses between different paths based on a condition. IF…THEN…ELSE is a typical selection statement. Imagine a traffic light: IF red THEN stop, ELSE go.
选择结构：程序根据条件在不同路径中做出选择。典型的语句是IF…THEN…ELSE。想像一个交通灯：如果（IF）红灯那么（THEN）停下，否则（ELSE）前进。
Iteration (looping): Repeating a section of code. There are count‑controlled loops (FOR) and condition‑controlled loops (WHILE). An example of iteration is reheating soup: WHILE it is not hot enough, keep heating for 30 seconds.
迭代（循环）：重复执行一段代码。分为计数控制循环（FOR）和条件控制循环（WHILE）。迭代的一个好例子是热汤：当（WHILE）汤不够热，就继续加热30秒。
7. Subroutines: Functions and Procedures | 子程序：函数与过程
Subroutine: A named block of code that performs a specific task and can be called when needed. It avoids repetition and makes programs easier to debug. Subroutines include both functions and procedures.
子程序：一段有名字的代码块，执行特定任务，需要时即可调用。它能避免重复编写代码，让程序更容易调试。子程序包括函数和过程两种。
Function: A subroutine that completes a task and always returns a value. For example, a function might calculate the area of a circle and send that number back to the main program. Think ‘function = returns something’.
函数：完成一个任务并一定会返回一个值的子程序。例如，一个函数可以计算圆的面积，并把那个数值送回主程序。记住“函数 = 有返回值”。
Procedure: A subroutine that performs actions but does not need to return a value. Printing a message on the screen or moving a sprite are typical procedure tasks. ‘Procedure = perform an action without handing anything back.’
过程：执行一系列动作但不需要返回值的子程序。在屏幕上显示一条消息、移动一个角色都属于过程的典型任务。记住“过程 = 执行动作，不交回任何值”。
8. Networking Essentials | 网络基础
LAN (Local Area Network): A network that connects computers in a small geographical area, such as a school or an office building. ‘Local’ means nearby. Data travels fast because the cables are short.
局域网 (LAN)：连接较小地理范围内计算机的网络，例如在学校或办公楼里。’Local’（本地）意味着距离近。因为线缆短，所以数据传输很快。
WAN (Wide Area Network): A network that spans a large area, perhaps a country or the whole world. The internet is the largest WAN. ‘Wide’ suggests wide coverage.
广域网 (WAN)：覆盖巨大地理范围的网络，可能跨越一个国家甚至全球。互联网就是最大的广域网。’Wide’（宽广）代表覆盖范围广。
Protocol: A set of rules that governs how data is transmitted between devices. TCP/IP is the fundamental protocol of the internet. Think of a protocol as a shared language – if both devices follow the same rules, communication works.
协议：一套管理设备间如何传输数据的规则。TCP/IP是互联网的基本协议。把协议想象成共同的语言——只要两台设备遵守同样的规则，沟通就能顺利进行。
Bandwidth: The amount of data that can be carried through a network in a given time, often measured in bits per second (bps). Higher bandwidth means faster downloads and smoother video streaming.
带宽：网络在单位时间内能传输的数据量，通常用比特每秒 (bps) 衡量。带宽越高，下载越快，视频播放越流畅。
9. Cybersecurity and Ethical Use | 网络安全与合理使用
Malware: Short for ‘malicious software’. It includes viruses, worms and spyware that can damage your files or steal information. ‘Mal’ means bad – you want to keep your device away from bad software.
恶意软件：“恶意软件”的简称。它包含病毒、蠕虫和间谍软件，可能破坏文件或窃取信息。’Mal’表示坏的——你当然不想让坏软件靠近你的设备。
Phishing: A scam where attackers send fake emails or messages pretending to be from trusted organisations. The aim is to trick you into revealing passwords or bank details. The spelling ‘phishing’ mimics ‘fishing’ – they are fishing for your data.
网络钓鱼：攻击者伪装成可信机构发送虚假邮件或消息的一种诈骗手段，目的是诱骗你透露密码或银行信息。英文拼写phishing模仿了fishing（钓鱼）——他们就是在钓取你的数据。
Encryption: The process of scrambling data so that only authorised parties with a key can read it. When you see the padlock icon in your browser, the connection is encrypted.
加密：将数据打乱，只有拥有密钥的授权方才能将其还原读取的过程。当你在浏览器中看到小锁图标时，就表明连接是加密的。
Digital footprint: The trail of information you leave behind when using the internet, including social media posts, website visits and online purchases. Once online, it can be permanent.
数字足迹：你使用互联网时留下的一连串信息痕迹，包括社交媒体发帖、网站浏览记录和网购记录。一旦上网留下足迹，可能是永久性的。
10. Computational Thinking and Problem Solving | 计算思维与问题解决
Decomposition: Breaking a complex problem into smaller, manageable parts. For example, designing a school website can be decomposed into homepage layout, navigation menu and content sections. ‘De‑compose’ literally means to take apart.
分解：把一个复杂问题拆分成更小、更容易处理的部分。例如，设计一个学校网站可以分解成首页布局、导航菜单和内容区块等。decompose字面意思就是拆开。
Abstraction: Focusing on the important details while ignoring irrelevant information. A map is a great example: it shows roads and landmarks but leaves out every single tree and lamppost.
抽象化：专注于关键细节，忽略不相关信息。地图就是个好例子：它显示了道路和地标，但省略了每一棵树和每根路灯柱。
Pattern recognition: Looking for similarities or trends among problems. If you have solved a bubble sort problem before, you can recognise the same pattern in a name‑sorting task.
模式识别：寻找问题之间的相似性或趋势。如果你以前解决过冒泡排序的问题，就能在名字排序任务中识别出相同的模式。
Published by TutorHao | Computer Science Revision Series | aleveler.com
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