📚 Core Knowledge for Year 10 Eduqas Science | 英国Eduqas考试局Year 10科学核心知识梳理
Year 10 is a crucial stage in the Eduqas Science course, whether you are studying Combined Science or the separate sciences. The curriculum builds on Key Stage 3 foundations and introduces key concepts that underpin the rest of the GCSE. This article walks through the core knowledge you need to consolidate across Biology, Chemistry and Physics, highlighting the main topics and essential details that examiners love to test.
对于学习Eduqas科学课程的Year 10学生来说，无论你选择的是综合科学还是单独科学，这一年都至关重要。课程在KS3的基础上进一步深化，引入了支撑整个GCSE的核心概念。本文将带你梳理生物、化学和物理三个学科的核心知识，重点突出考试中经常被考查的关键内容和细节。
1. Cell Biology – Structure and Transport | 细胞生物学——结构与运输
Eukaryotic cells, such as those in animals and plants, contain a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria and ribosomes. Plant cells additionally have a cell wall, a large permanent vacuole and chloroplasts. Prokaryotic cells, like bacteria, are much smaller and lack a nucleus; their genetic material is a single loop of DNA. Be able to calculate magnification using the formula: magnification = image size ÷ actual size. For transport, recall that diffusion is the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, while osmosis is the diffusion of water across a partially permeable membrane. Active transport moves substances against the concentration gradient and requires energy from respiration.
真核细胞，如动物细胞和植物细胞，包含细胞核、细胞质、细胞膜、线粒体和核糖体。植物细胞还有细胞壁、一个大的中央液泡和叶绿体。原核细胞，例如细菌，要小得多，没有细胞核，遗传物质是一个环状的DNA分子。要能够使用公式计算放大倍数：放大倍数 = 图像大小 ÷ 实际大小。在物质运输方面，扩散是粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净移动，而渗透是水分子通过选择性透过膜的扩散。主动运输则是逆浓度梯度移动物质，需要呼吸作用提供能量。
2. Organisation in Animals and Plants | 动植物的组织层次
In animals, cells form tissues, tissues form organs, and organs form organ systems. The digestive system breaks down large food molecules into small soluble ones; enzymes like amylase, protease and lipase are biological catalysts that speed up these reactions. The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels and blood. Arteries carry blood away from the heart, veins carry blood back, and capillaries allow exchange of substances. The breathing system brings oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide; gas exchange occurs in the alveoli. In plants, the leaf is an organ where palisade mesophyll cells carry out most photosynthesis, while xylem transports water and mineral ions, and phloem transports dissolved sugars.
在动物体内，细胞构成组织，组织构成器官，器官构成器官系统。消化系统将大分子食物分解成可溶的小分子；酶如淀粉酶、蛋白酶和脂肪酶是生物催化剂，能加速这些反应。循环系统由心脏、血管和血液组成。动脉将血液带离心脏，静脉将血液送回心脏，毛细血管则进行物质交换。呼吸系统将氧气带入体内并排出二氧化碳，气体交换在肺泡中进行。在植物中，叶片是器官，栅栏组织细胞进行大部分的光合作用，木质部运输水和无机离子，韧皮部运输溶解的糖分。
3. Infection and Response | 感染与免疫反应
Pathogens are microorganisms that cause disease and include viruses, bacteria, fungi and protists. They can be spread by direct contact, water, air or vectors. The body has non-specific defences such as the skin, nose hairs, mucus and stomach acid. The immune system responds specifically: white blood cells can engulf pathogens, produce antibodies to target specific antigens, and produce antitoxins to neutralise toxins. Vaccination introduces a harmless form of the pathogen, triggering the production of memory cells so that future responses are faster. Antibiotics kill bacteria but not viruses. Painkillers treat symptoms but do not kill the pathogen. The discovery of penicillin came from Alexander Fleming’s observation of a mould that inhibited bacterial growth.
病原体是引起疾病的微生物，包括病毒、细菌、真菌和原生生物。它们可以通过直接接触、水、空气或媒介生物传播。人体具有非特异性防御系统，如皮肤、鼻毛、黏液和胃酸。免疫系统则作出特异性反应：白细胞可以吞噬病原体，产生抗体来针对特定抗原，并产生抗毒素来中和毒素。疫苗接种引入无害的病原体形式，促使记忆细胞生成，从而在未来产生更快的免疫应答。抗生素能杀死细菌，但无法杀死病毒。止痛药只能缓解症状，不能杀死病原体。青霉素的发现源于亚历山大·弗莱明观察到一种霉菌抑制了细菌的生长。
4. Bioenergetics – Photosynthesis and Respiration | 生物能学——光合作用与呼吸作用
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and algae convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen, using light energy. The word equation is: carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen. The balanced symbol equation is: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂. The reaction takes place in chloroplasts and is endothermic. Limiting factors include light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration and temperature. For respiration, aerobic respiration releases energy from glucose in the presence of oxygen: glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (+ energy). Anaerobic respiration in animals produces lactic acid, while in plants and yeast it produces ethanol and carbon dioxide; both release much less energy. Fermentation by yeast is used in baking and brewing.
光合作用是植物和藻类利用光能，将二氧化碳和水转化为葡萄糖和氧气的过程。文字方程式为：二氧化碳 + 水 → 葡萄糖 + 氧气。配平的化学方程式为：6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂。该反应在叶绿体中进行，是吸热反应。限制因素包括光照强度、二氧化碳浓度和温度。呼吸作用方面，有氧呼吸在氧气存在的情况下从葡萄糖中释放能量：葡萄糖 + 氧气 → 二氧化碳 + 水（+ 能量）。动物体内的无氧呼吸产生乳酸，而植物和酵母则产生乙醇和二氧化碳；两者释放的能量都少得多。酵母的发酵作用被用于烘焙和酿造。
5. Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table | 原子结构与元素周期表
All substances are made of atoms, which contain protons, neutrons and electrons. Protons have a relative charge of +1, neutrons are neutral, and electrons have a charge of −1. The atomic number equals the number of protons, while the mass number is the sum of protons and neutrons. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. In the periodic table, elements are arranged by increasing atomic number. The table is organised into periods (rows) and groups (columns). Elements in the same group have the same number of outer electrons and therefore similar chemical properties. Group 1 elements (alkali metals) are soft, reactive metals that react vigorously with water to form alkalis and hydrogen gas. Group 7 (halogens) are diatomic non-metals that become less reactive down the group.
所有物质都由原子构成，原子包含质子、中子和电子。质子带有+1的相对电荷，中子不带电，电子带有−1的电荷。原子序数等于质子数，而质量数是质子数与中子数之和。同位素是同一种元素中具有不同中子数的原子。在周期表中，元素按照原子序数递增的顺序排列。周期表由周期（横行）和族（纵列）组成。同一族的元素具有相同的最外层电子数，因此化学性质相似。第1族元素（碱金属）是柔软、活泼的金属，与水剧烈反应生成碱和氢气。第7族（卤素）是双原子非金属，自上而下活泼性减弱。
6. Bonding, Structure and Properties | 化学键、结构与性质
Atoms bond to achieve stable electron arrangements. Ionic bonding occurs between metals and non-metals where electrons are transferred, creating positive and negative ions. These ionic compounds have giant lattice structures and therefore high melting points, and they conduct electricity when molten or dissolved in water. Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electron pairs between non-metal atoms. Simple molecular substances like water and carbon dioxide have low melting points and do not conduct electricity. Giant covalent structures, like diamond and graphite, have very high melting points. In diamond, each carbon atom bonds to four others, forming a rigid structure; in graphite, each carbon bonds to three others, forming layers that can slide, making graphite soft and able to conduct electricity. Metallic bonding features a sea of delocalised electrons around positive metal ions, giving metals the ability to conduct heat and electricity and be malleable.
原子通过成键来达到稳定的电子排布。离子键发生在金属和非金属之间，电子发生转移，形成正负离子。这些离子化合物具有巨型晶格结构，因此熔点很高，在熔融或溶于水时可以导电。共价键涉及非金属原子之间共享电子对。简单分子物质，例如水和二氧化碳，熔沸点很低，不导电。巨型共价结构，如金刚石和石墨，具有极高的熔点。在金刚石中，每个碳原子与另外四个碳原子成键，形成刚性结构；在石墨中，每个碳原子与另外三个碳原子成键，形成可以滑动的层状结构，这使得石墨质软并能导电。金属键以正金属离子周围的离域电子海为特征，这使金属具有导电、导热性和延展性。
7. Quantitative Chemistry | 定量化学
Chemists use relative atomic masses (Ar) and relative formula masses (Mr) to calculate amounts. One mole of a substance is the amount that contains 6.02 × 10²³ particles. The mass of one mole of a substance is its Mr expressed in grams. Use the equation: moles = mass (g) ÷ Mr. In a balanced chemical equation, the coefficients give the ratio of moles of reactants and products. You can calculate the mass of a product or reactant using this mole ratio. Reacting mass calculations are essential for determining yields. Percentage yield = (actual yield ÷ theoretical yield) × 100. Atom economy = (Mr of desired product ÷ Mr of all reactants) × 100; a high atom economy is desirable for sustainability. Concentrations are expressed in mol/dm³ or g/dm³.
化学家使用相对原子质量（Ar）和相对分子质量（Mr）进行计算。1摩尔物质含有6.02 × 10²³个微粒。1摩尔物质的质量是其Mr以克为单位表示的值。使用公式：物质的量（mol）= 质量（g）÷ Mr。在配平的化学方程式中，系数给出了反应物和产物之间的摩尔比。利用这个摩尔比可以计算某一反应物或产物的质量。反应质量计算对于确定产率至关重要。产率 =（实际产量 ÷ 理论产量）× 100%。原子经济性 =（目标产物的Mr ÷ 所有反应物的Mr之和）× 100%；高原子经济性对可持续发展更有利。浓度以 mol/dm³ 或 g/dm³ 表示。
8. Energy Changes in Reactions | 化学反应中的能量变化
In chemical reactions, energy is transferred to or from the surroundings. Exothermic reactions release energy to the surroundings, causing a temperature rise; examples include combustion, neutralisation and respiration. Endothermic reactions take in energy, leading to a temperature drop; examples include thermal decomposition and photosynthesis. Bond breaking is endothermic, while bond making is exothermic. Reaction profiles show the energy changes; the difference in energy between reactants and products is the overall energy change. Catalysts provide an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy, thereby speeding up the reaction without being used up. Examining energy changes between acids and alkalis can be done simply by measuring the temperature change during neutralisation.
在化学反应中，能量会从系统转移到周围环境，或者从周围环境转移到系统。放热反应将能量释放到周围环境中，导致温度升高；例子包括燃烧、中和反应和呼吸作用。吸热反应从周围环境吸收能量，导致温度下降；例子包括热分解和光合作用。断裂化学键是吸热过程，形成化学键是放热过程。反应历程图显示了能量的变化；反应物和产物之间的能量差就是总能量变化。催化剂提供了一条活化能较低的反应途径，从而在不被消耗的情况下加速反应。通过测量酸碱中和时的温度变化，可以简单地进行能量变化的实验研究。
9. Energy in Physics | 物理中的能量
Energy is a central concept in physics. It can be stored in different ways: kinetic, gravitational potential, elastic potential, thermal (internal), chemical, nuclear, magnetic and electrostatic. Energy can be transferred by heating, by waves, by electric currents, or when a force moves an object. The principle of conservation of energy states that energy can be transferred, stored or dissipated but never created or destroyed. Work done is equal to energy transferred. Kinetic energy = ½ × mass × speed²; gravitational potential energy = mass × gravitational field strength × height. When an object falls, GPE is converted to kinetic energy, but some energy is dissipated as heat due to air resistance. Efficiency = useful output energy transfer ÷ total input energy transfer, often expressed as a percentage. Reducing unwanted energy transfers improves efficiency, e.g. through lubrication and insulation.
能量是物理学的核心概念。它可以以不同形式储存：动能、重力势能、弹性势能、内能（热能）、化学能、核能、磁能和静电能量。能量可以通过加热、波、电流或力移动物体时进行转移。能量守恒定律指出，能量只能被转移、储存或耗散，而不会凭空产生或消失。做功等于转移的能量。动能 = ½ × 质量 × 速度²；重力势能 = 质量 × 重力场强度 × 高度。当物体下落时，重力势能转化为动能，但一部分能量因空气阻力而以热能形式耗散。效率 = 有用输出能量 ÷ 总输入能量，通常以百分数表示。减少非预期的能量转移可以提高效率，例如通过润滑和保温。
10. Electricity | 电学
Electric charge is a property of matter; unlike charges attract and like charges repel. Current is the rate of flow of charge and is measured in amperes (A). In a closed circuit, current flows from the positive terminal to the negative terminal; this is conventional current. Potential difference (voltage) is the energy transferred per unit charge, measured in volts (V). Resistance, measured in ohms (Ω), opposes the flow of current. Ohm’s law: potential difference = current × resistance. Components such as resistors, lamps and diodes have different I–V characteristics. In series circuits, the current is the same everywhere, and the total resistance is the sum of individual resistances. In parallel circuits, the current splits across branches, and adding more branches reduces the total resistance. Domestic electricity in the UK is a.c. at 50 Hz with a potential difference of 230 V. The live wire carries alternating potential, the neutral wire completes the circuit, and the earth wire is a safety feature. Power = current × potential difference, and energy transferred = power × time.
电荷是物质的一种属性；异种电荷相吸，同种电荷相斥。电流是电荷流动的速率，单位是安培（A）。在闭合回路中，电流从正极流向负极，这称为常规电流方向。电势差（电压）是每单位电荷转移的能量，单位是伏特（V）。电阻以欧姆（Ω）为单位，阻碍电流的流动。欧姆定律：电势差 = 电流 × 电阻。定值电阻、灯泡和二极管等元件具有不同的I–V特性。在串联电路中，各处电流相等，总电阻是所有分电阻之和。在并联电路中，电流在支路中分流，增加支路会减小总电阻。英国的家用电为交流电，频率50 Hz，电压230 V。火线带有交替变化的电势，零线构成回路，地线是安全装置。电功率 = 电流 × 电势差，能量转移 = 功率 × 时间。
11. Particle Model of Matter | 物质的粒子模型
The particle model explains the states of matter. Solids have particles closely packed in a regular arrangement; they have a fixed shape and volume. Liquids have particles close but not in fixed positions, so they can flow and take the shape of their container. Gases have particles far apart and moving randomly; they have no fixed shape or volume and can be compressed. Density is mass per unit volume. The density of an object determines whether it floats or sinks. Changes of state are physical changes: melting, boiling, condensing, freezing and sublimation. The mass is conserved during a change of state. Internal energy is the total kinetic and potential energy of the particles. Heating increases the internal energy. The specific heat capacity of a substance is the energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of the substance by 1 °C. Specific latent heat is the energy needed to change 1 kg of a substance from one state to another without changing its temperature.
粒子模型可以解释物质的三态。固体的粒子紧密排列，呈现规则的排列方式，有固定的形状和体积。液体的粒子彼此接近但不固定位置，因此可以流动并形成容器的形状。气体的粒子彼此远离且随机运动，没有固定的形状或体积，可以被压缩。密度是单位体积的质量。一个物体的密度决定了它是浮还是沉。物态变化属于物理变化：熔化、沸腾、冷凝、凝固和升华。在物态变化过程中质量守恒。内能是粒子的总动能和势能之和。加热会增加内能。物质的比热容是使1 kg 该物质温度升高1 °C 所需的能量。比潜热是使1 kg 物质在温度不变的情况下从一种状态变为另一种状态所需的能量。
12. Atomic Structure – Radioactivity | 原子结构——放射性
Some atomic nuclei are unstable and emit radiation to become more stable. This process is called radioactive decay and is random. The three main types of nuclear radiation are alpha (α), beta (β) and gamma (γ). An alpha particle is a helium nucleus (2 protons and 2 neutrons), relatively large and strongly ionising but not very penetrating; it can be stopped by paper. A beta particle is a fast-moving electron emitted when a neutron turns into a proton; it is moderately ionising and can penetrate a few millimetres of aluminium. Gamma rays are electromagnetic waves, very weakly ionising but highly penetrating; thick lead or concrete is needed to absorb them. Nuclear equations show the changes in atomic and mass numbers. Half-life is the time taken for half the nuclei in a sample to decay, or for the count rate to halve. Radioactivity has uses in medicine (tracers, radiotherapy) and industry (thickness monitoring). Careful handling and safe storage are essential to limit exposure.
有些原子核不稳定，会通过发射辐射来变得更加稳定。这个过程称为放射性衰变，是一种随机过程。三种主要的核辐射类型是：α（阿尔法）、β（贝塔）和γ（伽马）。α粒子是一个氦核（2个质子和2个中子），相对较大，电离能力很强，但穿透能力很弱，一张纸就能阻挡。β粒子是当中子转变为质子时发射出的快速电子，电离能力中等，可以穿透几毫米的铝片。γ射线是一种电磁波，电离能力非常弱，但穿透能力极强，需要厚铅板或混凝土才能吸收。核方程显示了原子序数和质量数的变化。半衰期是指样本中一半原子核发生衰变，或计数率减半所用的时间。放射性在医学（示踪剂、放射治疗）和工业（厚度监测）中有广泛的应用。必须谨慎处理和安全储存放射源，以限制辐射暴露。
Published by TutorHao | Year 10 Science Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
屏轩国际教育cambridge primary/secondary checkpoint, cat4, ukiset,ukcat,igcse,alevel,PAT,STEP,MAT, ibdp,ap,ssat,sat,sat2课程辅导，国外大学本科硕士研究生博士课程论文辅导