📚 Year 10 AQA Spanish: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | Year 10 AQA 西班牙语:公式定理速查手册
In mathematics, a formula gives you the structure to build a solution. Spanish works the same way: learn the core patterns – your ‘formulas and theorems’ – and you can construct accurate sentences every time. This quick reference handbook covers the essential rules for Year 10 AQA Spanish, from verb endings to word order, so you can revise with confidence and speed.
在数学中,公式提供了构建答案的结构。西班牙语也是如此:掌握核心模式——你的“公式和定理”——你就能每次都造出准确的句子。这本速查手册涵盖了 Year 10 AQA 西班牙语的关键规则,从动词词尾到语序,帮助你自信而快速地复习。
1. Present Tense Conjugation Formulae | 现在时变位公式
Regular verbs in the present tense fall into three families: -ar, -er, and -ir. The stem is formed by removing the infinitive ending, and the formula adds set endings for each subject pronoun.
规则动词的现在时分为三类:-ar、-er 和 -ir。去掉不定式词尾得到词干,公式再为各人称代词加上固定的词尾。
Hablar → habl- + -o, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an
Comer → com- + -o, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en
Vivir → viv- + -o, -es, -e, -imos, -ís, -en
For example: yo hablo (I speak), tú comes (you eat), él vive (he lives). Notice the -er and -ir endings differ only in the ‘we’ and ‘you plural’ forms.
例如:yo hablo(我说),tú comes(你吃),él vive(他住)。注意 -er 和 -ir 词尾仅在“我们”和“你们”形式上不同。
2. The Verb ‘To Be’ Theorem: Ser vs Estar | 系动词使用定理:Ser 与 Estar
Spanish has two verbs for ‘to be’. The ‘ser formula’ is used for permanent states, identity, origin, time, and inherent qualities. The ‘estar formula’ describes temporary conditions, locations, and ongoing actions.
西班牙语有两个表示“是/在”的动词。“Ser 公式”用于永久状态、身份、来源、时间和固有性质。“Estar 公式”描述暂时状态、位置和正在进行的动作。
Memorise the acronyms: DOCTOR (Description, Occupation, Characteristic, Time, Origin, Relationship) for ser, and PLACE (Position, Location, Action, Condition, Emotion) for estar.
记住两个助记口诀:DOCTOR(描述、职业、特征、时间、来源、关系)对应 ser,PLACE(位置、地点、动作、状况、情绪)对应 estar。
Examples: Soy inglés (I am English – origin). Estoy cansado (I am tired – condition). La fiesta es en mi casa (The party is at my house – event, uses ser for location of an event). Está en la mesa (It is on the table – location, uses estar).
例子:Soy inglés(我是英国人——来源)。Estoy cansado(我累了——状况)。La fiesta es en mi casa(聚会在家——事件地点用 ser)。Está en la mesa(它在桌子上——位置用 estar)。
3. Stem-Changing Verbs: The Boot Theorem | 词干变化动词:靴子定理
Many verbs change their stem vowel when stressed. The pattern only affects the singular persons and the third person plural, forming a ‘boot’ shape in the conjugation table. The formulae are: e → ie, o → ue, e → i.
许多动词在重读时词干元音发生变化。这种模式只影响单数人称和第三人称复数,在变位表中形成“靴子”形状。变化公式为:e → ie,o → ue,e → i。
Pensar (to think): pienso, piensas, piensa, pensamos, pensáis, piensan
Poder (to be able): puedo, puedes, puede, podemos, podéis, pueden
Pedir (to ask for): pido, pides, pide, pedimos, pedís, piden
The ‘we’ and ‘you plural’ forms keep the original stem vowel because the stress falls on the ending, not the stem.
“我们”和“你们”形式保留原有的词干元音,因为重音落在词尾上,而不是词干上。
4. Immediate Future Formula: Ir a + Infinitive | 最近将来时公式:Ir a + 动词原形
To say what you are going to do, use the present tense of ‘ir’ plus the preposition ‘a’ followed by an infinitive. This formula is extremely productive and avoids complex future tense conjugations at this stage.
要表达你打算做什么,用“ir”的现在时加上介词“a”,再接动词原形。这个公式非常高效,在这个阶段可以避开复杂的将来时变位。
Voy a + infinitive, Vas a + infinitive, Va a + infinitive, Vamos a + infinitive, Vais a + infinitive, Van a + infinitive
Examples: Voy a estudiar (I am going to study). ¿Vas a salir esta noche? (Are you going to go out tonight?). Van a viajar a España (They are going to travel to Spain).
例子:Voy a estudiar(我要学习了)。¿Vas a salir esta noche?(你今晚要出去吗?)。Van a viajar a España(他们要去西班牙旅行)。
5. Present Continuous Formula: Estar + Gerundio | 现在进行时公式:Estar + 副动词
The present continuous describes an action happening right now. Form it by pairing the correct form of ‘estar’ with the gerundio (present participle).
现在进行时描述正在发生的动作。用正确的“estar”形式配合副动词(现在分词)来构成。
The gerund formula: for -ar verbs, replace -ar with -ando; for -er/-ir verbs, replace with -iendo. Some stem-changing verbs have a vowel change in the gerund: dormir → durmiendo, pedir → pidiendo.
副动词公式:-ar 动词去掉 -ar 加 -ando;-er/-ir 动词去掉词尾加 -iendo。部分词干变化动词在副动词中也有元音变化:dormir → durmiendo,pedir → pidiendo。
Estoy hablando, Estás comiendo, Está escribiendo, Estamos durmiendo, Estáis pidiendo, Están viviendo
This formula works only for actions in progress, not for future plans or habits.
这个公式仅用于正在进行的动作,不用于将来的计划或习惯。
6. Noun-Adjective Agreement Theorem | 名词形容词一致定理
In Spanish, every adjective must match its noun in gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural). The general formula: an -o adjective becomes -a for feminine, add -s for plural. Adjectives ending in -e or a consonant often have the same form for both genders but add -es for plural.
在西班牙语中,每个形容词都必须在性(阳性/阴性)和数(单数/复数)上与名词保持一致。一般公式:以 -o 结尾的形容词变阴性时改为 -a,复数加 -s。以 -e 或辅音结尾的形容词通常两性同形,但复数加 -es。
Examples: un libro interesante → unos libros interesantes; una casa blanca → unas casas blancas; un chico trabajador → una chica trabajadora. Placement: descriptive adjectives usually follow the noun, but limiting adjectives (numbers, possessives) come before.
例子:un libro interesante → unos libros interesantes(有趣的书);una casa blanca → unas casas blancas(白色的房子);un chico trabajador → una chica trabajadora(勤劳的男孩/女孩)。位置:描述性形容词通常跟在名词后,但限定性形容词(数字、物主形容词)置于名词前。
7. Definite and Indefinite Article Formulae | 定冠词与不定冠词公式
Articles must also agree with the noun. The definite articles (the) are: el, la, los, las. The indefinite articles (a, an, some) are: un, una, unos, unas.
冠词也必须与名词保持一致。定冠词(the)为:el, la, los, las。不定冠词(a, an, some)为:un, una, unos, unas。
| Noun | Definite | Indefinite |
| masculine singular | el chico | un chico |
| feminine singular | la chica | una chica |
| masculine plural | los chicos | unos chicos |
| feminine plural | las chicas | unas chicas |
Exception: feminine singular nouns beginning with stressed ‘a’ or ‘ha’ use the article ‘el’ for sound, but remain feminine: el agua fría, el hacha.
例外:以重读 ‘a’ 或 ‘ha’ 开头的阴性单数名词,出于语音原因使用冠词 ‘el’,但该名词仍为阴性:el agua fría(冷水),el hacha(斧头)。
8. Comparative and Superlative Formulae | 比较级与最高级公式
To compare two things, use the construction ‘más + adjective + que’ (more … than) or ‘menos + adjective + que’ (less … than). For equality, use ‘tan + adjective + como’ (as … as).
比较两个事物,用“más + 形容词 + que”(比……更)或“menos + 形容词 + que”(不如……)。表示同等,用“tan + 形容词 + como”(和……一样)。
Examples: María es más alta que Juan (María is taller than Juan). Este libro es menos interesante que la película (This book is less interesting than the film). Soy tan inteligente como tú (I am as intelligent as you).
例子:María es más alta que Juan(玛丽亚比胡安高)。Este libro es menos interesante que la película(这本书不如电影有趣)。Soy tan inteligente como tú(我和你一样聪明)。
The superlative uses ‘el/la/los/las + más + adjective’ within a group: Es el estudiante más trabajador de la clase (He is the most hardworking student in the class).
最高级在一个群体中使用“el/la/los/las + más + 形容词”:Es el estudiante más trabajador de la clase(他是班上最用功的学生)。
9. Object Pronoun Placement Theorem | 宾语代词位置定理
Direct and indirect object pronouns (me, te, lo/la, nos, os, los/las; me, te, le, nos, os, les) usually go immediately before a conjugated verb. With an infinitive or gerund, they can be attached to the end.
直接和间接宾语代词(me, te, lo/la, nos, os, los/las;me, te, le, nos, os, les)通常紧贴在变位动词之前。当有动词原形或副动词时,它们可以附着在末尾。
The formula: before conjugated verb → Lo tengo (I have it). Attached to infinitive → Voy a comprarlo (I am going to buy it) or attached to gerund → Estoy leyéndolo (I am reading it) – note the written accent to maintain stress.
公式:在变位动词前 → Lo tengo(我有它)。附着在动词原形后 → Voy a comprarlo(我打算买它),或者附着在副动词后 → Estoy leyéndolo(我正在读它)——注意添加重音符号以保持重音位置。
When two pronouns appear together, the indirect comes before the direct, and ‘le/les’ becomes ‘se’ before lo/la/los/las: Se lo di (I gave it to him/her).
当两个代词连用时,间接宾语在前,直接宾语在后,且“le/les”在 lo/la/los/las 前变为“se”:Se lo di(我把它给了他/她)。
10. Question Formation Theorem | 疑问句构成定理
Forming questions in Spanish does not require an auxiliary verb like ‘do’. Simply raise your intonation in speech, or place the verb in front of the subject. You can also add question tags at the end.
西班牙语构成疑问句不需要像英语那样用助动词“do”。只需在口语中提高语调,或把动词放在主语之前。还可以在句末添加疑问尾句。
Formula 1: Intonation – ¿Hablas español? (Do you speak Spanish?). Formula 2: Verb-subject inversion – ¿Tiene Juan el libro? (Does Juan have the book?). Formula 3: Tag – Hablas español, ¿verdad? / ¿no? (You speak Spanish, don’t you?).
公式 1:语调 – ¿Hablas español?(你说西班牙语吗?)。公式 2:动词-主语倒置 – ¿Tiene Juan el libro?(胡安有那本书吗?)。公式 3:尾句 – Hablas español, ¿verdad? / ¿no?(你说西班牙语,对吧?)。
Question words (qué, quién, cómo, cuándo, dónde, por qué) always carry an accent and are placed at the beginning of the sentence: ¿Dónde vives? (Where do you live?). ¿Por qué estudias español? (Why do you study Spanish?).
疑问词(qué, quién, cómo, cuándo, dónde, por qué)始终带重音符号并置于句首:¿Dónde vives?(你住在哪里?)。¿Por qué estudias español?(你为什么学西班牙语?)。
11. Negation Theorem | 否定式定理
The simplest negation places ‘no’ directly before the verb. For double negatives, use a negative word before and/or after the verb, following the formula ‘no + verb + negative word’.
最简单的否定将“no”直接放在动词前。双重否定时,在动词前后使用否定词,遵循公式“no + 动词 + 否定词”。
Common negative words: nada (nothing), nadie (nobody), nunca (never), tampoco (neither), ningún/ninguna (no, none). Examples: No entiendo nada (I don’t understand anything). No viene nadie (Nobody is coming). Nunca como carne (I never eat meat) – note ‘nunca’ can also precede the verb without ‘no’.
常见否定词:nada(没有什么),nadie(没有人),nunca(从不),tampoco(也不),ningún/ninguna(没有任何)。例子:No entiendo nada(我什么都不懂)。No viene nadie(没有人来)。Nunca como carne(我从不吃肉)——注意“nunca”也可放在动词前,不需再加“no”。
12. Possessive Adjective and Pronoun Formulae | 物主形容词和代词公式
Possessive adjectives agree with the possessed noun, not the possessor. The short forms (unstressed) are: mi/mis, tu/tus, su/sus, nuestro/nuestra/nuestros/nuestras, vuestro/vuestra/vuestros/vuestras, su/sus.
物主形容词与被拥有名词保持一致,与拥有者无关。短尾形式(非重读)为:mi/mis, tu/tus, su/sus, nuestro/nuestra/nuestros/nuestras, vuestro/vuestra/vuestros/vuestras, su/sus。
Long forms (which come after the noun and express emphasis) are: mío/a(s), tuyo/a(s), suyo/a(s), nuestro/a(s), vuestro/a(s), suyo/a(s). Example: Es mi libro (It’s my book) vs. El libro es mío (The book is mine).
长尾形式(置于名词后表示强调):mío/a(s), tuyo/a(s), suyo/a(s), nuestro/a(s), vuestro/a(s), suyo/a(s)。例子:Es mi libro(这是我的书)对比 El libro es mío(这本书是我的)。
With parts of the body or clothing, Spanish typically uses the definite article instead of a possessive: Me duele la cabeza (My head hurts – literally ‘the head hurts me’).
对于身体部位或衣物,西班牙语通常使用定冠词而非物主形容词:Me duele la cabeza(我头疼——字面是“我疼那头”)。
Published by TutorHao | Spanish Revision Series | aleveler.com
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