Year 10 WJEC Science: Quick Reference Handbook of Formulas & Theorems | WJEC 十年级科学：公式定理速查手册

📚 Year 10 WJEC Science: Quick Reference Handbook of Formulas & Theorems | WJEC 十年级科学：公式定理速查手册

This handbook brings together the essential formulas, equations and key relationships that you will meet throughout Year 10 WJEC Science – covering Physics, Chemistry and Biology. Use it as a quick reference while revising, completing homework or preparing for end‑of‑topic tests. Every entry is presented with its standard symbolic form, a plain‑English explanation and the equivalent Chinese explanation so you can nail both scientific language and calculation skills.

本手册汇总了 WJEC 十年级科学课程中你将遇到的必备公式、方程和关键关系，涵盖物理、化学和生物三科。你可以将其用作复习、完成作业或准备单元测试时的速查手册。每一条均给出标准符号形式、通俗英文解释及对应的中文说明，帮助你同时掌握科学语言和计算技能。

1. Speed, Velocity and Acceleration | 速率、速度与加速度

Motion is described by how far an object travels and how quickly its velocity changes. The following equations are fundamental in WJEC GCSE Physics (Unit 1 and Unit 2).

运动由物体移动的距离以及速度变化的快慢来描述。以下方程是 WJEC GCSE 物理（单元1和单元2）的基础。

Average speed is the total distance travelled divided by the total time taken. The standard symbol equation is v = d / t.

平均速率为总路程除以总时间。标准符号方程为 v = d / t。

v = d / t

Acceleration tells us how much the velocity of an object changes each second. It is the change in velocity divided by the time taken for that change.

加速度表示物体每秒钟速度的变化量。它等于速度变化量除以发生该变化所用的时间。

a = (v – u) / t

Where v = final velocity, u = initial velocity, a = acceleration and t = time. Units: speed in m/s, acceleration in m/s².

其中 v = 末速度，u = 初速度，a = 加速度，t = 时间。单位：速度 m/s，加速度 m/s²。

For uniform acceleration in a straight line, three further equations of motion are provided on the WJEC equation sheet (Higher tier). They link displacement (s), initial velocity (u), final velocity (v), acceleration (a) and time (t).

对于匀加速直线运动，WJEC 公式表还提供三个运动学方程（提高层级）。它们将位移 (s)、初速度 (u)、末速度 (v)、加速度 (a) 和时间 (t) 联系在一起。

v = u + a t

v² = u² + 2 a s

s = u t + ½ a t²

Remember that displacement s is a vector – it has both magnitude and direction – while distance d is a scalar.

请记住，位移 s 是矢量，既有大小又有方向，而距离 d 是标量。

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2. Forces, Pressure and Turning Effects | 力、压强与转动效应

Forces cause objects to accelerate, deform or rotate. This section collects the key relationships involving weight, resultant force, pressure, moments and springs.

力可以使物体加速、形变或转动。本节汇集了涉及重量、合力、压强、力矩和弹簧的关键关系式。

The weight of an object is the gravitational force acting on its mass. Weight (W) is measured in newtons (N), mass (m) in kilograms (kg) and gravitational field strength (g) on Earth is approximately 9.8 N/kg.

物体的重量是作用在其质量上的引力。重量 (W) 以牛顿 (N) 为单位，质量 (m) 以千克 (kg) 为单位，地球表面重力场强度 (g) 约为 9.8 N/kg。

W = m g

Newton’s Second Law states that the resultant force acting on an object equals its mass multiplied by its acceleration.

牛顿第二定律指出，作用在物体上的合力等于物体的质量乘以其加速度。

F = m a

Pressure is the force applied per unit area. A larger area reduces the pressure for the same force.

压强是单位面积上施加的力。在力相同的情况下，面积越大压强越小。

p = F / A

In liquids, the pressure increases with depth. The pressure at a point in a liquid is given by p = h ρ g, where h is the depth, ρ is the density of the liquid and g is the gravitational field strength (Higher tier).

液体中压强随深度增加而增大。液体中某点的压强可用 p = h ρ g 计算，其中 h 为深度，ρ 为液体密度，g 为重力场强度（提高层级）。

p = h ρ g

A force can cause a turning effect called a moment. The size of the moment depends on the size of the force and the perpendicular distance from the pivot.

力可以产生转动效应，称为力矩。力矩的大小取决于力的大小以及力的作用线到支点的垂直距离。

moment = F × perpendicular distance from pivot

For a spring, the extension (e) is directly proportional to the force applied, as long as the elastic limit is not exceeded (Hooke’s Law). k is the spring constant in N/m.

对于弹簧，只要不超过弹性限度，其伸长量 (e) 与所施加的力成正比（胡克定律）。k 为弹簧常数，单位 N/m。

F = k e

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3. Work, Energy and Power | 功、能与功率

When a force moves an object, work is done and energy is transferred. These equations help you calculate kinetic energy, gravitational potential energy and power.

力使物体移动时，力做了功，能量发生了转移。以下公式用于计算动能、重力势能和功率。

Work done (W) is the product of the force and the distance moved in

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