📚 Year 10 WJEC Computer Science Glossary and Terminology Quick Guide | Year 10 WJEC 计算机：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering subject-specific terminology is vital for success in the Year 10 WJEC Computer Science course. This quick guide covers essential vocabulary across all major topics, pairing each English term with its Chinese equivalent and a clear, concise explanation to help you memorise and recall the concepts effectively during lessons, homework, and exams.
掌握学科专用术语对于十年级 WJEC 计算机科学课程的成功至关重要。本速记指南涵盖了所有主要专题的核心词汇，为每个英文术语配以对应的中文和清晰简洁的解释，帮助你在课堂、家庭作业和考试中有效记忆和回顾概念。
1. Algorithmic Thinking & Programming Basics | 算法思维与编程基础
Algorithmic thinking forms the foundation of solving computational problems by devising clear step-by-step plans. Understanding the core concepts such as algorithms, flowcharts, and the roles of variables and constants is essential for writing effective and error-free programs.
算法思维是通过制定清晰的逐步计划来解决计算问题的基础。理解算法、流程图以及变量和常量的作用等核心概念对于编写有效且无错误的程序至关重要。
Algorithm: A finite sequence of well-defined, unambiguous instructions designed to solve a specific problem or accomplish a task. An algorithm can be expressed in natural language, pseudocode, or a flowchart.
算法：一系列明确定义、无歧义的有限指令，旨在解决特定问题或完成任务。算法可以用自然语言、伪代码或流程图表示。
Flowchart: A graphical representation of an algorithm that uses standard symbols. Ovals denote start/end, parallelograms represent input/output, rectangles indicate processes, and diamonds show decisions.
流程图：使用标准符号对算法进行图形化表示。椭圆表示开始/结束，平行四边形表示输入/输出，矩形表示处理步骤，菱形表示判断。
Pseudocode: A text-based, informal way of describing an algorithm using structured English-like statements. It ignores language-specific syntax but follows logical conventions such as IF, THEN, REPEAT, and END.
伪代码：一种基于文本、非正式地描述算法的方式，使用类似英语的结构化语句。它忽略特定语言的语法，但遵循诸如 IF、THEN、REPEAT 和 END 等逻辑约定。
Variable: A named storage location in memory that holds a value which can be changed during program execution. Variables have an identifier, a data type, and a current value.
变量：内存中已命名的存储位置，保存的值可在程序执行期间更改。变量具有标识符、数据类型以及当前值。
Constant: A named memory location that stores a value which cannot be altered once it has been initialised. Constants make code more readable and easier to maintain when fixed values are used repeatedly.
常量：一个命名的内存位置，存储的值在初始化后不可更改。当固定值需要重复使用时，常量能使代码更易读且更易于维护。
2. Data Types & Variables | 数据类型与变量
Programs store and manipulate data, and choosing the correct data type is crucial for efficiency and correctness. Understanding how to declare and convert between types helps prevent logical errors and unexpected behaviour.
程序存储和处理数据，选择正确的数据类型对于效率和正确性至关重要。理解如何声明以及在不同类型之间进行转换有助于防止逻辑错误和意外行为。
Integer: A numeric data type that represents whole numbers without a fractional part, such as 0, -5, or 42. Integers are typically used for counting or indexing.
整型：表示没有小数部分的整数（如 0、-5 或 42）的数值数据类型。整型通常用于计数或索引。
Real (Float): A numeric data type that stores numbers with a fractional part, such as 3.14 or -0.001. In programming, this is often referred to as float or double.
实型（浮点型）：存储带小数部分的数字（如 3.14 或 -0.001）的数值数据类型。在编程中通常称为 float 或 double。
Boolean: A logical data type that can hold only one of two possible values: True or False. Booleans are essential for decision-making in selection and iteration structures.
布尔型：一种逻辑数据类型，只能取两个可能值之一：True 或 False。布尔型在选择和迭代结构中的决策至关重要。
Character: A data type that stores a single alphanumeric letter, digit, or symbol, for instance ‘A’, ‘7’, or ‘#’. Characters are typically enclosed in single quotation marks.
字符型：存储单个字母、数字或符号（例如 ‘A’、’7’ 或 ‘#’）的数据类型。字符通常用单引号括起来。
String: A sequence of characters treated as a single data item, for example ‘Hello’ or ‘Year10’. Strings are widely used for storing text and can usually be concatenated or sliced.
字符串：被视为单个数据项的一系列字符，例如 “Hello” 或 “Year10″。字符串广泛用于存储文本，通常可进行拼接或切片操作。
Casting: The process of converting a value from one data type to another, such as turning an integer into a string or a string into an integer. Explicit casting is often required to avoid errors.
类型转换：将值从一种数据类型转换为另一种数据类型的过程，例如将整数转换为字符串或将字符串转换为整数。通常需要进行显式转换以避免错误。
3. Control Structures | 控制结构
Control structures dictate the flow of execution in a program. By combining sequence, selection, and iteration, programmers can create logic that responds to conditions and repeats tasks efficiently.
控制结构决定了程序中执行的流程。通过组合顺序、选择和迭代，程序员可以创建出响应条件并高效重复任务的逻辑。
Sequence: The execution of instructions one after another in the exact order they are written. This is the default control flow in any program unless interrupted by a selection or loop.
顺序结构：按照指令编写的确切顺序一条接一条地执行。除非被选择或循环中断，否则这是任何程序中的默认控制流。
Selection: A programming construct that allows a program to choose between two or more paths based on a condition. The most common forms are IF, IF-ELSE, and nested IF statements.
选择结构：一种允许程序根据条件在两个或多个路径之间进行选择的编程结构。最常见的形式是 IF、IF-ELSE 和嵌套 IF 语句。
Iteration: The repetition of a block of code until a specified condition is met. Iteration can be count-controlled (FOR loops) or condition-controlled (WHILE loops).
迭代结构：重复执行一段代码直至满足指定条件。迭代可分为计数控制（FOR 循环）和条件控制（WHILE 循环）。
Count-controlled loop: A loop that repeats a predetermined number of times, typically using a FOR statement with an index variable that increments or decrements.
计数控制循环：重复执行预定次数的循环，通常使用带有递增或递减的索引变量的 FOR 语句。
Condition-controlled loop: A loop that continues to execute as long as a Boolean condition remains true. A WHILE loop checks the condition at the start; a REPEAT-UNTIL loop checks at the end.
条件控制循环：只要布尔条件为真就继续执行的循环。WHILE 循环在开头检查条件；REPEAT-UNTIL 循环在末尾检查。
4. Data Structures | 数据结构
Data structures allow multiple related items to be stored and managed efficiently. Arrays and records are fundamental for organising data when dealing with collections of values or structured information.
数据结构允许高效地存储和管理多个相关项。在处理数值集合或结构化信息时，数组和记录是组织数据的基础。
Array: A finite, ordered collection of elements of the same data type, stored in contiguous memory locations. Each element can be accessed directly using an index, typically starting from 0 or 1.
数组：由相同数据类型的元素组成的有序有限集合，存储在连续的内存位置中。通常每个元素可以通过索引直接访问，索引一般从 0 或 1 开始。
One-dimensional array: A linear list of elements referenced by a single index, such as names[0], names[1]. It is often used for simple lists.
一维数组：使用单个索引引用的元素线性列表，如 names[0]、names[1]。通常用于简单列表。
Two-dimensional array: An array organised into rows and columns, accessed by two indices, for example, grid[2][3]. It is useful for representing tables, matrices, and images.
二维数组：按行和列组织的数组，通过两个索引访问，例如 grid[2][3]。有助于表示表格、矩阵和图像。
Record: A data structure that can group items of different data types under a single name. Each item within a record is called a field, and a record typically represents one entity, such as a student or product.
记录：一种可以将不同数据类型的项组合在一起并赋予单一名称的数据结构。记录中的每个项称为字段，一条记录通常代表一个实体，例如学生或产品。
Index: An integer value that identifies the position of an element within an array or a character within a string. Correct handling of indices is essential for traversing data structures.
索引：标识数组内元素位置或字符串内字符位置的整数值。正确处理索引对于遍历数据结构至关重要。
5. Computational Thinking | 计算思维
Computational thinking is a problem-solving approach that involves breaking down complex problems, focusing on essential details, and identifying underlying patterns. These skills are transferable across all areas of computer science.
计算思维是一种解决问题的方法，涉及分解复杂问题、聚焦关键细节以及识别潜在模式。这些技能可迁移到计算机科学的所有领域。
Decomposition: The process of breaking a large, complex problem into smaller, more manageable parts. Each sub-problem can then be tackled individually, making the overall task easier to understand and solve.
分解：将一个庞大复杂的问题拆分成更小、更易于管理的部分的过程。然后可以分别处理每个子问题，从而使整体任务更易于理解和解决。
Abstraction: The technique of focusing on the important information only, ignoring irrelevant detail. Abstraction simplifies a problem by modelling the key features that matter for the given purpose.
抽象：只关注重要信息、忽略无关细节的技术。抽象通过对特定目的所需的关键特征进行建模来简化问题。
Pattern recognition: The identification of similarities, trends, or recurring structures within problems or data. Recognising patterns allows solutions developed for one problem to be applied to similar situations.
模式识别：识别问题或数据中的相似性、趋势或重复结构。识别模式可使为一个问题开发的解决方案应用于类似情形。
Algorithmic design: The step of creating a clear, ordered set of rules (an algorithm) to solve the problem once it has been decomposed and abstracted. This step turns analysis into actionable instructions.
算法设计：在问题被分解和抽象之后，创建一组清晰有序的规则（算法）来解决问题的步骤。这一步将分析转化为可执行的指令。
6. Data Representation | 数据表示
Computers store all data in binary form, but humans often work with denary, hexadecimal, and larger units of storage. Understanding how text, images, and sound are encoded is fundamental to appreciating how digital systems operate.
计算机以二进制形式存储所有数据，但人类通常使用十进制、十六进制和更大的存储单位。理解文本、图像和声音的编码方式对于认识数字系统如何运行至关重要。
Bit: The smallest unit of data in a computer, representing a single binary digit that is either 0 or 1. Bits form the building blocks of all digital information.
比特：计算机中最小的数据单位，表示单个二进制数字，即 0 或 1。比特是所有数字信息的构建基石。
Byte: A unit of digital information that typically consists of 8 bits. A byte can represent 256 different values and is commonly used to encode a single character of text.
字节：通常由 8 个比特组成的数字信息单位。一个字节可以表示 256 个不同的值，通常用于编码单个文本字符。
Kilobyte (KB): Approximately 1,000 bytes (in decimal terms) or exactly 1,024 bytes (in binary terms). File sizes are often quoted in kilobytes for small documents and images.
千字节 (KB)：大约 1,000 字节（十进制）或精确 1,024 字节（二进制）。小型文档和图像的文件大小通常以千字节表示。
Megabyte (MB): About one million bytes or 1,024 KB. Audio files and high-resolution photographs are often measured in megabytes.
兆字节 (MB)：大约一百万个字节，即 1,024 KB。音频文件和高分辨率照片通常以兆字节计量。
Gigabyte (GB) and Terabyte (TB): A gigabyte is approx. 1,000 MB / 1,024 MB; a terabyte is approx. 1,000 GB / 1,024 GB. Modern hard drives and cloud storage capacities are expressed in these units.
千兆字节 (GB) 和太字节 (TB)：千兆字节约为 1,000 MB / 1,024 MB；太字节约为 1,000 GB / 1,024 GB。现代硬盘和云存储的容量用这些单位表示。
Binary: A base-2 number system using only the digits 0 and 1. All computer processing and memory rely on binary because it directly maps to the on/off states of transistors.
二进制：仅使用数字 0 和 1 的基数为 2 的数制。所有计算机处理和内存都依赖二进制，因为它直接对应晶体管的开/关状态。
Denary (Decimal): The familiar base-10 number system using digits 0 to 9. Conversion between binary and denary is a core skill for interpreting computer-level data.
十进制：我们熟悉的基数为 10 的数制，使用数字 0 至 9。二进制与十进制之间的转换是解读计算机级数据的核心技能。
Hexadecimal: A base-16 number system that uses digits 0-9 and letters A-F to represent values. Programmers use hex as a compact way to express binary-coded information such as memory addresses and colour codes.
十六进制：一种基数为 16 的数制，使用数字 0-9 和字母 A-F 表示数值。程序员用十六进制作为表示二进制编码信息（如内存地址和颜色代码）的简洁方式。
7. Computer Networks | 计算机网络
Networks allow computers to communicate, share resources, and access the internet. Understanding the core hardware,
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