Year 9 WJEC Philosophy: Glossary & Terminology Quick-Memorisation Guide | Year 9 WJEC 哲学：词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 9 WJEC Philosophy: Glossary & Terminology Quick-Memorisation Guide | Year 9 WJEC 哲学：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering the language of philosophy is the first step toward thinking clearly and arguing well. This guide breaks down the essential terms you will encounter in Year 9 WJEC Philosophy, grouping them by key themes such as knowledge, reality, ethics, and religion. Each term comes with a plain-English definition, a context sentence, and a memorable hack to help it stick. Whether you are preparing for a class discussion, an end-of-topic test, or simply want to sound like a mini-Socrates, this resource is your portable glossary.

掌握哲学术语是清晰思考和有力论证的第一步。这本指南将你在 WJEC 九年级哲学中会遇到的核心词汇分类整理，涵盖知识、实在、伦理和宗教等主题。每个术语都配有通俗的英文释义、语境句子和一个巧记妙招，帮助你牢牢记住。无论你是在准备课堂讨论、单元测验，还是只想让自己听起来像个小苏格拉底，这份资源就是你口袋里的术语表。

1. What is Philosophy? | 什么是哲学？

Philosophy comes from the Greek words ‘philo’ (love) and ‘sophia’ (wisdom) – literally the love of wisdom. It is the activity of asking fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, values, reason, and language, and attempting to answer them through rational argument rather than faith or empirical science alone. Think of it as the ‘why’ behind every ‘what’.

哲学一词源于希腊语的 ‘philo’（爱）和 ‘sophia’（智慧）——字面意思就是爱智慧。它是对存在、知识、价值、理性和语言等根本问题的追问，并试图通过理性论证而非单纯依靠信仰或实证科学来回答。你可以把它理解为每个“是什么”背后的“为什么”。

2. Epistemology: Knowledge & Belief | 认识论：知识与信念

Knowledge – Often defined as ‘justified true belief’. You cannot say you know something if it is false, if you do not believe it, or if you have no good reason to hold that belief. Memory hack: K = J + T + B (justification + truth + belief). Context: “I know the sky is blue because I can see it and I have no reason to doubt my vision.”

知识——通常被定义为“得到辩护的真信念”。如果你声称知道某事，但它是假的、你并不相信它、或者你拿不出充分的理由来支持这个信念，那就不算真正的知识。记忆技巧：K = J + T + B（辩护 + 真理 + 信念）。例句：“我知道天空是蓝色的，因为我能看见，而且我没有理由怀疑我的视觉。”

Belief – A mental attitude that a proposition is true. Belief can exist without knowledge, but knowledge cannot exist without belief. Context: “I believe that chocolate is the best flavour, but I don’t claim to know it because taste is subjective.”

信念——认为某个命题为真的心理状态。信念可以脱离知识而存在，但知识不能脱离信念而存在。例句：“我相信巧克力是最好吃的味道，但我不会声称我知道这一点，因为口味是主观的。”

Justification – The evidence or reasoning that supports why a belief should be accepted. To have knowledge, your true belief must be supported by good justification. Think of justification as the ‘receipt’ for your belief. Hack: No receipt, no knowledge.

辩护——支持一个信念应当被接受的那些证据或推理。要拥有知识，你的真信念必须建立在充分的辩护之上。可以把辩护想象成你信念的“收据”。巧记：没发票，就没知识。

3. Rationalism vs. Empiricism | 理性主义与经验主义

Rationalism – The view that reason and logical deduction are the primary sources of knowledge, and that some ideas are innate (inborn). Key thinkers: Plato, Descartes. Memory phrase: Rationalists reason; they don’t need to look. Context: “A rationalist might argue that we can work out mathematical truths just by thinking, without ever counting objects.”

理性主义——认为理性和逻辑推导是知识的主要来源，而且某些观念是与生俱来的。主要代表人物：柏拉图、笛卡尔。记忆口诀：理性主义者动脑不动眼。例句：“理性主义者可能会主张，我们只靠思考就能推出数学真理，无需去数实物。”

Empiricism – The view that knowledge comes primarily from sensory experience (seeing, hearing, touching, etc.). The mind starts as a blank slate (tabula rasa). Key thinkers: John Locke, David Hume. Hack: Empiricism starts with your five senses – think ‘experience’ and ’empirical’. Context: “An empiricist would say you can only know that water boils at 100°C by observing it.”

经验主义——认为知识主要来自感官经验（看、听、触等）。心灵原本是一块白板（tabula rasa）。主要代表人物：约翰·洛克、大卫·休谟。巧记：经验主义凭五感——想到 ‘experience’ 和 ’empirical’ 就对了。例句：“经验主义者会说，你只有通过观察才能知道水在 100°C 沸腾。”

4. Metaphysics: Reality & Existence | 形而上学：实在与存在

Ontology – The branch of metaphysics that studies what kinds of things exist. Are there only physical objects, or also abstract entities like numbers? Hack: Ontology asks, ‘What is there?’

本体论——形而上学的一个分支，研究什么东西存在。是只有物质对象存在，还是像数字这类抽象实体也存在？巧记：本体论问的就是“那儿有什么？”

Dualism – The view that mind and body are two distinct substances. Often linked to Plato and Descartes. Context: “Dualism claims your thoughts aren’t just brain chemicals – they are something non-physical.” Mnemonic: Two substances, two worlds.

二元论——认为心灵和身体是两种不同实体的观点。常与柏拉图和笛卡尔联系在一起。例句：“二元论声称你的思想不仅仅是大脑里的化学反应——它们是非物质的。”助记：两种实体，两个世界。

Materialism – The view that only physical matter exists; everything, including consciousness, can be explained by material interactions. Opposite of dualism. Memory: Materialism = matter matters most.

唯物主义——认为只有物质存在；包括意识在内的一切都可以用物质相互作用来解释。与二元论对立。记忆：唯物主义——物质至上。

5. Ethics: Values & Morality | 伦理学：价值与道德

Utilitarianism – The theory that the morally right action is the one that produces the greatest happiness (or utility) for the greatest number of people. Associated with Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. Hack: Utility = usefulness + happy outcome. Think ‘calculate the consequences’. Context: “A utilitarian might approve of a small tax rise if it funds a hospital that saves hundreds of lives.”

功利主义——认为道德上正确的行为，就是能为最大多数人带来最大幸福（或功利）的行为。与边沁和密尔相关。巧记：功利 = 有用 + 快乐结果。记住“算一算后果”。例句：“如果增税能资助一家挽救数百条性命的医院，功利主义者可能会赞成。”

Deontology – The ethical theory that actions are right or wrong in themselves, based on duties and rules, regardless of consequences. Most famously developed by Immanuel Kant. Memory hook: Deon comes from Greek for ‘duty’. Context: “A deontologist would say that lying is always wrong, even if it saves someone’s feelings.”

义务论——基于责任和规则，主张行为本身自有对错，不论后果如何的伦理理论。最著名的代表人物是康德。记忆挂钩：Deon 来自希腊语的“义务”。例句：“义务论者会说撒谎永远都是错的，哪怕它能保护别人的感受。”

6. Philosophy of Religion | 宗教哲学

Theism – Belief in the existence of a God or gods, especially a creator who is involved in the world. Context: “Christianity, Islam, and Judaism are forms of theism.”

有神论——相信存在一位神或众神，尤其是一位参与世间事务的造物主。例句：“基督教、伊斯兰教和犹太教都是有神论的形式。”

Atheism – The absence of belief in any deity. Not necessarily a claim that God doesn’t exist, but rather a lack of belief. Hack: A-theism = without God.

无神论——不相信任何神灵存在。不一定声称神不存在，而是缺乏这种信念。巧记：A-theism = 没有神。

Agnosticism – The view that it is impossible to know whether God exists. Comes from Greek ‘a’ (without) and ‘gnosis’ (knowledge). Memory: Agnostic = a-gnostic, without gnosis (knowledge).

不可知论——认为不可能知道上帝是否存在。源于希腊语 ‘a’（没有）和 ‘gnosis’（知识）。记忆：Agnostic = a-gnostic，没有 gnosis（知识）。

Design Argument (Teleological Argument) – The argument that the order and complexity of the universe suggest a designer. William Paley used the watch analogy: if you find a watch, you infer a watchmaker. Hack: Design = requires a designer.

设计论证（目的论论证）——主张宇宙的秩序和复杂性暗示着一位设计者。威廉·佩利用钟表做类比：如果你发现一块钟表，你会推断有一位钟表匠。巧记：设计就需要设计师。

7. Logic & Argument | 逻辑与论证

Premise – A statement that forms the basis of an argument, from which a conclusion is drawn. Context: “In ‘All humans are mortal; Socrates is human; therefore Socrates is mortal’, the first two statements are premises.”

前提——构成论证基础的陈述，结论由此推出。例句：“在‘所有人都会死；苏格拉底是人；所以苏格拉底会死’中，前两句陈述就是前提。”

Conclusion – The statement that an argument is trying to prove, supported by the premises. Hack: The big finish, the ‘therefore’ moment.

结论——论证试图证明的陈述，由前提支撑。巧记：它就是那个压轴的“因此”。

Valid / Sound – A deductive argument is valid if its conclusion follows logically from its premises. It is sound if it is valid and its premises are actually true. Memory: Valid = logical shape; sound = valid + true premises.

有效 / 可靠——一个演绎论证如果结论能从前提中逻辑地推出，就是有效的。如果它不仅有效，而且前提为真，它才是可靠的。记忆：有效 = 逻辑形式正确；可靠 = 有效 + 前提真实。

8. Wisdom & Virtue | 智慧与美德

Virtue Ethics – An approach to ethics that focuses on the character of the moral agent rather than on rules or consequences. Drawing from Aristotle, it asks, ‘What would a virtuous person do?’ Key concept: eudaimonia (flourishing). Hack: Virtue ethics = be a good person, not just do good things.

美德伦理学——一种关注行为者品格，而非规则或后果的伦理学进路。源于亚里士多德，它问的是：“一个美德之人会怎么做？”核心概念：eudaimonia（人生的繁盛）。巧记：美德伦理学 = 做好人，而不只是做好事。

Golden Mean – Aristotle’s idea that moral virtue lies between two extremes of excess and deficiency. For example, courage is the mean between recklessness and cowardice. Mnemonic: Middle ground makes you sound.

中庸之道——亚里士多德认为的道德美德存在于两个极端（过度与不足）之间的观点。例如，勇敢是鲁莽和怯懦的中道。助记：中道让你走得稳。

9. Political & Social Philosophy | 政治与社会哲学

Social Contract – The idea that individuals give up some freedoms and submit to authority in exchange for security and order. Key thinkers: Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Hack: You scratch the state’s back, it scratches yours. Context: “The social contract explains why we agree to follow laws even when we don’t like them.”

社会契约——个体放弃一部分自由并服从权威，以换取安全和秩序的观点。主要思想家：霍布斯、洛克、卢梭。巧记：你和国家互利互惠。例句：“社会契约解释了为什么我们会同意遵守法律，即使我们并不喜欢它们。”

10. Existence & Identity | 存在与身份

Essence vs. Existence – In existentialist thought, ‘existence precedes essence’ means that you are born without a predetermined nature; you create yourself through choices. Sartre’s trademark. Memory: You exist first, then decide what to be.

本质与存在——在存在主义思想中，“存在先于本质”意味着你呱呱坠地时没有既定的本性；你通过选择来创造自己。这是萨特的标志性主张。记忆：你先活着，然后再决定要成为什么。

Personal Identity – The philosophical question of what makes a person the same person over time. Is it the same body, the same brain, a continuous memory, or a soul? Hack: Are you still you after a memory wipe? That’s the puzzle.

人格同一性——关于是什么让一个人在不同时间仍然是同一个人的哲学问题。是同一个身体、同一个大脑、连续的记忆，还是灵魂？巧记：被清洗记忆后的你还是你吗？这就是那个难解之题。

11. Mind & Body Problem | 心身问题

Consciousness – The quality of having subjective experiences, sensations, or awareness. Often called ‘what it is like to be something’. Context: “Philosophers puzzle over how physical brain cells produce the inner feeling of tasting chocolate.”

意识——拥有主观体验、感觉或觉察的性质。常被称为“作为某物是什么样子的感觉”。例句：“哲学家们苦苦思索，物质性的脑细胞如何产生品尝巧克力时的内在感受。”

Qualia – The individual instances of subjective, conscious experience – the ‘redness’ of red or the pain of a sting. Hack: Qualia = qualities felt from the inside.

感质——主观意识经验的具体实例——比如红色的“红感”或刺痛时的痛感。巧记：感质 = 从内在感受到的性质。

12. Quick Memorisation Recap | 快速记忆回顾

To lock these terms in your long-term memory, create a set of flashcards with the term on one side and the definition plus hack on the other. Practise retrieval by asking yourself, ‘What does this word mean, and what is the opposite or a competing idea?’ Group terms into thematic families: knowledge (epistemic), reality (metaphysical), value (ethical), and logic. Use mnemonics like ‘Justified True Belief = JTB’ for knowledge, or ‘Empiricism = Experience’ to trigger recall. Regular low-stakes quizzing with a friend will make these terms second nature before your assessment.

要把这些术语锁进长期记忆里，你可以制作一套抽认卡，一面写术语，另一面写释义和记忆妙招。通过自问“这个词是什么意思？它的反义词或对立观点是什么？”来进行提取练习。将术语分组归入主题家族：知识（认识论）、实在（形而上学）、价值（伦理学）和逻辑。用 “JTB” 这样的助记符来记“知识是得到辩护的真信念”，或用 “经验主义 = 经验” 来触发回忆。与朋友定期进行低压小测，它们就会在考试前变成你的第二天性。

Published by TutorHao | Philosophy Revision Series | aleveler.com

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