Year 10 OCR PE Unit Test Mock Paper Walkthrough | Year 10 OCR 体育单元测试模拟卷解析

📚 Year 10 OCR PE Unit Test Mock Paper Walkthrough | Year 10 OCR 体育单元测试模拟卷解析

This walkthrough breaks down a typical Year 10 OCR GCSE Physical Education unit test, focusing on the ‘Physical factors affecting performance’ module. You will find model answers for every question style, from multiple-choice to extended writing, along with detailed explanations of where marks are won and lost. Use this resource to sharpen your exam technique and deepen your understanding of the key anatomical, physiological and training concepts assessed at this stage.

本解析逐题分解一份典型的 Year 10 OCR GCSE 体育单元测试，重点关注“影响表现的身体因素”模块。每道题目——无论是选择题还是拓展写作——均配有标准答案，并详细解释了得分点与失分点。利用这份资料，你可以打磨应试技巧，并加深对现阶段评估的关键解剖学、生理学和训练概念的理解。

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1. Introduction to the Mock Paper | 模拟试卷介绍

Structure: This mock paper contains three sections. Section A: six multiple-choice questions (1 mark each), Section B: four short-answer questions (2–4 marks each), and Section C: one 6-mark extended writing question. There are a total of 25 marks. The recommended time for this test is 35 minutes, mirroring the pace expected in the real exam. The topics covered include the skeletal, muscular, cardiovascular and respiratory systems, components of fitness, principles of training and lever systems.

结构： 本模拟卷包括三个部分。A部分：6道选择题（每题1分）；B部分：4道简答题（每题2–4分）；C部分：1道6分拓展写作题，总分25分。建议完成时间为35分钟，与真实考试节奏一致。覆盖的知识点包括骨骼、肌肉、心血管和呼吸系统、体适能要素、训练原则以及杠杆系统。

How to use this walkthrough: For each question, read the model answer first, then study the examiner commentary. Pay close attention to the command words used in the question (e.g., “identify”, “describe”, “explain”) because they tell you how much detail is required. Notice how key terminology is rewarded; forgetting a technical term like “synovial fluid” can cost you marks even if your general idea is correct.

如何使用本解析： 对每一道题，先阅读标准答案，再学习考官点评。请特别留意题目中使用的指令词（如 “identify”、“describe”、“explain”），因为它们提示你需要提供多少细节。注意关键术语是如何得分的；即使你的整体思路正确，漏掉像 “synovial fluid”（滑液）这样的专业术语也会失分。

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2. Q1: Axial and Appendicular Skeleton | 中轴骨与附肢骨

Question: Name one bone found in the axial skeleton and one bone found in the appendicular skeleton. (2 marks)

问题： 说出一块属于中轴骨的骨和一块属于附肢骨的骨。（2分）

Model answer: Axial skeleton – cranium (skull) / sternum / rib / vertebral column (any one). Appendicular skeleton – humerus / femur / clavicle / scapula / radius / ulna / pelvis / tibia / fibula (any one). One mark is awarded for each correct bone correctly placed.

标准答案： 中轴骨 – 颅骨 / 胸骨 / 肋骨 / 脊柱（任选其一）。附肢骨 – 肱骨 / 股骨 / 锁骨 / 肩胛骨 / 桡骨 / 尺骨 / 骨盆 / 胫骨 / 腓骨（任选其一）。每块骨归位正确得1分。

Examiner tips: A common mistake is to put the scapula or clavicle into the axial skeleton because they seem close to the body’s core. Remember: any bone that attaches the limbs to the axial skeleton (pectoral and pelvic girdles) is part of the appendicular skeleton. Use diagrams to visualise the division – everything down the middle is axial, everything hanging off is appendicular.

考官提示： 常见错误是把肩胛骨或锁骨归入中轴骨，因为它们靠近身体核心。请记住：所有将四肢连接到中轴骨的骨骼（肩带和骨盆带）都属于附肢骨。可以利用图像帮助记忆——沿人体中线排列的是中轴骨，悬挂在外的都属于附肢骨。

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3. Q2: Types of Synovial Joints and Movement | 滑膜关节类型与运动

Question: Identify the type of synovial joint at the shoulder and describe the range of movement possible there. (3 marks)

问题： 指出肩关节属于哪种滑膜关节，并描述此关节可能实现的运动范围。（3分）

Model answer: The shoulder is a ball and socket joint. It allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation and circumduction. Award 1 mark for “ball and socket”, plus up to 2 marks for naming at least two movements (one mark each) – ideally four movements to ensure full marks.

标准答案： 肩关节是球窝关节（ball and socket joint）。它能实现屈曲、伸展、外展、内收、旋转和环转运动。球窝关节一词得1分；至少说出两种运动（每种1分），为确保满分建议列出四种运动。

Examiner tips: Do not confuse the shoulder with a hinge joint (elbow/knee). Many candidates lose marks by writing “rotation” alone without specifying the type of rotation – but in the shoulder, both medial and lateral rotation are included under “rotation”, so the single term is sufficient. Remember to use the correct movement terms; “swinging” is not accepted. Link the structure to the function: a shallow socket and a round head enable multi-axial movement.

考官提示： 不要把肩关节与枢纽关节（肘/膝）混淆。许多考生仅写“旋转”而不指明旋转类型，但在肩关节中，“旋转”一词已涵盖内旋和外旋，因此单独使用是可以接受的。务必使用正确的动作术语；“摆臂”这类说法不得分。要将结构与功能联系起来：浅平的关节窝和球形的肱骨头确保了多轴运动。

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4. Q3: Antagonistic Muscle Pairs and Contraction | 拮抗肌对与收缩

Question: During the upward phase of a bicep curl, identify the agonist and the antagonist. Also name the type of muscle contraction occurring in the biceps. (3 marks)

问题： 在肱二头肌弯举的上升阶段，指出主动肌与拮抗肌。同时说出此时肱二头肌发生的肌肉收缩类型。（3分）

Model answer: Agonist – biceps brachii. Antagonist – triceps brachii. The contraction type is concentric (isotonic contraction). Accept “isotonic” without “concentric”, but “concentric” is the most precise term. One mark each.

标准答案： 主动肌 – 肱二头肌。拮抗肌 – 肱三头肌。收缩类型为向心收缩（等张收缩）。只写“等张”而没写“向心”通常也可接受，但“向心”最准确。各得1分。

Examiner tips: Many students mistakenly name the triceps as the agonist during the lifting phase. Remember: the agonist is the muscle doing the work and shortening. During the upward phase the bicep shortens. In the downward phase (eccentric), the bicep is still the agonist but lengthening under control. Always read the phase carefully. Also, avoid the generic term “contracting” – the specification expects a specific contraction type.

考官提示： 许多学生在上升阶段错误地将肱三头肌当作主动肌。请记住：主动肌是正在做功并缩短的肌肉。在上升阶段，肱二头肌缩短；下降阶段（离心收缩），肱二头肌仍是主动肌，但在控制下被拉长。务必仔细阅读动作阶段。同时，避免使用泛泛的“收缩”一词——大纲要求给出具体的收缩类型。

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5. Q4: Heart and Blood Circulation | 心脏与血液循环

Question: Describe the pathway of blood through the right side of the heart and to the lungs. (3 marks)

问题： 描述血液流经心脏右侧并到达肺部的路径。（3分）

Model answer: Deoxygenated blood returns from the body via the vena cava and enters the right atrium. The right atrium contracts, pushing blood through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. The right ventricle contracts, forcing blood through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery, which carries it to the lungs for gaseous exchange. Marks for: vena cava → right atrium, right atrium → right ventricle (mention valve for extra clarity), right ventricle → pulmonary artery → lungs.

标准答案： 缺氧血从身体经由腔静脉（vena cava）返回，进入右心房。右心房收缩，将血液通过三尖瓣推入右心室。右心室收缩，将血液经肺动脉瓣压入肺动脉，肺动脉将血液运送至肺部进行气体交换。得分点：腔静脉 → 右心房，右心房 → 右心室（提及瓣膜更清晰），右心室 → 肺动脉 → 肺。

Examiner tips: Always specify “deoxygenated” when describing blood on the right side; this shows understanding of the double circulatory system. Use the correct sequence of chambers and vessels – missing the valve name won’t cost marks unless the question specifically asks for it, but naming them (tricuspid, pulmonary) demonstrates secure knowledge. A labelled diagram sketch in the margin can help you organise your answer before writing.

考官提示： 描述右侧血液时务必使用“缺氧”一词；这体现了对双循环系统的理解。使用正确的心腔与血管顺序——漏写瓣膜名称通常不扣分，除非题目明确要求，但写出名称（三尖瓣、肺动脉瓣）能展示扎实的知识。作答前在试卷边缘画一个标注好的简图有助于理清思路。

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6. Q5: Respiratory System and Gas Exchange | 呼吸系统与气体交换

Question: Explain how gaseous exchange takes place at the alveoli. (3 marks)

问题： 解释肺泡处如何进行气体交换。（3分）

Model answer: The alveoli are surrounded by a dense network of capillaries. Oxygen in the alveolar air is at a higher concentration than in the blood, so it diffuses across the alveolar and capillary walls into the red blood cells. At the same time, carbon dioxide is at a higher concentration in the blood and diffuses into the alveoli to be exhaled. Key terms: diffusion, concentration gradient, oxygen, carbon dioxide. One mark for naming the two gases and the exchange site, one mark for describing diffusion, one mark for stating the direction of each gas.

标准答案： 肺泡被密集的毛细血管网包围。肺泡空气中的氧气浓度高于血液中的浓度，因此氧气顺浓度梯度扩散穿过肺泡壁与毛细血管壁进入红细胞。同时，血液中二氧化碳浓度较高，扩散进入肺泡并被呼出。关键词：扩散、浓度梯度、氧气、二氧化碳。说出两种气体及交换部位得1分，描述扩散得1分，说明每种气体的移动方向得1分。

Examiner tips: The word “diffusion” is essential; writing “moves” or “goes into” will not secure the marks for the process. Always explain movement from “high concentration to low concentration” – this is the core concept of gaseous exchange. Also mention the thin walls of the alveoli and capillaries (one cell thick) as this feature aids rapid diffusion, showing deeper understanding.

考官提示： “扩散”一词至关重要；写“移动”或“进入”无法获得过程方面的分数。一定要说明是从“高浓度到低浓度”移动——这是气体交换的核心概念。此外，可以提及肺泡和毛细血管壁很薄（单层细胞），这一特征有助于快速扩散，从而展现更深入的理解。

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7. Q6: Aerobic and Anaerobic Exercise | 有氧与无氧运动

Question: A 400-metre sprinter relies mainly on anaerobic respiration. State two by-products of anaerobic exercise and explain one negative effect these can have on performance. (3 marks)

问题： 400米短跑运动员主要依赖无氧呼吸。说出无氧运动的两种副产物，并解释其中一种会对运动表现产生的负面影响。（3分）

Model answer: By-products: lactic acid. Carbon dioxide is also a minor by-product, but the focus is on lactic acid. Negative effect: lactic acid accumulation leads to muscle fatigue, causing a burning sensation and a reduction in muscle contraction force, which slows the runner down. Alternatively, can mention that excess CO₂ causes heavy breathing and must be removed. Marks: one for each correct by-product (max 2), one for a linked negative effect.

标准答案： 副产物：乳酸（lactic acid）。二氧化碳也是少量副产物，但重点是乳酸。负面影响：乳酸堆积导致肌肉疲劳，产生灼热感，降低肌肉收缩力量，从而使运动员速度减慢。也可以提及过量二氧化碳导致剧烈呼吸、必须被排出。得分：每说对一个副产物得1分（最多2分），联系一个负面影响得1分。

Examiner tips: Do not list oxygen as a by-product. Lactic acid is the marker for anaerobic glycolysis. Strong answers link lactic acid directly to decreased performance – using phrases like “increases acidity in muscles, inhibiting enzyme activity” shows A-level readiness, but at Year 10 level “muscle fatigue” is sufficient. Remember that for a 400 m race, the anaerobic system provides the rapid energy, but without oxygen, lactic acid builds up quickly.

考官提示： 不要把氧气列为副产物。乳酸是无氧糖酵解的标志。高分答案会直接将乳酸与运动表现下降联系起来——例如使用“增加肌肉酸度，抑制酶活性”这样的表述显示出 A-level 水平，但在 Year 10 阶段“肌肉疲劳”就已足够。请记住，在400米比赛中，无氧系统提供快速能量，但由于缺氧，乳酸会很快堆积。

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8. Q7: Components of Fitness – Definitions & Tests | 体适能要素定义与测试

Question: Define ‘cardiovascular endurance’ and name one suitable fitness test that measures it. (2 marks)

问题： 定义“心血管耐力”，并说出一种可测量该能力的适合的体适能测试。（2分）

Model answer: Cardiovascular endurance is the ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen to the working muscles over a sustained period of time. Suitable tests: Multi-stage fitness test (bleep test), Cooper 12-minute run, or Harvard step test. Accept any recognised standard test. One mark for the definition containing heart/lungs, oxygen, sustained; one mark for the test name.

标准答案： 心血管耐力是指心脏和肺长时间为工作肌肉供应氧气的能力。适合的测试：多阶段体能测试（蜂鸣测试）、库珀12分钟跑或哈佛台阶测试。任何公认的标准测试均可接受。定义中包含心脏/肺、氧气、持续等关键词得1分；测试名称得1分。

Examiner tips: Avoid vague definitions like “how long you can run”. A mark-worthy definition must refer to the physiological systems (heart and lungs) and the idea of sustained oxygen delivery. When naming a test, make sure you spell it correctly – “Cooper” not “Coopers”. If the question asked for a test for speed, the 30-metre sprint would be appropriate; many candidates lose marks by applying the wrong test to the fitness component.

考官提示： 避免使用“你能跑多久”这样模糊的定义。能得分的定义必须提及生理系统（心肺）和持续供氧的概念。命名测试时，确保拼写正确——例如“Cooper”而非“Coopers”。如果题目要求的是速度的测试，30米冲刺才是合适的；许多考生因将错误的测试用于另一体适能要素而失分。

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9. Q8: Principles of Training – Applying FITT | 训练原则——FITT的应用

Question: A netball player wants to improve her speed. Using the FITT principle, explain how she could apply overload to her training. (4 marks)

问题： 一位篮网球运动员希望提高自己的速度。利用FITT原则，解释她在训练中如何应用超负荷。（4分）

Model answer: Frequency: increase the number of speed sessions per week (e.g., from 2 to 3). Intensity: increase the effort of sprints – for example, sprint at 90% maximum rather than 80%. Time: increase the duration of speed drills or the length of sprint intervals. Type: change the training method to a more specific one, such as resisted sprinting using a parachute or hill sprints. One mark for each element correctly applied to speed. Must link the FITT word to a practical change.

标准答案： 频率（Frequency）：增加每周速度训练课的次数（例如从2次增加到3次）。强度（Intensity）：提高冲刺的用力程度——例如以最高速度的90%而非80%

Published by TutorHao | Year 10 体育 Revision Series | aleveler.com

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