AQA GCSE Law Year 10 Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | AQA GCSE 法律十年级词汇术语速记指南

📚 AQA GCSE Law Year 10 Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | AQA GCSE 法律十年级词汇术语速记指南

Mastering legal terminology is essential for success in Year 10 AQA GCSE Law. Legal language can seem complex, but breaking it down into manageable categories and using structured memorisation techniques makes it far more approachable. This guide presents key vocabulary across the main topics of the specification, with every term explained in both English and Chinese to support bilingual learners. Use the summary tables and memory strategies to build a strong foundation for your revision.

掌握法律术语是 AQA GCSE 法律十年级学习成功的关键。法律语言可能显得复杂，但将其分解为有结构的类别并运用系统的记忆方法，就会容易得多。本指南涵盖了考试大纲主要主题中的核心词汇，每个术语均配有英文和中文释义，以支持双语学习者。利用总结表格和记忆策略，为你的复习打下坚实的基础。

1. Foundations of the Legal System | 法律体系基础

Law is a body of rules created and enforced by the state to regulate the conduct of individuals and organisations within society. It provides a framework for resolving disputes and maintaining order.

法律是由国家制定并强制执行的一套规则体系，用以规范社会中个人和组织的行为。它为解决纠纷和维护秩序提供了一个框架。

Legal system refers to the institutions, procedures, and personnel that create, interpret, and apply the law. In England and Wales, the legal system is based on common law principles and adversarial procedures.

法律体系指制定、解释和适用法律的机构、程序及人员。在英格兰和威尔士，法律体系建立在普通法原则和对抗制程序的基础上。

Criminal law deals with conduct considered harmful to society as a whole. The state prosecutes individuals, and penalties include imprisonment, fines, or community orders.

刑法处理被视作危害整个社会的行为。由国家提起公诉，刑罚包括监禁、罚款或社区服务令。

Civil law governs disputes between individuals or organisations, typically seeking remedies such as damages or injunctions rather than punishment. Key areas include contract, tort, and family law.

民法调整个人或组织之间的纠纷，通常寻求损害赔偿或禁令等救济，而非惩罚。主要领域包括合同法、侵权法和家庭法。

Rule of law is the principle that all people and institutions are subject to and accountable to law that is fairly applied and enforced. It prevents arbitrary power.

法治是一项原则，要求所有人和机构都服从并受到公正适用和执行的法律的约束。它防止了权力的任意行使。

Separation of powers divides state authority among the legislature (Parliament), the executive (government), and the judiciary (courts) to avoid concentration of power.

权力分立将国家权力划分为立法机关（议会）、行政机关（政府）和司法机关（法院），以避免权力集中。

Term	English Definition	中文释义
Public law	Regulates the relationship between individuals and the state, e.g., constitutional and administrative law.	调整个人与国家之间关系的法律，如宪法和行政法。
Private law	Governs relationships between private individuals or entities, e.g., contract and family law.	调整私人之间或实体之间关系的法律，如合同法和家庭法。

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2. Core Criminal Law Terms | 刑法核心术语

Actus reus is the physical element of a crime – the guilty act or omission. It must be voluntary, and in result crimes, it includes the conduct, circumstances, and consequences.

犯罪行为是犯罪的客观要件，即构成犯罪的作为或不作为。它必须是自愿的；在结果犯中，它包括行为、当时情况和后果。

Mens rea is the mental element of a crime – the guilty mind. Main types are intention (direct or oblique), recklessness, and in some statutory offences, negligence or knowledge.

犯罪意图是犯罪的主观要件，即犯罪的故意或过失心态。主要类型有故意（直接或间接）、轻率，在某些法定罪行中还包括疏忽或明知。

Strict liability offences require proof only of the actus reus; no mens rea is needed. They are often regulatory crimes, such as selling alcohol to a minor or food safety breaches.

严格责任犯罪只需要证明犯罪行为，无需证明犯罪意图。它们通常是监管性犯罪，如向未成年人售酒或违反食品安全规定。

Omission means a failure to act. Generally, there is no liability for an omission unless a duty to act exists, for example through a contract, relationship, or a statutory duty.

不作为指未采取行动。一般而言，不作为不承担责任，除非存在作为义务，例如基于合同、特定关系或法定义务。

Causation links the defendant’s conduct to the result. Factual causation uses the ‘but for’ test, and legal causation requires that the defendant’s act was a substantial and operating cause of the result.

因果关系将被告的行为与结果相连。事实因果关系采用“若无则不”标准；法律因果关系要求被告的行为是结果的实质及有效原因。

Defences such as self-defence, duress, and insanity can remove or reduce criminal liability. Self-defence requires reasonable force; duress involves threats of death or serious injury.

抗辩事由如正当防卫、胁迫和精神错乱，可以免除或减轻刑事责任。正当防卫要求使用合理武力；胁迫须以死亡或严重伤害相威胁。

Term	English Definition	中文释义
Murder	The unlawful killing of a human being with malice aforethought (intention to kill or cause grievous bodily harm).	非法杀人且具有恶意预谋（意图杀人或造成严重身体伤害）。
Manslaughter	Unlawful killing without the full mens rea for murder, e.g., through diminished responsibility or gross negligence.	不具备谋杀全部犯罪意图的非法杀人，如因减轻责任或重大过失所致。
Theft	Dishonestly appropriating property belonging to another with the intention of permanently depriving them of it.	以永久剥夺他人财产为目的，不诚实地侵占他人财产。

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3. Concepts in Civil Liability | 民事责任概念

Negligence is the breach of a legal duty of care owed to another person, causing them damage or injury. To succeed, a claimant must prove duty, breach, causation, and damage that is not too remote.

过失侵权指违反了对他人负有的法律上的注意义务，并由此造成损害或伤害。索赔人须证明义务的存在、违反义务的行为、因果关系以及并非过于遥远的损害。

Duty of care is established using the Caparo test: harm must be reasonably foreseeable; there must be proximity between the parties; and it must be fair, just, and reasonable to impose a duty.

注意义务通过 Caparo 测试确立：损害须可合理预见；当事人之间须存在近邻关系；而且施加义务须公平、公正、合理。

Breach of duty occurs when the defendant fails to meet the standard of the reasonable person. Factors include the likelihood of harm, the seriousness of potential harm, and the cost of precautions.

义务的违反发生在被告未达到合理人标准时。考虑因素包括损害发生的可能性、潜在损害的严重性以及采取预防措施的成本。

Causation in negligence mirrors criminal causation. The defendant’s breach must have caused the harm in fact and in law. The ‘but for’ test and considerations of novus actus interveniens apply.

侵权中的因果关系与刑事因果关系相似。被告的违反行为必须在事实上和法律上造成了损害。适用“若无则不”标准以及新介入行为等考量。

Remoteness of damage limits liability to harm that was reasonably foreseeable at the time of the breach. Unforeseeable consequences are too remote to be recoverable.

损害的遥远性将责任限制在违反义务时可合理预见的伤害范围内。不可预见的后果因过于遥远而无法获得赔偿。

Contract law builds on the elements of offer, acceptance, consideration, and intention to create legal relations. An offer is a clear statement of willingness to contract; acceptance must mirror the offer; consideration is something of value exchanged.

合同法建立在要约、承诺、对价及设立法律关系的意图等要素之上。要约是订立合同的明确意愿表示；承诺必须与要约完全一致；对价是交换的价值。

Term	English Definition	中文释义
Nuisance	Unlawful interference with a person’s use or enjoyment of land, e.g., noise, smells.	对他人使用或享用土地的非法干扰，如噪音、气味。
Trespass to land	Direct and intentional interference with another’s possession of land without lawful excuse.	直接且故意地侵犯他人对土地的占有，无合法理由。
Damages	Monetary compensation awarded to a successful claimant for loss or injury.	判给胜诉索赔人对其损失或伤害的金钱赔偿。

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4. Court Structure and Hierarchy | 法院结构与层级

Magistrates’ Court hears all summary offences and some triable-either-way offences. It also deals with preliminary hearings for indictable offences and youth cases. Trials are heard by magistrates or a district judge without a jury.

治安法院审理所有简易罪行和部分可诉可简罪行。它还处理可诉罪行的预审程序以及青少年案件。审讯由治安法官或地区法官主持，无陪审团。

Crown Court deals with indictable offences and triable-either-way cases sent from the Magistrates’ Court. It has a judge and jury, and it also hears appeals from the Magistrates’ Court.

刑事法院处理可诉罪行以及从治安法院移送的可诉可简案件。设有法官和陪审团，并审理来自治安法院的上诉。

County Court handles most civil cases, such as contract disputes, negligence claims, and debt recovery. Cases are heard by a judge alone, without a jury in nearly all instances.

郡法院处理大多数民事案件，如合同纠纷、过失索赔和债务追偿。几乎在所有情况下均由法官单独审理，无陪审团。

High Court is divided into the King’s Bench, Chancery, and Family Divisions. It hears more complex and high-value civil cases at first instance and has important appellate functions.

高等法院分为王座法庭、衡平法庭和家事法庭。它在一审中审理更复杂、金额更高的民事案件，并具有重要的上诉功能。

Court of Appeal is split into the Criminal Division and the Civil Division. It hears appeals from the Crown Court and the lower civil courts on points of law, evidence, and sometimes fact.

上诉法院分为刑事法庭和民事法庭。它审理来自刑事法院和下级民事法院的关于法律要点、证据以及有时因事实问题的上诉。

Supreme Court is the highest court in the UK. It hears appeals on points of law of the greatest public or constitutional importance. Its judgments create binding precedent for all lower courts.

最高法院是联合王国的最高审判机关。它审理具有重大公共或宪制性意义的法律要点上诉。其判决为所有下级法院创设约束性判例。

Tribunals form a parallel system for specific disputes, such as employment, immigration, and mental health. They are less formal and often designed to be accessible without legal representation.

裁判所构成一套针对特定争议的平行体系，如雇佣、移民和精神健康。它们相较正式法院不那么严格，通常设计成便于没有律师代理时使用。

Term	English Definition	中文释义
Jurisdiction	The official power of a court to hear and decide a case, based on geographic area, subject matter, or monetary limits.	法院依据地域、标的或金额限制管理及裁决案件的正式权力。
Appellate court	A court that reviews decisions of lower courts; it does not retry facts but examines legal errors.	复审下级法院判决的法院；不重新审理事实，而是审查法律错误。

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5. Sources of Law | 法律渊源

Statute law (Acts of Parliament) is the highest form of domestic law. A Bill must pass both Houses of Parliament and receive Royal Assent to become an Act. It can overturn any existing common law.

制定法（议会立法）是最高形式的国内法。一项法案必须经议会两院通过并获得御准才能成为法律。它可以推翻任何既存的普通法。

Delegated legislation is law made by government ministers or other bodies under authority granted by a parent Act. Types include Orders in Council, statutory instruments, and by-laws.

授权立法是由政府部长或其他机构根据母法授权制定的法律。类型包括枢密院令、行政规章和地方法规。

Judicial precedent is the system where judges follow decisions made in previous similar cases. The binding part of a judgment is the ratio decidendi (reasoning for the decision); obiter dicta (other things said) are persuasive only.

司法判例是一种制度，即法官遵循以往类似案件中的判决。判决中具有约束力的部分是判决理由（裁决的推理依据）；附随意见（其他论述）仅具说服力。

Ratio decidendi is the legal principle upon which a case is decided. Lower courts must follow the ratio of higher courts in the hierarchy, ensuring consistency and predictability.

判决理由是案件裁判所依据的法律原则。下级法院必须遵循层级中上级法院的判决理由，以保证一致性和可预测性。

Obiter dicta are remarks made by a judge that are not essential to the decision. They can be highly persuasive in later cases, especially if expressed by a senior court.

附随意见是法官作出的非决定案件所必需的论述。它们在后续案件中可能具有极大的说服力，尤其是由高级法院表达时。

Custom and equity have historically contributed to the common law. Equity developed to mitigate the harshness of the common law, introducing fairness remedies such as injunctions and specific performance.

习惯与衡平法在历史上丰富了普通法。衡平法发展起来以缓和普通法的严苛，引入了公平救济，如禁令和实际履行。

Term	English Definition	中文释义
By-law	A form of delegated legislation made by local authorities or public corporations on matters within their area of responsibility.	由地方当局或公共机构就其负责范围内的事项制定的一种授权立法。
Statutory instrument	A common form of delegated legislation made by ministers, often to update or implement detailed provisions of a parent Act.	部长制定的一种常见授权立法形式，通常用于更新或实施母法的详细规定。
Persuasive precedent	A precedent that a court is not obliged to follow but may find influential, e.g., from a lower court or a court of another jurisdiction.	法院并非必须遵循，但可能认为具有影响力的判例，如来自下级法院或其他法域的法院的判决。

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6. Legal Personnel and Their Roles | 法律职业与角色

Solicitors are the first point of contact for clients. They provide legal advice, draft documents, and instruct barristers for advocacy in higher courts. Many now have full rights of audience.

事务律师是客户的第一接触点。他们提供法律咨询、起草文书，并延聘出庭律师在更高级法院出庭。如今许多事务律师已享有完全的庭审发言权。

Barristers specialise in advocacy in court and provide expert legal opinions. They are often self-employed in chambers and are instructed through solicitors under the ‘cab rank’ rule.

出庭律师专门从事庭审辩护并提供专家法律意见。他们通常是自雇执业于律所中，并通过事务律师按“出租车排队规则”延聘。

Judges preside over court proceedings, ensure fair trial rules, decide points of law, and in some cases determine the verdict and sentence. They are appointed from experienced lawyers.

法官主持法庭程序，确保公正审讯规则，裁定法律要点，并在某些案件中决定裁决和量刑。他们从经验丰富的律师中任命。

Magistrates are volunteer lay justices who sit in the Magistrates’ Court. They are not legally qualified but receive extensive training and are advised by a legal clerk on points of law.

治安法官是志愿担任的非专业法官，在治安法院开庭。他们不具备法律资格，但接受广泛培训，并在法律要点上得到法律书记官的指导。

Jury consists of 12 randomly selected lay persons in the Crown Court. They decide the facts and whether the defendant is guilty beyond reasonable doubt, applying the law as directed by the judge.

陪审团由12名随机选出的非专业人士组成，用于刑事法院。他们认定事实，并依据法官的指导法律裁决被告是否有超越合理怀疑的罪行。

Legal executive is a qualified lawyer specialising in a particular area and usually works in a solicitor’s firm. They handle cases under supervision, often with fees lower than solicitors.

法律执行员是专注于某一领域的合格法律人，通常在事务律师所工作。他们在监督下处理案件，收费通常低于事务律师。

Term	English Definition	中文释义
Queen’s Counsel (QC)	A senior barrister or solicitor-advocate appointed as an expert in advocacy, often instructed in complex cases. Now termed King’s Counsel (KC) when a king is on the throne.	被任命为庭审辩护专家的资深出庭律师或事务律师代言人，通常在复杂案件中延聘。国王在位时称国王律师。
Advocate	A lawyer who represents a party in court and presents their case.	在法庭上代表当事人并陈述其案件的律师。

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7. Human Rights and Equality Law | 人权与平等法

Human Rights Act 1998 incorporated the European Convention on Human Rights into UK law. It allows individuals to bring claims in UK courts rather than only in Strasbourg, and it requires legislation to be interpreted compatibly.

《1998年人权法》将《欧洲人权公约》纳入了英国法律。它允许个人在英国法院提起诉讼，而无需远赴斯特拉斯堡，并要求立法须以相兼容的方式解释。

European Convention on Human Rights protects fundamental rights such as the right to life (Article 2), freedom from torture (Article 3), right to a fair trial (Article 6), and freedom of expression (Article 10).

《欧洲人权公约》保护基本权利，如生命权（第2条）、免受酷刑的自由（第3条）、公正审判权（第6条）以及言论自由（第10条）。

Protected characteristics under the Equality Act 2010 include age, disability, gender reassignment, marriage and civil partnership, pregnancy and maternity, race, religion or belief, sex, and sexual orientation.

受保护特征根据《2010年平等法》，包括年龄、残疾、变性、婚姻及民事伴侣、怀孕及生育、种族、宗教或信仰、性别和性取向。

Direct discrimination occurs when someone is treated less favourably than another because of a protected characteristic. For example, refusing to hire a woman because she is pregnant.

直接歧视指某人因受保护特征而受到比他人更差的对待。例如，因怀孕而拒绝雇用一名女性。

Indirect discrimination arises when a provision, criterion, or practice applied to all puts a group with a protected characteristic at a particular disadvantage, unless it is a proportionate means of a legitimate aim.

间接歧视指一项适用于所有人的规定、标准或做法对具有受保护特征的群体造成特别不利的影响，除非它为达成合法目标相称的手段。

Harassment is unwanted conduct related to a protected characteristic that violates a person’s dignity or creates an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating, or offensive environment.

骚扰是与受保护特征相关的、损害个人尊严或造成恐吓、敌对、贬低、羞辱或冒犯环境的不受欢迎行为。

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Term	English Definition	中文释义
Victimisation	Treated badly because you have made a complaint or are supporting someone else’s complaint under equality law.	因提起或支持他人根据平等法提出投诉而受到不良对待。