Year 10 CIE Engineering: Core Knowledge Points Overview | Year 10 CIE 工程：核心知识点梳理

📚 Year 10 CIE Engineering: Core Knowledge Points Overview | Year 10 CIE 工程：核心知识点梳理

Engineering is a multidisciplinary subject that combines creativity with scientific principles to solve real-world problems. For Year 10 students following the CIE curriculum, mastering the core knowledge points is essential for both the theoretical and practical components of the course. This article provides a clear and structured overview of the key topics, from the design process and material properties to manufacturing, electronics, mechanics, and sustainability.

工程是一门将创造力与科学原理相结合、旨在解决现实问题的多学科课程。对于学习 CIE 课程的 Year 10 学生来说，掌握核心知识点对课程的理论与实践部分都至关重要。本文对工程设计流程、材料性能、制造工艺、电子与控制系统、机械系统、结构、健康安全、制图沟通、测试评价以及可持续工程等关键主题提供了清晰、条理分明的梳理。

1. The Engineering Design Process | 工程设计流程

The engineering design process begins with identifying a need or problem, often through client feedback or market research.

工程设计流程从识别需求或问题开始，通常通过客户反馈或市场研究来发现。

Research is then conducted to gather relevant information, study existing solutions, and set design criteria.

接着进行研究，收集相关信息、分析现有解决方案并制定设计标准。

A design brief and a detailed specification are written to define clear requirements, constraints, and targets.

编写设计摘要和详细规格，用以明确要求、约束条件和目标。

Ideas are generated through brainstorming, mind maps, and rough sketching, encouraging divergent thinking.

通过头脑风暴、思维导图和草图绘制产生创意，鼓励发散思维。

The most promising concept is selected using a decision matrix and then further refined using CAD software.

使用决策矩阵选出最有潜力的概念，然后借助 CAD 软件进一步细化。

A prototype is built and tested against the specification; feedback leads to iterative improvements.

制作原型并根据规格进行测试，反馈结果促使迭代改进。

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2. Materials and Their Properties | 材料及其性能

Ferrous metals contain iron and are generally magnetic; mild steel, for example, offers high tensile strength and is widely used in structures.

黑色金属含铁，通常具有磁性；例如低碳钢具有高抗拉强度，广泛用于结构件。

Non-ferrous metals such as aluminium and copper are lightweight, corrosion-resistant, and have good electrical conductivity.

铝、铜等有色金属重量轻、耐腐蚀且导电性良好。

Plastics are classified into thermoplastics (e.g., ABS, acrylic) that can be repeatedly softened by heating, and thermosets (e.g., epoxy, phenolic) that cannot be reshaped once cured.

塑料分为热塑性塑料（如 ABS、亚克力）和热固性塑料（如环氧树脂、酚醛），前者加热可反复软化，后者一经固化便不可重新成型。

Wood is a natural composite whose properties vary with grain direction; hardwoods and softwoods are chosen based on strength and workability.

木材是天然复合材料，其性能随纹理方向变化；根据强度与加工性选用硬木或软木。

Key mechanical properties include tensile strength, hardness, ductility, toughness, elasticity, and plasticity.

关键机械性能包括抗拉强度、硬度、延展性、韧性、弹性和塑性。

The table below summarises common engineering materials:

下表总结了常见工程材料：

Material / 材料	Type / 类型	Key Properties / 主要性能
Mild Steel / 低碳钢	Ferrous / 黑色金属	High tensile strength, magnetic, ductile
Aluminium / 铝	Non-ferrous / 有色金属	Lightweight, corrosion-resistant, good thermal conductivity
ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) / ABS 塑料	Thermoplastic / 热塑性	Impact-resistant, easily injection moulded, recyclable
Pine / 松木	Softwood / 软木	Lightweight, easy to work, moderate strength

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3. Manufacturing Processes | 制造工艺

Casting involves pouring molten metal into a mould cavity where it solidifies into the required shape; sand casting and die casting are common variants.

铸造是将熔融金属浇入模腔并凝固成所需形状；砂型铸造和压力铸造是常见类型。

In forging, metal is shaped by hammering or pressing while hot, improving grain structure and toughness.

锻造通过热态锤击或冲压使金属成型，可改善晶粒结构并提高韧性。

Injection moulding forces molten plastic into a mould under high pressure, ideal for producing complex, high-volume parts.

注射成型在高压下将熔融塑料挤入模具，适合大批量生产复杂零件。

Turning on a lathe reduces the diameter of a rotating workpiece using a stationary cutting tool.

在车床上车削是利用固定刀具减小旋转工件的直径。

Milling uses a rotating multi-tooth cutter to produce flat surfaces, slots, and complex contours.

铣削借助旋转的多齿刀具加工平面、槽和复杂轮廓。

Welding joins two or more metal parts by melting them together, often with a filler rod; arc welding and MIG welding are widely used.

焊接通过熔化金属（通常使用焊条）将两个或多个金属件连接；电弧焊和 MIG 焊应用广泛。

Additive manufacturing (3D printing) builds parts layer by layer from a digital model, enabling rapid prototyping and complex geometries.

增材制造（3D 打印）通过逐层堆积从数字模型制造零件，可实现快速成型和复杂几何形状。

Finishing processes such as painting, electroplating, and powder coating enhance appearance and protect surfaces from corrosion.

喷漆、电镀和粉末涂装等表面处理工艺可提升外观并防止表面腐蚀。

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4. Electronic and Control Systems | 电子与控制系统

A resistor limits current flow; its value is measured in ohms, and it is fundamental to circuit protection and voltage division.

电阻限制电流，其值以欧姆为单位，是电路保护和分压的基础元件。

Ohm’s Law, V = I × R, governs the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in a circuit.

欧姆定律 V = I × R 描述了电路中电压、电流和电阻之间的关系。

V = I × R

Capacitors store electrical charge and can smooth out voltage fluctuations in power supply circuits.

电容器储存电荷，可平滑电源电路中的电压波动。

Diodes allow current to pass in one direction only; LEDs emit light when forward-biased and are often used as indicators.

二极管只允许电流单向通过；LED 正向偏置时发光，常用作指示灯。

Transistors can operate as amplifiers or digital switches; a small base current controls a larger collector-emitter current.

晶体管可用作放大器或数字开关；微小的基极电流控制较大的集电极-发射极电流。

Input sensors such as thermistors (temperature) and LDRs (light) convert physical quantities into electrical signals for control systems.

热敏电阻（温度）和光敏电阻 LDR（光）等传感器将物理量转换成电信号，用于控制系统。

A 555 timer IC can be configured in astable mode to produce a continuous square wave, useful for LED flashers and tone generation.

555定时器集成电路可配置为非稳态模式产生连续方波，用于 LED 闪光灯和音调发生。

Microcontrollers (e.g., Arduino) allow programmable logic to process sensor inputs and drive outputs such as motors and displays.

微控制器（如 Arduino）可通过可编程逻辑处理传感器输入，并驱动电机和显示器等输出设备。

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5. Mechanical Systems and Mechanisms | 机械系统与机构

A lever is a rigid bar pivoted at a fulcrum; it multiplies an input effort to overcome a larger load, classified as first, second, or third class based on the relative positions of effort, load, and fulcrum.

杠杆是绕支点转动的刚性杆，放大输入力以克服更大的负载，根据施力点、负载和支点的相对位置分为一类、二类和三类杠杆。

Gears transmit rotary motion and torque; the gear ratio is the number of teeth on the driven gear divided by the number on the driver gear.

齿轮传递旋转运动和扭矩；齿轮比是从动齿轮齿数除以主动齿轮齿数。

An idler gear is placed between two gears to reverse direction without altering the overall gear ratio.

惰轮置于两个齿轮之间以改变方向，而不改变总齿轮比。

A cam converts rotary motion into reciprocating motion of a follower; the shape of the cam determines the timing and lift of the follower.

凸轮将旋转运动转换为从动件的往复运动；凸轮的轮廓决定了从动件的运动时序和升程。

Linkage mechanisms, such as the four-bar linkage, can change the direction or magnitude of motion and are used in robotic arms and suspension systems.

连杆机构（如四杆机构）可以改变运动方向或幅度，用于机械臂和悬挂系统。

Pulleys and belts transmit power between shafts; a belt drive can provide speed reduction or increase with different pulley diameters.

带轮和皮带在轴间传递动力；不同直径的带轮可提供减速或增速。

Mechanical advantage (MA) is the ratio of load to effort; velocity ratio (VR) is the ratio of distance moved by effort to distance moved by load; efficiency is MA/VR.

机械效益（MA）是负载与施力的比值；速度比（VR）是施力移动距离与负载移动距离的比值；效率等于 MA/VR。

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6. Principles of Structures | 结构原理

Structures must withstand tension, compression, bending, shear, and torsion forces.

结构必须承受拉力、压力、弯力、剪力和扭力。

Stress (σ) is force per unit area; tensile stress = F/A, measured in pascals (Pa) or megapascals (MPa).

应力（σ）是单位面积上的力；拉应力 = F/A，单位为帕斯卡 (Pa) 或兆帕 (MPa)。

σ = F / A

Strain (ε) is the change in length divided by the original length, giving a measure of deformation.

应变（ε）是长度变化除以原始长度，衡量变形程度。

ε = ΔL / L

A structure is in equilibrium when the sum of all forces and the sum of all moments about any point are zero (ΣF = 0, ΣM = 0).

当结构上所有力的合力和对任意点的合力矩为零时（ΣF = 0，ΣM = 0），结构处于平衡状态。

Triangulation in trusses creates rigid structures that efficiently transfer loads to supports, making them ideal for bridges and roofs.

桁架中的三角支撑构造出刚性结构，能高效地将载荷传递到支座，非常适合桥梁和屋顶。

Beams are designed to resist bending moments; for a simply supported beam with a central point load, the maximum bending moment is WL/4.

梁用于抵抗弯矩；对于中点受集中载荷的简支梁，最大弯矩为 WL/4。

Columns carry compressive loads and can fail by buckling; their design considers slenderness ratio and end fixity.

柱承受压缩载荷，可能因屈曲而失效；其设计须考虑长细

Published by TutorHao | Year 10 工程 Revision Series | aleveler.com

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