Year 10 OCR Sociology: Key Terms Flashcard Guide | OCR 社会学十年级：关键术语速记指南

📚 Year 10 OCR Sociology: Key Terms Flashcard Guide | OCR 社会学十年级：关键术语速记指南

Success in OCR GCSE Sociology rests as much on your ability to recall precise definitions as on your understanding of theories. This guide combines proven memorisation techniques with a topic-based glossary of essential terms. Each entry is presented in English and Chinese so you can craft bilingual flashcards, strengthen recall, and write answers that examiners reward.

在 OCR GCSE 社会学考试中，能否准确回忆定义与理解理论同样重要。本指南将有效的记忆技巧与按主题编排的核心术语表相结合。每个词条都提供中英双语对照，方便你制作双语闪卡、强化记忆，写出令考官满意的答案。

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1. Why Memorise Sociology Terms? | 为什么要记忆社会学术语？

Sociology has a precise vocabulary. Words like ‘norms’, ‘values’ and ‘socialisation’ carry technical meanings that differ from everyday usage. Knowing the exact definition helps you avoid vague statements and show depth of knowledge in extended answers. Moreover, OCR mark schemes explicitly reward the correct use of key concepts.

社会学有一套精确的词汇。“规范”、“价值观”、“社会化”等术语的技术含义与日常用法不同。掌握准确定义有助于你避免含糊表述，并在长篇回答中展现知识的深度。此外，OCR 评分方案明确奖励正确运用关键概念。

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2. Understanding Before Memorising | 先理解再记忆

Rote learning without comprehension is fragile. Before you add a term to your flashcard deck, make sure you can explain it in your own words. Draw a simple example from a real-world setting: for instance, when learning ‘norms’, think about how queueing is a norm in British culture but not universally. This connection creates a durable memory trace.

缺乏理解的死记硬背很容易遗忘。在将术语加入闪卡前，请确保你能用自己的话解释它。从现实情境中找一个简单的例子：比如学习“规范”时，想想排队在英国文化中是一种规范，但并非普适。这种联系能形成持久的记忆痕迹。

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3. Creating Effective Flashcards | 制作高效闪卡

Write the English term on one side and a concise, bilingual definition on the other. Avoid copying book paragraphs; condense the meaning into no more than two sentences. Include the Chinese equivalent and a short example. For instance: ‘Socialisation (社会化) – the lifelong process of learning norms and values, e.g. a child saying “please” after praise.’ Use images or colour codes if you are a visual learner.

在闪卡正面写上英文术语，背面给出简洁的双语定义。不要照抄书本段落，将含义压缩至最多两句话。包括中文对应词和一个简短例子。例如：“Socialisation (社会化) – 学习规范与价值观的终身过程，比如孩子因被表扬而学会说‘请’。” 视觉型学习者可使用图像或颜色编码。

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4. The Leitner System and Spaced Repetition | 莱特纳系统与间隔重复

Organise your cards into boxes according to how well you know them. Review unknown or difficult cards daily, while mastered cards can be pushed to a box reviewed weekly. This method, known as the Leitner system, exploits spacing to transfer knowledge into long-term memory. Digital apps like Anki automate the scheduling, but a simple physical set of envelopes works just as well.

根据掌握程度将卡片分盒存放。每天复习不熟悉或困难的卡片，已掌握的卡片可放入每周复习一次的盒子。这种方法称为莱特纳系统，利用间隔效应将知识转入长期记忆。Anki 等数字应用可自动安排复习，但简单的实体信封同样有效。

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5. Mnemonics and Acronyms | 助记符与首字母缩写

Create memorable phrases from the first letters of a list of terms. For the agents of secondary socialisation – Education, Media, Religion, Peer group, Workplace – you might use ‘Every Magpie Really Prefers Worms’. Silly images stick. Acronyms also help structure P.E.E.L. paragraphs (Point, Evidence, Explanation, Link) when applying terms in essays.

用一串术语的首字母编写好记的短语。对于次级社会化的媒介——教育 (Education)、媒体 (Media)、宗教 (Religion)、同伴群体 (Peer group)、工作场所 (Workplace)，你可以编一句 ‘Every Magpie Really Prefers Worms’。荒诞的画面更容易记住。在写论文运用术语时，首字母缩写也有助于组织 P.E.E.L. 段落（点、证据、解释、联系）。

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6. Mind Maps and Visual Associations | 思维导图与视觉关联

Draw a central concept such as ‘Family’ and branch out with sub-topics (functions, diversity, roles). At each branch, attach key terms with a small icon or doodle that represents its meaning. The dual coding of words and visuals strengthens retrieval. For instance, sketch a see-saw for ‘conjugal roles’ to symbolise the balance of domestic tasks.

以“家庭”为中心绘制主题，延伸出子主题分支（功能、多样性、角色）。在每个分支上贴上关键术语，并用小图标或涂鸦表示其含义。文字与视觉的双重编码能加强回忆。例如，为“婚姻角色”（conjugal roles）画一个跷跷板，象征家务分工的平衡。

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7. Key Terms: Introduction to Sociology and Research Methods | 关键术语：社会学导论与研究方法

These foundational terms equip you to discuss how sociologists collect data and analyse society. Familiarity with them is essential for the methods questions that appear across all topics.

这些基础术语能帮助你讨论社会学家如何收集数据和分析社会。熟悉它们对于各主题中可能出现的调查方法题至关重要。

English Term	中文术语	Definition / 定义
Norms	规范	Socially accepted rules of behaviour in a society. / 社会中被认可的行为规则。
Values	价值观	Deeply held beliefs about what is right and worthwhile. / 关于何为正确和重要的深层信念。
Socialisation	社会化	The lifelong process by which individuals learn norms and values. / 个体学习规范与价值观的终身过程。
Primary socialisation	初级社会化	Learning that occurs in the family during early childhood. / 童年早期在家庭中发生的学习过程。
Secondary socialisation	次级社会化	Learning from agencies outside the family, e.g. schools, media. / 从家庭以外的媒介（如学校、媒体）进行的学习。
Quantitative data	量化数据	Information in numerical form, often collected through surveys. / 以数字形式呈现的信息，常通过问卷调查收集。
Qualitative data	质性数据	Non-numerical information providing depth, e.g. from interviews. / 非数字化信息，提供深度理解，例如来自访谈。
Validity	效度	Whether research measures what it claims to measure. / 研究是否测量了其声称要测量的内容。
Reliability	信度	The consistency of research findings when repeated. / 重复研究时结果的一致性。
Ethical issues	伦理问题	Moral considerations such as informed consent and confidentiality. / 涉及知情同意、保密等道德考量。

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8. Key Terms: Family | 关键术语：家庭

The family unit is a core theme in Year 10 OCR Sociology. These terms appear when discussing changing structures, roles and the functions of the family.

家庭是十年级 OCR 社会学的核心主题。这些术语会出现在关于家庭结构、角色和功能变化的讨论中。

English Term	中文术语	Definition / 定义
Nuclear family	核心家庭	A household consisting of two parents and their dependent children. / 由父母和未成年子女组成的家庭。
Extended family	扩展家庭	Family including relatives beyond the nuclear core, such as grandparents. / 包括核心家庭以外亲属（如祖父母）的家庭形式。
Reconstituted family	重组家庭	A family formed after divorce or separation, combining step-relations. / 离婚或分居后形成的家庭，包含继父母关系。
Conjugal roles	婚姻角色	The domestic responsibilities of a married or cohabiting couple. / 已婚或同居伴侣的家庭责任分工。
Symmetrical family	对称家庭	A family type where roles are shared more equally (Young and Willmott). / 角色更平等分担的家庭类型（Young 与 Willmott 提出）。
Patriarchy	父权制	A social system where men hold primary power and dominate roles. / 男性掌握主要权力并主导角色的社会体系。
Dual burden	双重负担	Women’s responsibility for both paid work and unpaid domestic labour. / 女性同时承担有偿工作和无偿家务劳动的责任。
Functionalism (family)	功能主义（家庭）	View that the family performs essential functions: reproduction, primary socialisation, economic support. / 认为家庭执行繁衍、初级社会化、经济支持等基本功能的观点。

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9. Key Terms: Education | 关键术语：教育

Sociology of education explores how schooling reproduces inequality and transmits culture. Remembering these terms helps you critique pupil achievement data with precision.

教育社会学探讨学校教育如何再生产不平等并传递文化。记住这些术语，有助于你精准地评析学生成绩数据。

English Term	中文术语	Definition / 定义
Hidden curriculum	隐性课程	The informal lessons taught in school, such as obedience and punctuality. / 学校中非正式传授的课程，例如服从和守时。
Cultural capital	文化资本	Knowledge, attitudes, and skills valued by the education system (Bourdieu). / 被教育体系看重的知识、态度和技能（布迪厄）。
Material deprivation	物质匮乏	Lack of physical resources like housing and books, affecting educational attainment. / 缺乏住房、书籍等物质资源，影响学业成就。
Self-fulfilling prophecy	自我实现的预言	When a teacher’s expectations influence a pupil’s performance to match those expectations. / 教师的期望影响学生表现，使其符合期望。
Streaming	分轨制度	Grouping students by perceived ability across subjects, often critiqued for reinforcing inequality. / 按能力将学生分班学习的制度，常因加剧不平等而受批评。
Ethnocentric curriculum	种族中心课程	A curriculum that prioritises one ethnic group’s history and culture, often ignoring others. / 优先某一种族历史与文化的课程，常忽略其他群体。
Marketisation	市场化	Applying business principles to education, e.g. competition, league tables, and parental choice. / 将商业原则引入教育，如竞争、排名和家长择校。

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10. Key Terms: Crime and Deviance | 关键术语：犯罪与偏差

Understanding the difference between crime and deviance is a fundamental exam requirement. These terms allow you to analyse official statistics and evaluate sociological explanations of offending.

区分犯罪与偏差是考试的基本要求。这些术语帮助你分析官方统计数据并评估有关犯罪的社会学解释。

English Term	中文术语	Definition / 定义
Crime	犯罪	Behaviour that breaks the formal written law and is punishable by the state. / 违反成文法律、可被国家惩罚的行为。
Deviance	偏差	Behaviour that violates social norms but may not be illegal. / 违反社会规范但不一定违法的行为。
Anomie	失范	A state of normlessness where social controls are weak (Durkheim, Merton). / 社会规范缺失、社会控制薄弱的状态（涂尔干、默顿）。
White-collar crime	白领犯罪	Non-violent crime committed by middle-class professionals, e.g. fraud. / 中产阶级专业人士实施的非暴力犯罪，如欺诈。
Corporate crime	企业犯罪	Illegal acts committed by or on behalf of a business. / 由企业或代表企业实施的违法行为。
Moral panic	道德恐慌	An overblown public reaction to a group or behaviour seen as a threat (Cohen). / 社会对被视为威胁的群体或行为反应过度的现象（柯恩）。
Labelling theory	标签理论	The idea that deviance is created by the labels society attaches to certain acts. / 偏差是由社会对某些行为贴上的标签所创造的观点。
Dark figure of crime	犯罪黑数	Unreported or unrecorded crimes not captured in official statistics. / 未报案或未被记录、不进入官方统计的犯罪行为。

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11. Applying Terms in Exam Questions | 在考试题中运用术语

Examiners look for terminology woven naturally into arguments, not simply listed. Begin a paragraph by stating a key concept, then unpack it with an example. For instance: ‘The hidden curriculum prepares working-class pupils for obedience in the workplace (Bowles and Gintis).’ This technique demonstrates application, not just recall.

考官希望看到术语自然地融入论证，而非简单罗列。段落开头先陈述一个关键概念，再用例子进行解释。例如：“隐性课程使工人阶级学生为职场中的服从做准备（鲍尔斯和金蒂斯）。” 这种技巧展示的是运用能力，而不只是回忆。

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12. Final Tips for Long-Term Retention | 长期记忆的终极技巧

Review your flashcards in short, daily sessions rather than cramming. Teach a term to a friend or family member – teaching exposes gaps in your knowledge. Keep a ‘troublesome terms’ list and revisit it weekly. Finally, always link new terms to ones you already know; building a web of meaning makes forgetting far less likely.

每天进行短时闪卡复习，不要突击。将一个术语讲给朋友或家人听——教会他人能暴露你的知识漏洞。保持一份“困难术语”清单，每周回顾。最后，始终把新术语与已知术语联系起来；编织意义之网能极大减少遗忘。

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