Year 10 Cambridge Business Vocabulary Rapid Memorisation Guide | Year 10 Cambridge 商务词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 10 Cambridge Business Vocabulary Rapid Memorisation Guide | Year 10 Cambridge 商务词汇术语速记指南

Mastering business terminology is the first step toward excelling in your Cambridge IGCSE or O Level Business Studies. This guide breaks down essential Year 10 vocabulary into logical themes, offering memory hooks, simple explanations, and real-world examples that turn abstract concepts into easy-to-recall ideas. By connecting each term to a story or a visual clue, you can build a mental framework that saves revision time and boosts exam confidence.

掌握商务术语是征服剑桥 IGCSE 或 O Level 商务课程的第一步。这份指南将 Year 10 的核心词汇按逻辑主题分类，提供记忆钩子、浅显解释和贴近生活的实例，把抽象概念变成易记的思维画面。通过为每个术语串联故事或视觉线索，你能在脑中搭建一套知识框架，既节省复习时间，又增强考试信心。

1. Needs, Wants and Scarcity | 需求、欲望与稀缺性

Needs are the basic items required for survival, such as food, water, shelter and clothing. Wants are the extras that make life more comfortable or enjoyable—think smartphones, brand-name sneakers or holidays. Because resources like money, time and raw materials are limited, we face scarcity, which forces individuals and businesses to make choices. A simple memory trick: ‘Need=Survive, Want=Thrive, Scarcity=Choose.’

需求是维持生存的基本品，比如食物、水、住所和衣服。欲望是让生活更舒适或更有趣的额外之物，例如智能手机、名牌运动鞋或度假旅行。由于金钱、时间和原材料等资源有限，我们便面临稀缺性，它迫使个人和企业做出选择。一个简单的记忆口诀：’需求为生存，欲望为享受，稀缺就要选。’

The basic economic problem: unlimited wants vs. limited resources.
基本经济问题：无限的欲望与有限的资源之间的对立。

2. Opportunity Cost and Trade-offs | 机会成本与权衡取舍

Opportunity cost is the next best alternative given up when a decision is made. If a student spends two hours playing video games instead of revising, the opportunity cost is the potential improvement in exam marks. A trade-off means accepting less of one thing to gain more of another. Visualise a seesaw: on one side sits what you choose, on the other side sits what you sacrifice.

机会成本是做出决策时所放弃的次优选择。如果一名学生花两小时打游戏而不是复习，机会成本就是可能失去的考试成绩提升。权衡取舍意味着为了得到更多一样东西而接受另一样东西的减少。想象一座跷跷板：一端是你选择的，另一端是你牺牲的。

Opportunity Cost = Value of Next Best Alternative – Chosen Option’s Return

机会成本 = 次优选择的价值 – 所选方案的收益

3. Factors of Production | 生产要素

All businesses use four factors of production: land (natural resources), labour (human effort), capital (man-made tools and machinery) and enterprise (the risk-taking ability that brings the other three together). Use the mnemonic CELL: Capital, Enterprise, Land, Labour. Think of a pizza shop: the dough and tomatoes are land, the chef is labour, the oven is capital, and the owner who starts the business is enterprise.

所有企业都使用四种生产要素：土地（自然资源）、劳动（人力付出）、资本（人造工具和机器）与企业才能（承担风险并将其他三种要素组合起来的能力）。借助首字母口诀 CELL：Capital 资本、Enterprise 企业才能、Land 土地、Labour 劳动。想象一家比萨店：面团和番茄是土地，厨师是劳动，烤炉是资本，而那位创业的店主就是企业才能。

Factor 要素	Reward 报酬
Land 土地	Rent 租金
Labour 劳动	Wages/Salaries 工资
Capital 资本	Interest 利息
Enterprise 企业才能	Profit 利润

4. Specialisation and Division of Labour | 专业化与劳动分工

Specialisation occurs when individuals, businesses or countries concentrate on producing a limited range of goods or services. Division of labour breaks a production process into small, repetitive tasks performed by different workers. Picture a fast-food assembly line: one person grills burgers, another adds toppings, a third wraps them. This boosts productivity but can make work boring—remember ‘Specialise to maximise, but don’t demonise monotonous tasks.’

专业化是指个人、企业或国家集中于生产有限种类的商品或服务。劳动分工则把生产流程拆分成细小、重复的任务，由不同工人完成。想象一条快餐流水线：一人烤汉堡，一人加配菜，一人打包。这能提高生产效率，但可能让工作变得枯燥——记住’专门化以求最大化，但别妖魔化单调任务’。

Advantages: higher output, faster skill development, lower unit costs.
优点：产出更高、技能提升更快、单位成本降低。
Disadvantages: worker boredom, loss of craftsmanship, interruption risk if one station stops.
缺点：工人无聊、手艺流失、一个环节出问题就可能中断整个流程。

5. Business Sectors: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary | 行业部门：第一、第二、第三产业

The economy is divided into three sectors. Primary sector extracts raw materials (farming, mining, fishing). Secondary sector manufactures goods (car factories, bakeries, construction). Tertiary sector provides services (retail, banking, education). Link them with a physical journey: ‘A potato dug up (primary), turned into crisps in a factory (secondary), sold in a shop (tertiary)’.

经济分为三个部门。第一产业开采原材料（农业、采矿、渔业）。第二产业制造产品（汽车厂、面包房、建筑业）。第三产业提供服务（零售、银行、教育）。用一趟实体旅程串联起来：’一颗土豆从地里挖出（第一产业），在工厂做成薯片（第二产业），在商店出售（第三产业）。’

6. Types of Business Organisation | 企业组织类型

Sole traders and partnerships are unincorporated businesses with unlimited liability—owners’ personal assets are at risk. Private limited companies (Ltd) and public limited companies (PLC) are incorporated and offer limited liability, meaning shareholders only lose what they invested. The key difference: PLC shares can be sold to the public on a stock exchange, while Ltd shares are sold privately. Use the phrase ‘Ltd=private, PLC=public pool of capital’ to keep them straight.

个体经营者和合伙企业是非公司制企业，承担无限责任——业主的个人财产面临风险。私人有限公司（Ltd）和公众有限公司（PLC）是公司制企业，提供有限责任，意味着股东只损失其投资部分。关键区别：PLC 的股票可在证券交易所向公众出售，而 Ltd 的股票只能私下转让。用’Ltd=私下，PLC=公众资本池’这句话来分清二者。

Unlimited liability: sole trader, partnership.
无限责任：个体经营者、合伙。
Limited liability: private limited company (Ltd), public limited company (PLC).
有限责任：私人有限公司（Ltd）、公众有限公司（PLC）。

7. Stakeholders and Their Objectives | 利益相关者及其目标

A stakeholder is any individual or group affected by or interested in a business. Internal stakeholders include owners (profit), managers (bonuses, job security) and employees (fair pay, safe conditions). External stakeholders include customers (quality, value), suppliers (reliable orders), government (taxes, regulation) and the local community (jobs, environment). Visualise a spider web: the business sits at the centre, and each thread connects a different stakeholder with unique interests.

利益相关者指任何受企业影响或对其感兴趣的个人或群体。内部利益相关者包括所有者（利润）、管理者（奖金、工作保障）和员工（合理薪酬、安全环境）。外部利益相关者包括顾客（品质、价值）、供应商（稳定订单）、政府（税收、监管）和当地社区（就业、环境）。想象一张蜘蛛网：企业位于网心，每根蛛丝连着一位利益相关者，各自携带独特的利益诉求。

8. Business Objectives Beyond Profit | 超越利润的企业目标

While profit is vital, many businesses also pursue social objectives (improve community welfare), environmental objectives (reduce carbon footprint) and growth targets (increase market share). Social enterprises prioritise social missions over profit distribution. Remember the triple bottom line: People, Planet, Profit—also called the 3Ps. When revising, ask: ‘Is this business purely profit-driven, or is it also hugging the planet?’

利润固然重要，但许多企业也追求社会目标（改善社区福祉）、环境目标（减少碳足迹）和发展目标（扩大市场份额）。社会企业将社会使命置于利润分配之上。记住三重底线：人、地球、利润——也叫 3P 原则。复习时问一句：’这家企业是纯粹逐利，还是在拥抱地球？’

9. Market Structures and Competition | 市场结构与竞争

Perfect competition has many small firms selling identical products; monopoly has a single dominant seller. In between lie oligopoly (few large firms, like mobile networks) and monopolistic competition (many firms with slightly differentiated products, like coffee shops). A fast reminder: ‘Many, same, perfect; One, unique, monopoly; Few, strategic, oligopoly; Many, different, monopolistic.’

完全竞争中有无数小企业出售同质产品；垄断则是一家独大。处于两者之间的是寡头垄断（少数大企业，如移动通信网络）和垄断竞争（众多企业销售略有差异的产品，如咖啡店）。快速记忆法：’多而同，完全竞争；单而独，垄断；少而谋，寡头；多而异，垄断竞争。’

10. Demand, Supply and Price Determination | 需求、供给与价格决定

Demand is the quantity of a product consumers are willing and able to buy at different prices; supply is the quantity producers are willing and able to sell. The equilibrium price is where the demand and supply curves cross. Shift factors help in exams: demand shifts from changes in income, tastes, advertising; supply shifts from changes in production costs, technology, taxes. Picture a seesaw: demand on the left, supply on the right, and price as the pivot that balances them.

需求是消费者在不同价格下愿意并能够购买的数量；供给是生产者愿意并能够出售的数量。均衡价格是需求曲线与供给曲线的交点。考试中要记住移动因素：需求因收入、品味、广告变化而移动；供给因生产成本、技术、税收变化而移动。把市场想象成跷跷板：左端是需求，右端是供给，价格就是支点，维持平衡。

Excess Demand → Price Rises | 供不应求 → 价格上升

Excess Supply → Price Falls | 供过于求 → 价格下降

11. Cash Flow, Profit and Break-even | 现金流、利润与盈亏平衡

Cash flow is the movement of money in and out of a business—short-term survival depends on it. Profit is revenue minus total costs, recorded over a period. Break-even occurs when total revenue equals total costs (profit = 0). Think of a leaking bucket: cash inflows fill it, outflows drain it. If the bucket runs dry, the business fails, even if it makes a profit on paper. The break-even formula uses contribution per unit.

现金流是资金流入与流出企业的过程——短期生存就靠它。利润是收入减去总成本，在某一期间内核算。盈亏平衡点出现在总收入等于总成本时（利润为零）。想象一个漏水桶：现金流入为桶加水，现金流出则为漏水。如果桶干了，企业就完蛋，即使账面有利可图。盈亏平衡公式使用的是单位边际贡献。

Break-even Output = Fixed Costs ÷ (Selling Price – Variable Cost per Unit)

盈亏平衡产量 = 固定成本 ÷ (售价 – 单位变动成本)

12. Marketing Mix and Strategy | 营销组合与战略

The marketing mix is often summarised as the 4Ps: Product (design, quality, features), Price (pricing strategy, discounts), Place (distribution channels, locations) and Promotion (advertising, sales promotions). Modern models add People, Process and Physical evidence for services. A memory rhyme: ‘Product to Pack, Price to Tag, Place to Track, Promotion to Flag.’ When analysing a case study, quickly list the 4Ps and note what the business is doing well or poorly.

营销组合常归纳为 4P：产品（设计、质量、特色）、价格（定价策略、折扣）、渠道（分销渠道、选址）和促销（广告、销售促进）。现代服务营销模型还加入人员、流程与有形展示。记忆顺口溜：’产品看包装，价格看标价签，渠道看路径，促销看旗帜。’ 做案例分析时，快速列出 4P，标注企业做得好的地方和不足之处。

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Year 10 Cambridge Business Vocabulary Rapid Memorisation Guide | Year 10 Cambridge 商务词汇术语速记指南