SQA N5 Economics: Unit Assessment Practice Paper Analysis | SQA N5 经济：单元测试模拟卷解析

📚 SQA N5 Economics: Unit Assessment Practice Paper Analysis | SQA N5 经济：单元测试模拟卷解析

Mock unit assessments are one of the most effective ways to prepare for your SQA National 5 Economics exam. This article takes you through a typical practice paper, offering step-by-step answer breakdowns, essential revision points and exam strategy for every key topic. Use these analyses to sharpen your understanding and pick up marks on command words, diagrams and examples.

模拟单元测试是备战 SQA National 5 经济学考试最有效的方法之一。本文带你遍历一份典型的练习卷，针对每个核心主题提供逐步的答案解析、关键复习要点和应试策略。利用这些分析来加深理解，在关键词指令、图表和举例上稳稳拿分。

1. The Basic Economic Problem | 基本经济问题

Typical question: “State the basic economic problem and explain how it leads to the concept of opportunity cost.” (3 marks)

典型题目：“陈述基本经济问题，并解释它如何引出机会成本的概念。”（3分）

To earn full marks, begin by defining scarcity: the condition where limited resources cannot satisfy all human wants. Because of scarcity, individuals, firms and governments must make choices. Every choice involves an opportunity cost, which is the value of the next best alternative sacrificed. For example, if a government decides to build a motorway instead of a hospital, the opportunity cost is the improved healthcare provision that could have been delivered. Always link back to the idea of scarcity and use the phrase ‘next best alternative forgone’ in your answer.

要拿满分，首先定义稀缺性：有限资源无法满足所有人类欲望的状况。由于稀缺性，个人、企业和政府必须作出选择。每一个选择都涉及机会成本，即被牺牲掉的次优选项的价值。例如，如果政府决定修建高速公路而不是医院，机会成本就是本可以用来改善的医疗服务。答题时务必回扣稀缺性，并用上‘所放弃的次优选择’这一表述。

2. Demand and the Law of Demand | 需求与需求定律

Typical question: “Explain the law of demand and distinguish between a movement along the demand curve and a shift of the demand curve.” (4 marks)

典型题目：“解释需求定律，并区分沿需求曲线的移动与需求曲线的移动。”（4分）

The law of demand states that, ceteris paribus, when the price of a good rises, the quantity demanded falls, and vice versa. A movement along the demand curve occurs only when the good’s own price changes. In contrast, a shift of the entire demand curve is caused by changes in non-price determinants such as consumer income, tastes and preferences, the price of substitutes or complements, and population changes. For instance, an increase in population shifts the demand curve for housing to the right. Always include a diagram showing a downward-sloping demand curve and label an arrow for a movement (cause by price) and a second diagram with a rightward or leftward shift.

需求定律指出，在其他条件不变的情况下，商品价格上升，需求量下降，反之亦然。沿需求曲线的移动仅由商品自身价格的变化引起。相比之下，整条需求曲线的平移是由非价格决定因素的变化引起的，例如消费者收入、偏好、替代品或互补品的价格以及人口变化。例如，人口增加会使住房需求曲线向右移动。务必画出向下倾斜的需求曲线，并用箭头标出价格引发的移动，再画另一张图展示向右或向左的平移。

3. Supply and the Determinants of Supply | 供给与供给决定因素

Typical question: “State four factors that could cause an increase in supply and illustrate the effect on a supply diagram.” (4 marks)

典型题目：“列出四个可能导致供给增加的因素，并在供给图上说明其影响。”（4分）

Suitable factors include: a fall in the costs of production (e.g. cheaper raw materials), improvements in technology, government subsidies to producers, and favourable weather conditions for agricultural goods. All of these are non-price determinants. An increase in supply shifts the supply curve to the right. On your diagram, label price and quantity axes clearly, draw the original supply curve (S1) and a new supply curve (S2) to the right, and indicate that at each price a larger quantity is supplied. Remember to state that the increase is not due to a price change.

合适的因素包括：生产成本下降（如更便宜的原材料）、技术进步、政府对生产者的补贴，以及对农产品有利的天气条件。这些都属于非价格决定因素。供给增加使供给曲线向右移动。在你的图上，清晰标注价格和数量坐标轴，画出初始供给曲线（S1）和右移后的新供给曲线（S2），并标明在每个价格水平上供给量都增加了。记得说明这一增长不是由价格变化引起的。

4. Market Equilibrium and Price Determination | 市场均衡与价格决定

Typical question: “Given the demand schedule Qd = 100 – 4P and supply schedule Qs = -20 + 4P, find the equilibrium price and quantity. Explain the effect of an increase in consumer income on the market equilibrium.” (5 marks)

典型题目：“给定需求表 Qd = 100 – 4P 和供给表 Qs = -20 + 4P，求均衡价格和数量。解释消费者收入增加对市场均衡的影响。”（5分）

Set Qd equal to Qs and solve for P: 100 – 4P = -20 + 4P → 120 = 8P → P = 15. Substitute P = 15 into either equation to get Q: Q = 100 – 4(15) = 40. Thus the equilibrium price is £15 and the equilibrium quantity is 40 units. If consumer income rises and the good is normal, demand increases (shifts right). At the original price, there is excess demand, which pushes the price up. The new equilibrium will have a higher price and a higher quantity. A well-drawn diagram showing the demand shift and the movement to a new equilibrium is essential for full marks.

令 Qd 等于 Qs 并求解 P：100 – 4P = -20 + 4P → 120 = 8P → P = 15。将 P = 15 代入任一方程得 Q：Q = 100 – 4(15) = 40。因此均衡价格为 £15，均衡数量为 40 单位。如果消费者收入增加且该商品为正常品，需求会增加（右移）。在原价格水平上会出现超额需求，推动价格上升。新均衡将具有更高的价格和更大量。要拿满分，必须画出展示需求平移和向新均衡移动的正确图形。

100 – 4P = -20 + 4P → 120 = 8P → P = 15, Q = 40

5. Price Elasticity of Demand (PED) | 需求价格弹性

Typical question: “The

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