Quick Guide to Memorising OCR Psychology Terms | OCR 心理学词汇术语速记指南

📚 Quick Guide to Memorising OCR Psychology Terms | OCR 心理学词汇术语速记指南

Many Year 10 students feel that the hardest part of OCR GCSE Psychology is not the concepts themselves, but the vast number of technical terms they must learn. Words like ‘extraneous variable’, ‘retrieval failure’, or ‘neurotransmitter’ can seem impossible to remember. This guide will break down essential terminology into manageable chunks and give you powerful memory hacks that make recall automatic. By linking each term to a mental image, a rhyme, or a story, you will turn a long list of words into something your brain holds onto naturally. Whether you are preparing for an end-of-topic test or looking ahead to your final exams, systematic vocabulary practice is your secret weapon.

许多十年级学生觉得 OCR GCSE 心理学最难的部分不是概念本身，而是需要记住的大量专业术语。“额外变量”、“提取失败”、“神经递质”这类词看起来根本无法记住。本指南将把核心术语拆分成易于消化的小块，并给你强大的记忆技巧，让回忆变得自动。通过把每个词与心理图像、押韵或故事联系起来，你会把一长串单词变成大脑自然记住的东西。无论你是在准备单元测验，还是为最终考试提前规划，系统的词汇练习都是你的秘密武器。

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1. Why Memorising Terms Matters | 为何牢记术语至关重要

In OCR GCSE Psychology, exam questions are designed to test your ability to use precise terminology. A student who describes ‘how people copy each other’ might only score a generic mark, while one who writes ‘conformity to a majority influence’ demonstrates deeper understanding. Mark schemes reward the correct application of key terms because they show you have mastered the subject’s language. Moreover, knowing the exact vocabulary helps you decode scenario-based questions quickly – you can spot that a description of ‘rehearsal’ in a memory experiment tells you the model being used is the Multi-Store Model. Terms are the building blocks of your psychological knowledge.

在 OCR GCSE 心理学中，考题旨在测试你准确使用术语的能力。一个描述“人们如何互相模仿”的学生可能只得一个普通分数，而写出“多数影响从众”的学生则展示了更深的理解。评分方案奖励正确应用关键术语，因为这表明你掌握了这门学科的语言。另外，精准的词汇能帮助你快速解读情境题——当你看到记忆实验中“复述”一词，就能立刻推断出所使用的模型是多存储模型。术语是心理学知识的基石。

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2. The Power of Mnemonics | 记忆术的力量

Mnemonics turn abstract words into vivid, unforgettable links. For example, the acronym OCEAN helps millions remember the Big Five personality traits: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism. You can create your own for OCR topics. A simple rhyme like ‘IV is what I vary, DV is the data I carry’ locks in the difference between independent and dependent variables. The method of loci (placing terms along a familiar route) works brilliantly for recalling stages of information processing. When you make the memory process creative and personal, you engage more areas of your brain, making recall faster and more reliable.

记忆术把抽象词汇转化为生动且难忘的联结。例如，缩写 OCEAN 帮助数百万人记住了大五人格特质：开放性、尽责性、外向性、宜人性和神经质。你可以为 OCR 主题创造自己的口诀。“IV 是我变动的东西，DV 是我携带的数据”这样简单的押韵就能锁定自变量与因变量的区别。位置记忆法（把术语放在熟悉的路线上的节点处）在回忆信息加工阶段时特别有效。当你让记忆过程变得有创意且个性化时，会动用大脑的更多区域，使回忆更快、更可靠。

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3. Research Methods: The Foundation | 研究方法：基础

Independent Variable (IV) – The factor the researcher deliberately changes. Visualise a scientist at a control panel labelled ‘I change’.

自变量 (IV) —— 研究者故意改变的因素。想象一位科学家站在标着“我改变”的控制面板前。

Dependent Variable (DV) – The factor measured, which depends on the IV. Think ‘D’ for ‘data’ being collected.

因变量 (DV) —— 被测量的因素，它取决于自变量。联想“D”代表“数据”正在被收集。

Extraneous Variable – Any unwanted variable that could affect the DV if not controlled. Memory hook: ‘extra’ things sneaking in like uninvited party guests.

额外变量 —— 任何如果不控制就可能影响因变量的多余变量。记忆钩子：像不请自来的派对客人般混进来的“额外”东西。

Confounding Variable – An extraneous variable that does vary systematically with the IV, ruining the experiment. Think ‘confound’ = ‘confuse’ – it confuses the real cause.

混淆变量 —— 一种与自变量系统性共变的额外变量，会毁掉实验。“混淆”即“弄乱”——它搅乱了真正的原因。

Hypothesis – A testable prediction, either directional (one-tailed) or non-directional (two-tailed). Remember: a hypothesis is a bet you test.

假设 —— 一个可检验的预测，分方向性（单尾）和非方向性（双尾）。记住：假设就是你拿来检验的一个打赌。

Operationalisation – Defining variables clearly so they can be measured. ‘Operationalise’ = make it workable in practice.

操作化 —— 清晰地定义变量，使其可测量。“操作化”就是让它在实践中变得可操作。

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4. Experimental Design Terms | 实验设计术语

Repeated Measures Design – The same participants take part in all conditions. Memory aid: ‘repeat’ performers on a stage.

重复测量设计 —— 同一批被试参与所有实验条件。记忆辅助：舞台上的“重复”表演者。

Independent Groups Design – Different participants are used in each condition. Picture two separate teams that never mix.

独立组设计 —— 每种条件使用不同的被试。想象两个从不混合的独立队伍。

Matched Pairs Design – Participants are paired based on key traits, then split between conditions. Think of matching socks then separating them into two drawers.

匹配对设计 —— 根据关键特质将被试配对，再分到不同条件中去。想象把配好对的袜子分开放进两个抽屉。

Counterbalancing – A technique used in repeated measures to control order effects; half do condition A then B, half do B then A. Abbreviate as ABBA to hum the song – your design is ‘balanced’.

平衡法 —— 在重复测量中用于控制顺序效应的技术；一半被试先做条件 A 再做 B，另一半先 B 后 A。简记为 ABBA，哼着那个乐队的歌，你的设计就“平衡”了。

Random Allocation – Assigning participants to conditions purely by chance. ‘Random’ means no pattern, like lottery balls.

随机分配 —— 完全凭机会分配被试到各条件。“随机”意味着没有模式，就像乐透球。

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5. Memory Key Terms | 记忆关键术语

Encoding – Converting sensory input into a form that can be stored. Think of typing information into a computer file.

编码 —— 将感觉输入转化为可储存的形式。想象把信息敲进电脑文件。

Storage – Keeping encoded information over time. Picture a vast library where memories are books on shelves.

存储 —— 随时间推移保留已编码的信息。想象一座巨大的图书馆，记忆是书架上的书。

Retrieval – Getting stored information back out. Memory hook: ‘re-trieve’ – like a retriever dog fetching a stick.

提取 —— 把储存的信息取出来。记忆钩子：“re-trieve”像一只寻回犬把棍子捡回来。

Short-Term Memory (STM) – Limited capacity (7±2 chunks) and duration (about 18 seconds without rehearsal). Picture a small whiteboard that gets wiped clean quickly.

短时记忆 (STM) —— 容量有限 (7±2 组块)，持续时间短（无复述时约 18 秒）。想象一块很快就被擦干净的小白板。

Long-Term Memory (LTM) – Potentially unlimited capacity and duration. Imagine a bottomless well of memories.

长时记忆 (LTM) —— 容量和持续时间可能无限。想象一口没有底的记忆之井。

Rehearsal – Repeating information to keep it in STM or transfer it to LTM. ‘Re-hear’ the information over and over.

复述 —— 重复信息以将其保持在短时记忆或转入长时记忆。一遍遍地“重新听到”这些信息。

Retrieval Failure – Forgetting due to absence of cues. Link to a ‘lost key’ – you need the right cue to unlock the memory.

提取失败 —— 由于缺乏线索而遗忘。与“丢失的钥匙”关联——你需要正确的线索才能打开记忆这把锁。

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6. Attachment Vocabulary | 依恋词汇

Attachment – A strong emotional bond between an infant and caregiver. Visualise a toddler clutching a parent’s leg with a powerful magnetic connection.

依恋 —— 婴儿与照料者之间强烈的情感纽带。想象一个学步儿像有强大磁力一样紧抓着父母的腿。

Secure Attachment – When an infant shows distress on separation but joy on reunion, using the caregiver as a safe base. The ‘secure base’ is like a harbour for exploring boats.

安全型依恋 —— 婴儿在分离时表现出痛苦，但重聚时快乐，并会把照料者当作安全基地。安全基地就像船只出航探索时可以返回的港湾。

Insecure-Avoidant Attachment – Infant ignores caregiver and shows little distress. Memory trick: ‘avoid’ means turning away, like refusing to make eye contact.

不安全-回避型依恋 —— 婴儿忽视照料者，表现出很少的痛苦。记忆窍门：“回避”意味着转过脸去，像拒绝眼神接触。

Insecure-Resistant Attachment – Infant is clingy yet resists comfort. Think ‘resist’ – pushing away the very thing they want.

不安全-反抗型依恋 —— 婴儿黏人却又抗拒安慰。想想“反抗”——推开他们自己想要的东西。

Strange Situation – A controlled observation procedure developed by Ainsworth to assess attachment type. Build a mental scene: a strange room with a stranger, and the caregiver leaving. ‘Strange’ triggers the memory.

陌生情境法 —— 由安斯沃思开发的用于评估依恋类型的受控观察程序。构建一个心理场景：一个陌生的房间、一个陌生人，而照料者离开。“陌生”一词就能触发记忆。

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7. Social Influence Lingo | 社会影响行话

Conformity – Changing your behaviour or beliefs to match a group due to real or imagined pressure. Recall ‘con’ + ‘form’ – you con yourself into taking the group’s form.

从众 —— 由于真实或想象中的群体压力而改变自己的行为或信念。“从众”就是在群体之中跟着大家走。

Normative Social Influence – Conforming to be liked or accepted. The word ‘normative’ sounds like ‘normal’ – you want to appear normal.

规范社会影响 —— 为了被喜欢或接受而从众。“规范”听起来像“正常”——你希望显得正常。

Informational Social Influence – Conforming because you believe others have correct information. ‘Inform’ – others inform your judgment in an ambiguous situation.

信息社会影响 —— 因为你相信别人拥有正确信息而从众。“信息”——在模糊情境中，别人为你的判断提供信息。

Obedience – Following a direct order from an authority figure. Milgram’s shock experiments are the classic study; picture the ‘shock machine’ to trigger recall.

服从 —— 遵循权威人物的直接命令。米尔格拉姆的电击实验是经典研究；在脑海里勾画那台“电击机器”来触发记忆。

Social Loafing – Putting in less effort in a group than when working alone. Connect ‘loaf’ with ‘loafing around’ – being lazy because you can hide in the group.

社会惰化 —— 在群体里比单独工作时付出的努力更少。把“惰”联想为“懒惰”——因为能藏在群体里而偷懒。

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8. Biological Psychology Essentials | 生物心理学基础术语

Neuron – A nerve cell that transmits impulses. Sketch a squiggly cell in your mind labelled ‘electrical messenger’.

神经元 —— 传递冲动的神经细胞。在脑海里画一个弯曲的细胞，标注“电信号信使”。

Synapse – The tiny gap between neurons where chemical transmission occurs. Rhyme: ‘Synapse is the space where the message takes a pause.’

突触 —— 神经元之间发生化学传递的微小间隙。押韵记忆：“突触是信息停留一下的空间。”

Neurotransmitter – Chemical messengers (e.g., serotonin, dopamine) that cross the synapse. Picture tiny key-shaped molecules unlocking receptor locks.

神经递质 —— 穿过突触的化学信使（例如血清素、多巴胺）。想象微小的钥匙状分子在打开受体之锁。

Central Nervous System (CNS) – Brain and spinal cord. Think of the command centre and main motorway of the body.

中枢神经系统 (CNS) —— 脑与脊髓。想象身体的指挥中心和主要高速公路。

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) – Nerves branching out from the CNS. ‘Peripheral’ hints at the periphery – the outer edges of a network.

外周神经系统 (PNS) —— 从中枢神经系统分支出来的神经。“外周”暗示着网络的边缘地带。

Fight-or-Flight Response – A physiological reaction triggered by the sympathetic nervous system. Picture a caveman’s split-second decision: spear in hand (fight) or running legs (flight).

战或逃反应 —— 由交感神经系统触发的生理反应。想象原始人瞬间的决定：手握长矛（战斗）或迈腿狂奔（逃跑）。

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9. Cognitive Psychology Highlights | 认知心理学要点

Schema – A mental framework of beliefs and expectations that helps organise information. A schema is like a drawer in a filing cabinet labelled ‘restaurant’: as soon as you enter one, you know what to expect.

图式 —— 有助于组织信息的关于信念和期望的心理框架。图式就像文件柜上标着“餐厅”的抽屉：一走进餐厅，你就知道该期待什么。

Cognitive Load – The amount of information working memory can handle at once. Imagine a small tray that can only carry three or four items without dropping them.

认知负荷 —— 工作记忆一次能处理的信息量。想象一个小托盘，只能稳稳托住三四样东西。

Heuristic – A mental shortcut that speeds up decision making. The ‘rule of thumb’ thumbnail gives you the idea.

启发式 —— 加快决策速度的心理捷径。“经验法则”的拇指指甲（thumbnail）能帮你明白这个概念。

Algorithms – Step-by-step procedures that guarantee a solution. Think of a cooking recipe that always yields the same cake if followed precisely.

算法 —— 确保得出解决方案的逐步程序。想想烘焙食谱，只要精确遵循，总能做出同样的蛋糕。

Fixation – Being stuck in one way of thinking, unable to see a problem from a new angle. Mental ‘fix’ – you are fixed in place, like glue on a page.

固着 —— 陷入一种思维方式，无法从新角度看问题。心理“固定”——像被胶水粘在书页上一样。

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10. Mental Health & Psychopathology | 心理健康与精神病理学

Mental Health Continuum – The idea that mental health and illness are not separate categories but points on a scale. Visualise a long ruler from ‘thriving’ to ‘severely unwell’.

心理健康连续体 —— 认为心理健康与疾病并非截然分开的类别，而是标尺上的不同点。想象一把从“精力充沛”延伸到“严重不适”的长尺。

Stigma – Negative labels and attitudes attached to mental illness. The word itself sounds like a ‘stick’ – something that hurts and is hard to remove.

污名化 —— 附着于心理疾病的负面标签和态度。这个词本身听上去像一根“棍子”——伤人且难以去除。

Depression – A mood disorder characterised by persistently low mood and loss of interest. Remember ‘deep-rest’ – the person feels deeply tired and withdrawn.

抑郁症 —— 一种情绪障碍，特征是持续的情绪低落和兴趣丧失。记住“深-休”——患者深感疲惫并退缩。

Phobia – An irrational fear of an object or situation. Link to ‘photo’ (light) as an example – photophobia, fear of light. The ‘phobia’ suffix is your clue.

恐惧症 —— 对某物体或情境的非理性恐惧。用“photo”（光）举例——恐光症。“恐惧症”这个后缀就是你的线索。

Classical Conditioning – Learning by association, often used to explain phobias. Pavlov’s dogs: bell (neutral stimulus) paired with food (unconditioned stimulus) leads to salivation (conditioned response). The ringing bell became a trigger.

经典条件作用 —— 通过联想进行的学习，常用来解释恐惧症。巴甫洛夫的狗：铃声（中性刺激）与食物（无条件刺激）配对引起唾液分泌（条件反应）。铃声变成了触发器。

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11. Crime and Psychology Terminology | 犯罪与心理学术语

Recidivism – The tendency of a convicted criminal to reoffend. ‘Re-‘ means again, and ‘-cid-‘ relates to falling (like incident); picture an offender sliding back down into crime.

再犯 —— 已被定罪的罪犯再次犯罪的倾向。“再”表示又一次，联想一个罪犯重新滑落回犯罪深渊的画面。

Offender Profiling – A technique used to narrow down suspects based on crime scene evidence. ‘Profile’ is like creating a character sketch for a detective story.

罪犯侧写 —— 基于犯罪现场证据缩小嫌疑人范围的技术。“侧写”就像为侦探故事绘制人物草图。

Token Economy – A behaviour modification programme used in prisons; prisoners earn tokens for pro-social behaviour that can be exchanged for rewards. Think arcade tickets you win for good conduct.

代币经济 —— 用于监狱的行为矫正方案；囚犯通过亲社会行为赚取代币，用以兑换奖励。想象你因良好表现而赢得的游戏厅奖券。

Diathesis-Stress Model – Explains how a predisposition (diathesis) plus an environmental trigger (stress) leads to a disorder like criminality. Remember ‘stress cracks the vulnerable glass’.

素质-压力模型 —— 解释先天倾向（素质）加上环境触发因素（压力）如何导致障碍，比如犯罪。记住“压力会使脆弱的玻璃裂开”。

Social Learning Theory – Behaviour is learned by observing and imitating role models (Bandura’s Bobo doll). Watch, remember, repeat – three steps that link to ‘role model copying’.

社会学习理论 —— 行为通过观察和模仿榜样而习得（班杜拉的波波玩偶实验）。观看、记住、重复——三步关联起“榜样模仿”。

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12. Quick Reference Checklist | 速查清单

Use this table to self-test. Cover the definition column and try to explain the term aloud. The memory boosters column provides a rapid retrieval hook when you are under exam pressure.

用这张表自我测试。遮住定义栏，尝试口头解释术语。记忆助推器栏在你面临考试压力时提供了快速提取的钩子。

Term / 术语	Memory Booster / 记忆助推器
Independent Variable	I change it
Dependent Variable	Data collected
Counterbalancing	ABBA pattern
Short-Term Memory	7±2, quick wipe
Secure Attachment	Safe harbour
Conformity	Go with the group form
Synapse	Message pause gap
Schema	Mental filing drawer
Recidivism	Slide back into crime

Reciting these terms daily, even for just five minutes, will move them from your short-term memory into long-term storage. Pair this table with your class notes for the best results.

每天背诵这些术语，哪怕只有五分钟，也会把它们从短时记忆转入长时储存。将表格与课堂笔记搭配使用，效果最佳。

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